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2. Densely sampled phylogenies frequently deviate from maximum parsimony in simple and local ways

Author

Howard-Snyder, William, Dumm, Will, Barker, Mary, Milanov, Ognian, Winston, Claris, Rich, David H., and Matsen IV, Frederick A

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

Why do phylogenetic algorithms fail when they return incorrect answers? This simple question has not been answered in detail, even for maximum parsimony (MP), the simplest phylogenetic criterion. Understanding MP has recently gained relevance in the regime of extremely dense sampling, where each virus sample commonly differs by zero or one mutation from another previously sampled virus. Although recent research shows that evolutionary histories in this regime are close to being maximally parsimonious, the structure of their deviations from MP is not yet understood. In this paper, we develop algorithms to understand how the correct tree deviates from being MP in the densely sampled case. By applying these algorithms to simulations that realistically mimic the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, we find that simulated trees frequently only deviate from maximally parsimonious trees locally, through simple structures consisting of the same mutation appearing independently on sister branches., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, submitted to RECOMB 2024

Published
2023

3. Representing and extending ensembles of parsimonious evolutionary histories with a directed acyclic graph

Author

Dumm, Will, Barker, Mary, Howard-Snyder, William, DeWitt, William S., and Matsen IV, Frederick A.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, 92-08 (Primary) 92B10, 92-04 (Secondary)
Abstract

In many situations, it would be useful to know not just the best phylogenetic tree for a given data set, but the collection of high-quality trees. This goal is typically addressed using Bayesian techniques, however, current Bayesian methods do not scale to large data sets. Furthermore, for large data sets with relatively low signal one cannot even store every good tree individually, especially when the trees are required to be bifurcating. In this paper, we develop a novel object called the "history subpartition directed acyclic graph" (or "history sDAG" for short) that compactly represents an ensemble of trees with labels (e.g. ancestral sequences) mapped onto the internal nodes. The history sDAG can be built efficiently and can also be efficiently trimmed to only represent maximally parsimonious trees. We show that the history sDAG allows us to find many additional equally parsimonious trees, extending combinatorially beyond the ensemble used to construct it. We argue that this object could be useful as the "skeleton" of a more complete uncertainty quantification., Comment: To appear in JMB

Published
2023
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6. Shoes

Author

Snyder, William

Published
2017

8. Matryoshka Representation Learning

Author

Kusupati, Aditya, Bhatt, Gantavya, Rege, Aniket, Wallingford, Matthew, Sinha, Aditya, Ramanujan, Vivek, Howard-Snyder, William, Chen, Kaifeng, Kakade, Sham, Jain, Prateek, and Farhadi, Ali

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
Abstract

Learned representations are a central component in modern ML systems, serving a multitude of downstream tasks. When training such representations, it is often the case that computational and statistical constraints for each downstream task are unknown. In this context rigid, fixed capacity representations can be either over or under-accommodating to the task at hand. This leads us to ask: can we design a flexible representation that can adapt to multiple downstream tasks with varying computational resources? Our main contribution is Matryoshka Representation Learning (MRL) which encodes information at different granularities and allows a single embedding to adapt to the computational constraints of downstream tasks. MRL minimally modifies existing representation learning pipelines and imposes no additional cost during inference and deployment. MRL learns coarse-to-fine representations that are at least as accurate and rich as independently trained low-dimensional representations. The flexibility within the learned Matryoshka Representations offer: (a) up to 14x smaller embedding size for ImageNet-1K classification at the same level of accuracy; (b) up to 14x real-world speed-ups for large-scale retrieval on ImageNet-1K and 4K; and (c) up to 2% accuracy improvements for long-tail few-shot classification, all while being as robust as the original representations. Finally, we show that MRL extends seamlessly to web-scale datasets (ImageNet, JFT) across various modalities -- vision (ViT, ResNet), vision + language (ALIGN) and language (BERT). MRL code and pretrained models are open-sourced at https://github.com/RAIVNLab/MRL., Comment: Edited related work to include intrinsic dimensionality works

Published
2022

11. Reduced Order Model Closures: A Brief Tutorial

Author

Snyder, William, Mou, Changhong, Liu, Honghu, San, Omer, De Vita, Raffaella, and Iliescu, Traian

Subjects
Mathematics - Numerical Analysis, Physics - Fluid Dynamics
Abstract

In this paper, we present a brief tutorial on reduced order model (ROM) closures. First, we carefully motivate the need for ROM closure modeling in under-resolved simulations. Then, we construct step by step the ROM closure model by extending the classical Galerkin framework to the spaces of resolved and unresolved scales. Finally, we develop the data-driven variational multiscale ROM closure and then we test it in fluid flow simulations. Our tutorial on ROM closures is structured as a sequence of questions and answers, and is aimed at first year graduate students and advanced undergraduate students. Our goal is not to explain the "how," but the "why." That is, we carefully explain the principles used to develop ROM closures, without focusing on particular approaches. Furthermore, we try to keep the technical details to a minimum and describe the general ideas in broad terms while citing appropriate references for details.

Published
2022

12. Academic Intervention Services -- Looking to Improve 4-Year Graduation Rates for Students with Disabilities

Author

Snyder, William A., II

Abstract

The history of academic intervention demonstrates multiple long-standing methods to address students' with disabilities academic shortcomings. Educators have wrestled with implementing interventions to best serve students with disabilities at the federal, state, and local levels. Many programs have received funding. However, students with disabilities still have a significantly lower four-year graduation rate. Academically unsuccessful students with disabilities face a litany of challenges during adulthood. While academic interventions have faltered, research demonstrates there is still room for optimism. Emphasis on developing inclusionary practices and multi-tiered support systems has revealed promising results. All students benefit from school-wide interventions that focus on academics coupled with behavioral and social-emotional needs. Teacher training directly correlates with program efficacy for intervention programs. This training must be consistent and may best suit educators if initially implemented during preservice training. The benefit of the dissertation in practice is that the body of work can be localized. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2023

15. SCAT (South Pacific Combat Air Transport)

Author

Anderson, Norman J., MajGen, Ret and Snyder, William K., Col, Ret

Subjects
WORLD WAR II - Campaigns and Battles - Pacific Region, MARINE CORPS AVIATION - History
Abstract

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Published
1992

16. Amplifying Youth Voice and Cultivating Leadership through Participatory Action Research

Author

Gardner, Rachele, Snyder, William M., and Zuguy, Ayda

Abstract

This article presents the story of Youth Hub, a grassroots, neighborhood-based initiative in Boston, Massachusetts, highlighting its use of participatory action research (PAR) to amplify youth voice, cultivate leadership, and promote change. The article includes an explanation of the need from which Youth Hub emerged; a discussion of Youth Hub's use of PAR, including benefits and challenges of the approach; a summary of key research findings; an examination of PAR's usefulness for knowledge creation, including benefits and challenges; and an analysis of youth leadership and ownership in Youth Hub's model, also including benefits and challenges. The article concludes with suggestions for how Youth Hub's approach can be useful for amplifying youth voice and building youth leadership more broadly.

