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The distribution of data contributed to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) is via the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF). The ESGF is a network of internationally distributed sites that together work as a federated data archive. Data records from climate modelling institutes are published to the ESGF and then shared around the world. It is anticipated that CMIP6 will produce approximately 20 PB of data to be published and distributed via the ESGF. In addition to this large volume of data a number of value-added CMIP6 services are required to interact with the ESGF; for example the citation and errata services both interact with the ESGF but are not a core part of its infrastructure. With a number of interacting services and a large volume of data anticipated for CMIP6, the CMIP Data Node Operations Team (CDNOT) was formed. The CDNOT coordinated and implemented a series of CMIP6 preparation data challenges to test all the interacting components in the ESGF CMIP6 software ecosystem. This ensured that when CMIP6 data were released they could be reliably distributed.

Gender identity is influenced by a variety of characteristics, including race, social class, sexual orientation, language, and gender. This article explores the importance of critical literacy, critical pedagogy, and the influence on identity