Published
2019

21. Acquisition of English Adjectival Resultatives: Support for the Compounding Parameter

Author

Wang, Shuyan, Kido, Yasuhito, and Snyder, William

Abstract

Two distinctive types of complex predicates found in English are separable verb-particle combinations ("particles") and adjectival resultatives ("ARs"). Snyder ties both to the positive setting of the Compounding Parameter ("TCP"). This predicts that during the acquisition of a [+TCP] language, any child who has acquired ARs or particles will also permit "creative" bare-stem, endocentric compounding. Existing support comes from children acquiring Japanese and English. Yet the same evidence introduces two new puzzles: (i) why is compounding acquired roughly a year earlier in English than in Japanese?; and (ii) in English, why is compounding always acquired at the same time as (and never substantially prior to) particles? Here, we argue that both puzzles can be explained if we allow the trigger for a single parameter-setting (e.g., [+TCP]) to be completely different for children acquiring different languages. Specifically, the trigger for [+TCP] (and hence, ARs) in English is proposed to be particles, which are unavailable in Japanese. Two novel predictions are tested and supported: (i) the frequency will be higher for particles than for any (other) potential trigger in child-directed English or Japanese; and (ii) children acquiring English (unlike Japanese) will have reliably adult-like comprehension of ARs by the age of 3 years.

Published
2022
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22. Host plants and Wolbachia shape the population genetics of sympatric herbivore populations

Author

Fu, Zhen, Meier, Amanda R, Epstein, Brendan, Bergland, Alan O, Carrillo, Carmen I Castillo, Cooper, William R, Cruzado, Regina K, Horton, David R, Jensen, Andrew S, Kelley, Joanna L, Rashed, Arash, Reitz, Stuart R, Rondon, Silvia I, Thinakaran, Jenita, Wenninger, Erik J, Wohleb, Carrie H, Crowder, David W, and Snyder, William E

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Ecology, Genetics, herbivore interactions, interbreeding, pest management, plant, population genomics, Wolbachia, Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry, Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary biology
Abstract

Changing climate and land-use practices have the potential to bring previously isolated populations of pest insects into new sympatry. This heightens the need to better understand how differing patterns of host-plant association, and unique endosymbionts, serve to promote genetic isolation or integration. We addressed these factors in populations of potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), a generalist herbivore that vectors a bacterial pathogen (Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causal pathogen of zebra chip disease) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Genome-wide SNP data revealed two major genetic clusters-psyllids collected from potato crops were genetically similar to psyllids found on a common weed, Lycium spp., but dissimilar from those found on another common non-crop host, Solanum dulcamara L. Most psyllids found on Lycium spp. and potato represented a single mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) haplotype that has been suggested to not be native to the region, and whose arrival may have been concurrent with zebra chip disease first emerging. The putatively introduced COI haplotype usually co-occurred with endosymbiotic Wolbachia, while the putatively resident COI haplotype generally did not. Genetic intermediates between the two genetic populations of insects were rare, consistent with recent sympatry or reproductive isolation, although admixture patterns of apparent hybrids were consistent with introgression of genes from introduced into resident populations. Our results suggest that both host-plant associations and endosymbionts are shaping the population genetic structure of sympatric psyllid populations associated with different non-crop hosts. It is of future interest to explicitly examine vectorial capacity of the two populations and their potential hybrids, as population structure and hybridization might alter regional vector capacity and disease outbreaks.

Published
2020

23. Prediction for 2-Year Vision Outcomes Using Early Morphologic and Functional Responses in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Author

Williams, David F., Beardsley, Sara, Bennett, Steven, Cantrill, Herbert, Chan-Tram, Carmen, Cheshier, Holly, Damato, Kathyrn, Davies, John, Dev, Sundeep, Enloe, Julianne, Follano, Gennaro, Gilbert, Peggy, Johnson, Jill, Jones, Tori, Mayleben, Lisa, Mittra, Robert, Moos, Martha, Neist, Ryan, Oestreich, Neal, Quiram, Polly, Ramsay, Robert, Ryan, Edwin, Schindeldecker, Stephanie, Snater, John, Steele, Trenise, Selders, Dwight, Tonsfeldt, Jessica, Valardi, Shelly, Fish, Gary Edd, Aguado, Hank A., Arceneaux, Sally, Arnwine, Jean, Bell, Kim, Bell, Tina, Boleman, Bob, Bradley, Patricia, Callanan, David, Coors, Lori, Creighton, Jodi, Crew, Timothy, Cummings, Kimberly, Dock, Christopher, Duignan, Karen, Fuller, Dwain, Gray, Keith, Hendrix, Betsy, Hesse, Nicholas, Jaramillo, Diana, Jost, Bradley, Lash, Sandy, Lonsdale, Laura, Mackens, Michael, Mutz, Karin, Potts, Michael, Sanchez, Brenda, Snyder, William, Solley, Wayne, Tarter, Carrie, Wang, Robert, Williams, Patrick, Perkins, Stephen L., Anderson, Nicholas, Arnold, Ann, Blais, Paul, Googe, Joseph, Higdon, Tina T., Hunt, Cecile, Johnson, Mary, Miller, James, Moore, Misty, Morris, Charity K., Morris, Christopher, Oelrich, Sarah, Oliver, Kristina, Seitz, Vicky, Whetstone, Jerry, Doft, Bernard H., Bedel, Jay, Bergren, Robert, Borthwick, Ann, Conrad, Paul, Fec, Amanda, Fulwylie, Christina, Ingram, Willia, Latham, Shawnique, Lester, Gina, Liu, Judy, Lobes, Louis, Lucko, Nicole M., Mechling, Holly, Merlotti, Lori, McBroom, Keith, Olsen, Karl, Puskas, Danielle, Rath, Pamela, Schmucker, Maria, Schueckler, Lynn, Schultz, Christina, Shultz, Heather, Steinberg, David, Vyas, Avni, Whale, Kim, Yeckel, Kimberly, Orth, David H., Arredondo, Linda S., Brown, Susan, Ciscato, Barbara J., Civantos, Joseph M., Figliulo, Celeste, Hasan, Sohail, Kosinski, Belinda, Muir, Dan, Nelson, Kiersten, Packo, Kirk, Pollack, John S., Rezaei, Kourous, Shelton, Gina, Townsend-Patrick, Shannya, Walsh, Marian, McDonald, H. Richard, Ansari, Nina, Bye, Amanda, Fu, Arthur D., Grout, Sean, Indermill, Chad, Johnson, Robert N., Jumper, J. Michael, Linares, Silvia, Lujan, Brandon J., Munden, Ames, Persons, Meredith, Rodriguez, Rosa, Rose, Jennifer M., Teske, Brandi, Urias, Yesmin, Young, Stephen, Dreyer, Richard F., Daniel, Howard, Connaughton, Michele, Handelman, Irvin, Hobbs, Stephen, Hoerner, Christine, Hudson, Dawn, Kopfer, Marcia, Lee, Michael, Lemley, Craig, Logan, Joe, Ma, Colin, Mallet, Christophe, Milliron, Amanda, Peters, Mark, Wohlsein, Harry, Pearlman, Joel A., Andrews, Margo, Bartlett, Melissa, Carlson, Nanette, Cox, Emily, Equi, Robert, Gonzalez, Marta, Griffin, Sophia, Hogue, Fran, Kennedy, Lance, Kryuchkov, Lana, Lopez, Carmen, Lopez, Danny, Luevano, Bertha, McKenna, Erin, Patel, Arun, Reed, Brian, Secor, Nyla, Sison, Iris R., Tsai, Tony, Varghis, Nina, Waller, Brooke, Wendel, Robert, Yebra, Reina, Roth, Daniel B., Deinzer, Jane, Fine, Howard, Green, Flory, Green, Stuart, Keyser, Bruce, Leff, Steven, Leviton, Amy, Martir, Amy, Mosenthine, Kristin, Muscle, Starr, Okoren, Linda, Parker, Sandy, Prenner, Jonathan, Price, Nancy, Rogers, Deana, Rosas, Linda, Schlosser, Alex, Studenko, Loretta, Tantum, Thea, Wheatley, Harold, Trese, Michael T., Aaberg, Thomas, Bezaire, Denis, Bridges, Craig, Bryant, Doug, Capone, Antonio, Coleman, Michelle, Consolo, Christina, Cook, Cindy, DuLong, Candice, Garretson, Bruce, Grooten, Tracy, Hammersley, Julie, Hassan, Tarek, Jessick, Heather, Jones, Nanette, Kinsman, Crystal, Krumlauf, Jennifer, Lewis, Sandy, Locke, Heather, Margherio, Alan, Markus, Debra, Marsh, Tanya, Neal, Serena, Noffke, Amy, Oh, Kean, Pence, Clarence, Preston, Lisa, Raphaelian, Paul, Regan, Virginia R., Roberts, Peter, Ruby, Alan, Sarrafizadeh, Ramin, Scherf, Marissa, Scott, Sarita, Sneed, Scott, Staples, Lisa, Terry, Brad, Trese, Matthew T., Videtich, Joan, Williams, George, Zajechowski, Mary, Joseph, Daniel P., Blinder, Kevin, Boyd, Lynda, Buckley, Sarah, Crow, Meaghan, Dinatale, Amanda, Engelbrecht, Nicholas, Forke, Bridget, Gabel, Dana, Grand, Gilbert, Grillion-Cerone, Jennifer, Holekamp, Nancy, Kelly, Charlotte, Nobel, Ginny, Pepple, Kelly, Raeber, Matt, Rao, P. Kumar, Ressel, Tammy, Schremp, Steven, Sgorlon, Merrilee, Shears, Shantia, Thomas, Matthew, Timma, Cathy, Vaughn, Annette, Walters, Carolyn, Weeks, Rhonda, Wehmeier, Jarrod, Wright, Tim, Berinstein, Daniel M., Ayyad, Aida, Barazi, Mohammed K., Bickhart, Erica, Brady, Tracey, Byank, Lisa, Cronise, Alysia, Denny, Vanessa, Dunn, Courtney, Flory, Michael, Frantz, Robert, Garfinkel, Richard A., Gilbert, William, Lai, Michael M., Melamud, Alexander, Newgen, Janine, Newton, Shamekia, Oliver, Debbie, Osman, Michael, Sanders, Reginald, von Fricken, Manfred, Dugel, Pravin, Arenas, Sandra, Balea, Gabe, Bartoli, Dayna, Bucci, John, Cornelius, Jennifer A., Dickens, Scheleen, Doherty, Don, Dunlap, Heather, Goldenberg, David, Jamal, Karim, Jimenez, Norma, Kavanagh, Nicole, Kunimoto, Derek, Martin, John, Miner, Jessica, Mobley, Sarah, Park, Donald, Quinlan, Edward, Sipperley, Jack, Slagle, Carol, Smith, Danielle, Yafchak, Miguelina, Yager, Rohana, Flaxel, Christina J., Bailey, Steven, Francis, Peter, Howell, Chris, Hwang, Thomas, Ira, Shirley, Klein, Michael, Lauer, Andreas, Liesegang, Teresa, Lundquist, Ann, Nolte, Sarah, Nolte, Susan K., Pickell, Scott, Pope, Susan, Rossi, Joseph, Schain, Mitchell, Steinkamp, Peter, Toomey, Maureen D., Vahrenwald, Debora, West, Kelly, Hubbard, Baker, Andelman, Stacey, Bergstrom, Chris, Brower, Judy, Cribbs, Blaine, Curtis, Linda, Dobbs, Jannah, DuBois, Lindreth, Gaultney, Jessica, Gibbs, Deborah, Jordan, Debora, Leef, Donna, Martin, Daniel F., Myles, Robert, Olsen, Timothy, Schwent, Bryan, Srivastava, Sunil, Waldron, Rhonda, Antoszyk, Andrew N., Balasubramaniam, Uma, Brooks, Danielle, Brown, Justin, Browning, David, Clark, Loraine, Ennis, Sarah, Held, Susannah, Helms, Jennifer V., Herby, Jenna, Karow, Angie, Leotaud, Pearl, Massimino, Caterina, McClain, Donna, McOwen, Michael, Mindel, Jennifer, Pereira, Candace, Pierce, Rachel, Powers, Michele, Price, Angela, Rohrer, Jason, Sanders, Jason, Avery, Robert L., Avery, Kelly, Basefsky, Jessica, Beckner, Liz, Castellarin, Alessandro, Couvillion, Stephen, Giust, Jack, Giust, Matthew, Nasir, Maan, Pieramici, Dante, Rabena, Melvin, Risard, Sarah, See, Robert, Smith, Jerry, Wan, Lisha, Bakri, Sophie J., Abu-Yaghi, Nakhleh, Barkmeier, Andrew, Berg, Karin, Burrington, Jean, Edwards, Albert, Goddard, Shannon, Howard, Shannon, Iezzi, Raymond, Lewison, Denise, Link, Thomas, McCannel, Colin A., Overend, Joan, Pach, John, Ruszczyk, Margaret, Shultz, Ryan, Stephan, Cindy, Vogen, Diane, Bradford, Reagan H., Jr., Bergman, Vanessa, Burris, Russ, Butt, Amanda, Daniels, Beth, Dwiggins, Connie, Fransen, Stephen, Guerrero, Tiffany, Haivala, Darin, Harris, Amy, Icks, Sonny, Kingsley, Ronald, Redden, Lena, Richmond, Rob, Ross, Brittany, White, Kammerin, Youngberg, Misty, Topping, Trexler M., Bennett, Steve, Chong, Sandy, Ciotti, Mary, Cleary, Tina, Corey, Emily, Donovan, Dennis, Frederick, Albert, Freese, Lesley, Graham, Margaret, Gud, Natalya, Howard, Taneika, Jones, Mike, Morley, Michael, Moses, Katie, Stone, Jen, Ty, Robin, Wiegand, Torsten, Williams, Lindsey, Winder, Beth, Awh, Carl C., Amonette, Michelle, Arrindell, Everton, Beck, Dena, Busbee, Brandon, Dilback, Amy, Downs, Sara, Guidry, Allison, Gutow, Gary, Hardin, Jackey, Hines, Sarah, Hutchins, Emily, LaCivita, Kim, Lester, Ashley, Malott, Larry, McCain, MaryAnn, Miracle, Jayme, Moffat, Kenneth, Palazzotta, Lacy, Robinson, Kelly, Sonkin, Peter, Travis, Alecia, Wallace, Roy Trent, Winters, Kelly J., Wray, Julia, Harris, April E., Bunnell, Mari, Crooks, Katrina, Fitzgerald, Rebecca, Javid, Cameron, Kew, Corin, Kill, Erica, Kline, Patricia, Kreienkamp, Janet, Martinez, Maricruz, Moore, Roy Ann, Saavedra, Egbert, Taylor, LuAnne, Walsh, Mark, Wilson, Larry, Ciulla, Thomas A., Coyle, Ellen, Harrington, Tonya, Harris, Charlotte, Hood, Cindi, Kerr, Ingrid, Maturi, Raj, Moore, Dawn, Morrow, Stephanie, Savage, Jennifer, Sink, Bethany, Steele, Tom, Thukral, Neelam, Wilburn, Janet, Walker, Joseph P., Banks, Jennifer, Ciampaglia, Debbie, Dyshanowitz, Danielle, Frederick, Jennifer, Ghuman, A. Tom, Grodin, Richard, Kiesel, Cheryl, Knips, Eileen, McCue, Jonathan, Ortiz, Maria, Peters, Crystal, Raskauskas, Paul, Schoeman, Etienne, Sharma, Ashish, Wing, Glenn, Youngblood, Rebecca, Chandra, Suresh R., Altaweel, Michael, Blodi, Barbara, Burke, Kathryn, Dietzman, Kristine A., Gottlieb, Justin, Knutson, Gene, Krolnik, Denise, Nork, T. Michael, Olson, Shelly, Peterson, John, Reed, Sandra, Soderling, Barbara, Somers, Guy, Stevens, Thomas, Wealti, Angela, Bearelly, Srilaxmi, Branchaud, Brenda, Bryant, Joyce W., Crowell, Sara, Fekrat, Sharon, Gammage, Merritt, Harrison, Cheala, Jones, Sarah, McClain, Noreen, McCuen, Brooks, Mruthyunjaya, Prithvi, Queen, Jeanne, Sarin, Neeru, Skalak, Cindy, Skelly, Marriner, Suner, Ivan, Tomany, Ronnie, Welch, Lauren, Park, Susanna S., Cassidy, Allison, Chandra, Karishma, Good, Idalew, Imson, Katrina, Sashi, Kaur, Metzler, Helen, Morse, Lawrence, Redenbo, Ellen, Salvador, Marisa, Telander, David, Thomas, Mark, Wallace, Cindy, Barr, Charles C., Battcher, Amanda, Bottorff, Michelle, Chasteen, Mary, Clark, Kelly, Denning, Diane, Schoen, Debra, Schultz, Amy, Tempel, Evie, Wheeler, Lisa, Whittington, Greg K., Stone, Thomas W., Blevins, Todd, Buck, Michelle, Cruz, Lynn, Heath, Wanda, Holcomb, Diana, Isernhagen, Rick, Kidd, Terri, Kitchens, John, Sears, Cathy, Slade, Ed, Van Arsdall, Jeanne, VanHoose, Brenda, Wolfe, Jenny, Wood, William, Zilis, John, Crooks, Carol, Disney, Larry, Liu, Mimi, Petty, Stephen, Sall, Sandra, Folk, James C., Aly, Tracy, Brotherton, Abby, Critser, Douglas, Hinz, Connie J., Karakas, Stefani, Kirschner, Valerie, Lester, Cheyanne, Montague, Cindy, Russell, Stephen, Stockman, Heather, Taylor, Barbara, Verdick, Randy, Walshire, Jean, Thompson, John T., Connell, Barbara, Constantine, Maryanth, Davis, John L., Jr., Gwen Holsapple, Hunter, Lisa, Lenane, C. Nicki, Mitchell, Robin, Russel, Leslie, Sjaarda, Raymond, Brown, David M., Benz, Matthew, Burns, Llewellyn, Carranza, JoLene G., Fish, Richard, Goates, Debra, Hay, Shayla, Jeffers, Theresa, Kegley, Eric, Kubecka, Dallas, McGilvra, Stacy, Richter, Beau, Sneed, Veronica, Stoever, Cary, Tellez, Isabell, Wong, Tien, Kim, Ivana, Andreoli, Christopher, Barresi, Leslie, Brett, Sarah, Callahan, Charlene, Capaccioli, Karen, Carli, William, Coppola, Matthew, Emmanuel, Nicholas, Evans, Claudia, Fagan, Anna, Grillo, Marcia, Head, John, Kieser, Troy, Lee, Elaine, Lord, Ursula, Miretsky, Edward, Palitsch, Kate, Petrin, Todd, Reader, Liz, Reznichenko, Svetlana, Robertson, Mary, Smith, Justin, Vavvas, Demetrios, Wells, John, Cahill, Cassie, Clark, W. Lloyd, Henry, Kayla, Johnson, David, Miller, Peggy, Oliver, LaDetrick, Spivey, Robbin, Swinford, Tiffany, Taylor, Mallie, Lambert, Michael, Chase, Kris, Fredrickson, Debbie, Khawly, Joseph, Lazarte, Valerie, Lowd, Donald, Miller, Pam, Willis, Arthur, Ferrone, Philip J., Almonte, Miguel, Arnott, Rachel, Aviles, Ingrid, Carbon, Sheri, Chitjian, Michael, DAmore, Kristen, Elliott, Christin, Fastenberg, David, Golub, Barry, Graham, Kenneth, Lavorna, AnnMarie, Murphy, Laura, Palomo, Amanda, Puglisi, Christina, Rhee, David, Romero, Juan, Rosenblatt, Brett, Salcedo, Glenda, Schlameuss, Marianne, Shakin, Eric, Sookhai, Vasanti, Kaiser, Richard, Affel, Elizabeth, Brown, Gary, Centinaro, Christina, Fine, Deborah, Fineman, Mitchell, Formoso, Michele, Garg, Sunir, Grande, Lisa, Herbert, Carolyn, Ho, Allen, Hsu, Jason, Jay, Maryann, Lavetsky, Lisa, Liebenbaum, Elaine, Maguire, Joseph, Monsonego, Julia, O’Connor, Lucia, Pierce, Lisa, Regillo, Carl, Rosario, Maria, Spirn, Marc, Vander, James, Walsh, Jennifer, Davidorf, Frederick H., Barnett, Amanda, Chang, Susie, Christoforidis, John, Elliott, Joy, Justice, Heather, Letson, Alan, McKinney, Kathryne, Perry, Jeri, Salerno, Jill A., Savage, Scott, Shelley, Stephen, Singerman, Lawrence J., Coney, Joseph, DuBois, John, DuBois, Kimberly, Greanoff, Gregg, Himmelman, Dianne, Ilc, Mary, McNamara, Elizabeth, Novak, Michael, Pendergast, Scott, Rath, Susan, Smith-Brewer, Sheila, Tanner, Vivian, Weiss, Diane E., Zegarra, Hernando, Halperin, Lawrence, Aramayo, Patricia, Dhalla, Mandeep, Fernandez, Brian, Fernandez, Cindy, Lopez, Jaclyn, Lopez, Monica, Mariano, Jamie, Murphy, Kellie, Sherley, Clifford, Veksler, Rita, Rahhal, Firas, Babikian, Razmig, Boyer, David, Hami, Sepideh, Kessinger, Jeff, Kurokouchi, Janet, Mukarram, Saba, Pachman, Sarah, Protacio, Eric, Sierra, Julio, Tabandeh, Homayoun, Zamboni, Adam, Elman, Michael, Belz, Jennifer, Butcher, Tammy, Cain, Theresa, Coffey, Teresa, Firestone, Dena, Gore, Nancy, Singletary, Pamela, Sotirakos, Peter, Starr, JoAnn, Meredith, Travis A., Barnhart, Cassandra J., Cantrell, Debra, Esquejo-Leon, RonaLyn, Houghton, Odette, Kaur, Harpreet, NDure, Fatoumatta, Glatzer, Ronald, Joffe, Leonard, Schindler, Reid, Xue, Katie, Hua, Peiying, Maguire, Maureen G., Daniel, Ebenezer, Jaffe, Glenn J., Grunwald, Juan E., and Ying, Gui-shuang

Published
2023
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24. Organic Farming Sharpens Plant Defenses in the Field

Author

Krey, Karol L, Nabity, Paul D, Blubaugh, Carmen K, Fu, Zhen, Van Leuven, James T, Reganold, John P, Berim, Anna, Gang, David R, Jensen, Andrew S, and Snyder, William E

Subjects
Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Crop and Pasture Production, Zero Hunger, plant defensive pathways, soil bacteria, plant stress, herbivores, farming systems, potato, Agricultural, veterinary and food sciences, Environmental sciences
Abstract

Plants deploy a variety of chemical and physical defenses to protect themselves against herbivores and pathogens. Organic farming seeks to enhance these responses by improving soil quality, ultimately altering bottom up regulation of plant defenses. While laboratory studies suggest this approach is effective, it remains unclear whether organic agriculture encourages more-active plant defenses under real-world conditions. Working on the farms of cooperating growers, we examined gene expression in the leaves of two potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties, grown on organic vs. conventional farms. For one variety, Norkotah, we found significantly heightened initiation of genes associated with plant-defense pathways in plants grown in organic vs. conventional fields. Organic Norkotah fields exhibited lower levels of nitrate in soil and of nitrogen in plant foliage, alongside differences in communities of soil bacteria, suggesting possible links between soil management and observed differences in plant defenses. Additionally, numbers of predatory and phloem-feeding insects were higher in organic than conventional fields. A second potato variety, Alturas, which is generally grown using fewer inputs and in poorer-quality soils, exhibited lower overall herbivore and predator numbers, few differences in soil ecology, and no differences in gene-activity in organic and conventional farming systems. Altogether, our results suggest that organic farming has the potential to increase plants' resistance to herbivores, possibly facilitating reduced need for insecticide applications. These benefits appear to be mediated by plant variety and/or farming context.

Published
2020

25. A Parametric Approach to the Acquisition of Syntax

Author

Snyder, William

Abstract

Three case-studies, using longitudinal records of children's spontaneous speech, illustrate what happens when a child's syntax changes. The first, examining acquisition of English verb-particle constructions, shows a near-total absence of commission errors. The second, examining acquisition of prepositional questions in English or Spanish, shows that children (i) may go as long as 9 months producing both direct-object questions and declaratives with prepositional phrases, before first attempting a prepositional question; and (ii) at some point, abruptly begin producing prepositional questions that are correctly formed for the target language. The third case study shows that in children acquiring English, the onset of verb-particle constructions occurs almost exactly when that child begins using novel noun-noun compounds. After a discussion of the implications for the nature of syntactic knowledge, and for the mechanisms by which it is acquired, two examples are presented of as-yet untested acquisitional predictions of parametric proposals in the syntax literature.

Published
2021
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28. Dramatic recent declines in the size of monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) roosts during fall migration.

Author

Davis, Andrew K., Croy, Jordan R., and Snyder, William E.

Subjects
ANIMAL migration, MONARCH butterfly, HONEY plants, OVERALL survival, ROOSTING
Abstract

The conservation status of monarch butterflies in North America is a topic of intense scrutiny and debate. It is clear that winter colonies in Mexico are declining, yet some recent studies suggest that summer breeding populations are relatively stable and similar to historical abundances. One possible explanation for these discordant patterns is that fall migration success has been recently disrupted. Here, we use a relatively unexplored citizen-scientist dataset on the size of monarch “roosts,” which are resting aggregations on vegetation, to infer changes in monarch abundance along the fall migration route over the last 17 y. We found that the timing of migration remained relatively unchanged while the flyway has generally become warmer and greener. Warmer and greener conditions were associated with larger roosts, yet we found steady, dramatic declines in roost sizes through time that were independent of climate and landscape factors. Roost sizes have declined as much as 80%, with losses increasing from north to south along the migration route. These findings suggest that failure during the fall migration could explain the apparent drop in monarch numbers from summer breeding to overwintering populations. This in turn suggests that conservation efforts that support fall migration success are most needed, such as providing high quality nectar plants along the migration route or limiting the planting of nonnative milkweeds that enhance monarch parasite loads. Overall, it appears the fall migration of monarch butterflies is under imminent threat, even if the species’ overall survival is not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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29. Dodging Pitfalls in Packages for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.

Author

Krometis, Justin and Snyder, William

Subjects
ARTIFICIAL intelligence, MACHINE learning, COMPUTER vision
Abstract

Recent years have seen an explosion in the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) to practical problems from computer vision to game playing to algorithm design. This growth has been mirrored and, in many ways, been enabled by the development and maturity of publicly-available software packages that make model building, training, and testing easier than ever. While these packages provide tremendous power and flexibility to users, and greatly facilitate learning and deploying AI/ML techniques, they and the models they provide are extremely complicated and as a result can present a number of subtle but serious pitfalls. This paper presents three examples where obscure settings or bugs in these packages dramatically changed model behavior or performance – one from a deep learning regression application, one from reinforcement learning, and one from computer vision classification. These examples illustrate the importance of thinking carefully about the results that a model is producing and carefully checking each step in its development before trusting its output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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37. Using NextRAD sequencing to infer movement of herbivores among host plants

Author

Fu, Zhen, Epstein, Brendan, Kelley, Joanna L, Zheng, Qi, Bergland, Alan O, Carrillo, Carmen I Castillo, Jensen, Andrew S, Dahan, Jennifer, Karasev, Alexander V, and Snyder, William E

Subjects
Plant Biology, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Infection, Animals, Computational Biology, Hemiptera, Herbivory, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Host-Parasite Interactions, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Phylogeny, Plant Diseases, Plants, Solanum, Solanum tuberosum, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Herbivores often move among spatially interspersed host plants, tracking high-quality resources through space and time. This dispersal is of particular interest for vectors of plant pathogens. Existing molecular tools to track such movement have yielded important insights, but often provide insufficient genetic resolution to infer spread at finer spatiotemporal scales. Here, we explore the use of Nextera-tagmented reductively-amplified DNA (NextRAD) sequencing to infer movement of a highly-mobile winged insect, the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), among host plants. The psyllid vectors the pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potato (Solanum tuberosum), but understanding and managing the spread of this pathogen is limited by uncertainty about the insect's host plant(s) outside of the growing season. We identified 1,978 polymorphic loci among psyllids separated spatiotemporally on potato or in patches of bittersweet nightshade (S. dulcumara), a weedy plant proposed to be the source of potato-colonizing psyllids. A subset of the psyllids on potato exhibited genetic similarity to insects on nightshade, consistent with regular movement between these two host plants. However, a second subset of potato-collected psyllids was genetically distinct from those collected on bittersweet nightshade; this suggests that a currently unrecognized source, i.e., other nightshade patches or a third host-plant species, could be contributing to psyllid populations in potato. Oftentimes, dispersal of vectors of pathogens must be tracked at a fine scale in order to understand, predict, and manage disease spread. We demonstrate that emerging sequencing technologies that detect genome-wide SNPs of a vector can be used to infer such localized movement.

Published
2017

40. Joint environmental and social benefits from diversified agriculture

Author

Rasmussen, Laura Vang, Grass, Ingo, Mehrabi, Zia, Smith, Olivia M., Bezner-Kerr, Rachel, Blesh, Jennifer, Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro, Isaac, Marney E., Kennedy, Christina M., Wittman, Hannah, Batáry, Péter, Buchori, Damayanti, Cerda, Rolando, Chará, Julián, Crowder, David W., Darras, Kevin, DeMaster, Kathryn, Garcia, Karina, Gómez, Manuel, Gonthier, David, Hidayat, Purnama, Hipólito, Juliana, Hirons, Mark, Hoey, Lesli, James, Dana, John, Innocensia, Jones, Andrew D., Karp, Daniel S., Kebede, Yodit, Kerr, Carmen Bezner, Klassen, Susanna, Kotowska, Martyna, Kreft, Holger, Llanque, Ramiro, Levers, Christian, Lizcano, Diego J., Lu, Adrian, Madsen, Sidney, Marques, Rosebelly Nunes, Martins, Pedro Buss, Melo, America, Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson, Olimpi, Elissa M., Owen, Jeb P., Pantevez, Heiber, Qaim, Matin, Redlich, Sarah, Scherber, Christoph, Sciligo, Amber R., Snapp, Sieglinde, Snyder, William E., Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf, Stratton, Anne Elise, Taylor, Joseph M., Tscharntke, Teja, Valencia, Vivian, Vogel, Cassandra, Kremen, Claire, Rasmussen, Laura Vang, Grass, Ingo, Mehrabi, Zia, Smith, Olivia M., Bezner-Kerr, Rachel, Blesh, Jennifer, Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro, Isaac, Marney E., Kennedy, Christina M., Wittman, Hannah, Batáry, Péter, Buchori, Damayanti, Cerda, Rolando, Chará, Julián, Crowder, David W., Darras, Kevin, DeMaster, Kathryn, Garcia, Karina, Gómez, Manuel, Gonthier, David, Hidayat, Purnama, Hipólito, Juliana, Hirons, Mark, Hoey, Lesli, James, Dana, John, Innocensia, Jones, Andrew D., Karp, Daniel S., Kebede, Yodit, Kerr, Carmen Bezner, Klassen, Susanna, Kotowska, Martyna, Kreft, Holger, Llanque, Ramiro, Levers, Christian, Lizcano, Diego J., Lu, Adrian, Madsen, Sidney, Marques, Rosebelly Nunes, Martins, Pedro Buss, Melo, America, Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson, Olimpi, Elissa M., Owen, Jeb P., Pantevez, Heiber, Qaim, Matin, Redlich, Sarah, Scherber, Christoph, Sciligo, Amber R., Snapp, Sieglinde, Snyder, William E., Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf, Stratton, Anne Elise, Taylor, Joseph M., Tscharntke, Teja, Valencia, Vivian, Vogel, Cassandra, and Kremen, Claire

Abstract

Agricultural simplification continues to expand at the expense of more diverse forms of agriculture. This simplification, for example, in the form of intensively managed monocultures, poses a risk to keeping the world within safe and just Earth system boundaries. Here, we estimated how agricultural diversification simultaneously affects social and environmental outcomes. Drawing from 24 studies in 11 countries across 2655 farms, we show how five diversification strategies focusing on livestock, crops, soils, noncrop plantings, and water conservation benefit social (e.g., human well-being, yields, and food security) and environmental (e.g., biodiversity, ecosystem services, and reduced environmental externalities) outcomes. We found that applying multiple diversification strategies creates more positive outcomes than individual management strategies alone. To realize these benefits, well-designed policies are needed to incentivize the adoption of multiple diversification strategies in unison.

Published
2024

41. A Blizzard of Heat

Author

Snyder, William, Jr.

Subjects
A Blizzard of Heat (Poem), Humanities
Abstract

The street, the sidewalks up and down, the lawns and trees, the sky--lost in frazzles of white across the earth, a clipper wind cuffing storm door glass, curls of cold [...]

Published
2024

44. Agricultural practices for food safety threaten pest control services for fresh produce

Author

Karp, Daniel S, Moses, Rebekah, Gennet, Sasha, Jones, Matthew S, Joseph, Shimat, M'Gonigle, Leithen K, Ponisio, Lauren C, Snyder, William E, and Kremen, Claire

Subjects
Ecological Applications, Environmental Sciences, Zero Hunger, agriculture, agro-ecology, biological control, co-management, compost, food safety, foodborne disease, natural enemies, pest control, produce, Environmental Science and Management, Ecology, Zoology, Environmental management
Abstract

Over the past decade, several foodborne disease outbreaks provoked widespread reforms to the fresh produce industry. Subsequent concerns about wildlife vectors and contaminated manures created pressure on growers to discontinue use of manureâbased composts and remove nearby semiânatural vegetation. Despite widespread adoption, impacts of these practices on ecosystem services such as pest control have not been assessed. We used a landscapeâscale field experiment to quantify associations between compost applications, semiânatural vegetation, pest control services and lettuce yields on organic farms throughout California's Central Coast, a region experiencing food safety reforms. We found that farms with surrounding semiânatural vegetation supported a diverse arthropod assemblage, whereas a herbivoreâdominated assemblage occupied farms in simplified landscapes. Moreover, predatory arthropods consumed more herbivores at sites with more surrounding nonâcrop vegetation and reduced aphid pest infestations in lettuce. Compost improved lettuce yields by increasing soil nutrients and organic matter, but affected neither pest control nor Escherichia coli prevalence. Synthesis and applications. Food safety concerns are prompting practices that simplify farms and landscapes. Our results demonstrate that two practices â elimination of manureâbased composts and removal of nonâcrop vegetation â are likely having negative impacts on arthropod biodiversity, pest control and soil quality. Critically, our findings and previous research suggest that compost can be applied safely and that habitat removal is likely ineffective at mitigating food safety risk. There is thus scope for coâmanaging fresh produce fields for food safety, ecosystem services, and biodiversity through applying appropriately treated composts and stopping habitat removal.

Published
2016

45. Selection for high levels of resistance to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) using non-transgenic foliar delivery

Author

Mishra, Swati, Dee, James, Moar, William, Dufner-Beattie, Jodi, Baum, James, Dias, Naymã Pinto, Alyokhin, Andrei, Buzza, Aaron, Rondon, Silvia I., Clough, Mark, Menasha, Sandy, Groves, Russell, Clements, Justin, Ostlie, Ken, Felton, Gary, Waters, Tim, Snyder, William E., and Jurat-Fuentes, Juan Luis

Published
2021
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47. Subretinal Hyperreflective Material in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials

Author

Willoughby, Alex S, Ying, Gui-shuang, Toth, Cynthia A, Maguire, Maureen G, Burns, Russell E, Grunwald, Juan E, Daniel, Ebenezer, Jaffe, Glenn J, Williams, David F, Beardsley, Sara, Bennett, Steven, Cantrill, Herbert, Chan-Tram, Carmen, Cheshier, Holly, Damato, Kathyrn, Davies, John, Dev, Sundeep, Enloe, Julianne, Follano, Gennaro, Gilbert, Peggy, Johnson, Jill, Jones, Tori, Mayleben, Lisa, Mittra, Robert, Moos, Martha, Neist, Ryan, Oestreich, Neal, Quiram, Polly, Ramsay, Robert, Ryan, Edwin, Schindeldecker, Stephanie, Snater, John, Steele, Trenise, Selders, Dwight, Tonsfeldt, Jessica, Valardi, Shelly, Fish, Gary Edd, Aguado, Hank A, Arceneaux, Sally, Arnwine, Jean, Bell, Kim, Bell, Tina, Boleman, Bob, Bradley, Patricia, Callanan, David, Coors, Lori, Creighton, Jodi, Crew, Timothy, Cummings, Kimberly, Dock, Christopher, Duignan, Karen, Fuller, Dwain, Gray, Keith, Hendrix, Betsy, Hesse, Nicholas, Jaramillo, Diana, Jost, Bradley, Lash, Sandy, Lonsdale, Laura, Mackens, Michael, Mutz, Karin, Potts, Michael, Sanchez, Brenda, Snyder, William, Solley, Wayne, Tarter, Carrie, Wang, Robert, Williams, Patrick, Perkins, Stephen L, Anderson, Nicholas, Arnold, Ann, Blais, Paul, Googe, Joseph, Higdon, Tina T, Hunt, Cecile, Johnson, Mary, Miller, James, Moore, Misty, Morris, Charity K, Morris, Christopher, Oelrich, Sarah, Oliver, Kristina, Seitz, Vicky, Whetstone, Jerry, Doft, Bernard H, Bedel, Jay, Bergren, Robert, Borthwick, Ann, Conrad, Paul, Fec, Amanda, Fulwylie, Christina, Ingram, Willia, Latham, Shawnique, Lester, Gina, Liu, Judy, Lobes, Louis, Lucko, Nicole M, Mechling, Holly, Merlotti, Lori, and McBroom, Keith

Subjects
Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Macular Degeneration, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Clinical Research, Neurodegenerative, Eye, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Bevacizumab, Cicatrix, Fluorescein Angiography, Geographic Atrophy, Humans, Intravitreal Injections, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Ranibizumab, Retina, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Visual Acuity, Wet Macular Degeneration, Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials Research Group, Clinical Sciences, Opthalmology and Optometry, Public Health and Health Services, Ophthalmology & Optometry
Abstract

PurposeTo evaluate the association of subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM) with visual acuity (VA), geographic atrophy (GA), and scar in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT).DesignProspective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial.ParticipantsThe 1185 CATT participants.MethodsMasked readers graded scar and GA on fundus photography and fluorescein angiography and graded SHRM on time-domain and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) throughout 104 weeks. Measurements of SHRM height and width in the fovea, within the center 1 mm(2), or outside the center 1mm(2) were obtained on SD OCT images at 56 (n = 76) and 104 (n = 66) weeks.Main outcome measuresPresence of SHRM, as well as location and size, and associations with VA, scar, and GA.ResultsAmong CATT participants, the percentage with SHRM at enrollment was 77%, decreasing to 68% at 4 weeks after treatment and to 54% at 104 weeks. At 104 weeks, scar was present more often in eyes with persistent SHRM than in eyes with SHRM that resolved (64% vs. 31%; P < 0.0001). Among eyes with detailed evaluation of SHRM at weeks 56 (n = 76) and 104 (n = 66), mean VA letter score was 73.5 (standard error [SE], 2.8), 73.1 (SE, 3.4), 65.3 (SE, 3.5), and 63.9 (SE, 3.7) when SHRM was absent, present outside the central 1 mm(2), present within the central 1 mm(2) but not the foveal center, or present at the foveal center (P = 0.02), respectively. When SHRM was present, the median maximum height under the fovea, within the central 1 mm(2) including the fovea and anywhere within the scan, was 86 μm, 120 μm, and 122 μm, respectively. Visual acuity was decreased with greater SHRM height and width (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), SHRM is common and often persists after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. At 2 years, eyes with scar were more likely to have SHRM than other eyes. Greater SHRM dimensions were associated with worse VA. In eyes with neovascular AMD, SHRM is an important morphologic biomarker.

Published
2015

48. Warmer temperatures trigger insecticide‐associated pest outbreaks.

Author

Crossley, Michael S, Smith, Olivia M, Barman, Apurba K, Croy, Jordan R, Schmidt, Jason M, Toews, Michael D, and Snyder, William E

Subjects
INSECTICIDES, INSECTICIDE application, SWEET potatoes, INSECT pests, SWEETPOTATO whitefly, PESTS, ALEYRODIDAE
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Rising global temperatures are associated with emerging insect pests, reflecting earlier and longer insect activity, faster development, more generations per year and changing species' ranges. Insecticides are often the first tools available to manage these new threats. In the southeastern US, sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) has recently become the major threat to vegetable production. We used data from a multi‐year, regional whitefly monitoring network to search for climate, land use, and management correlates of whitefly activity. RESULTS: Strikingly, whiteflies were detected earlier and grew more abundant in landscapes with greater insecticide use, but only when temperatures were also relatively warm. Whitefly outbreaks in hotter conditions were not associated with specific active ingredients used to suppress whiteflies, which would be consistent with a regional disruption of biocontrol following sprays for other pests. In addition, peak whitefly detections occurred earlier in areas with more vegetable production, but later with more cotton production, consistent with whiteflies moving among crops. CONCLUSION: Altogether, our findings suggest possible links between warmer temperatures, more abundant pests, and frequent insecticide applications disrupting biological control, though this remains to be explicitly demonstrated. Climate‐initiated pesticide treadmills of this type may become an increasingly common driver of emerging pest outbreaks as global change accelerates. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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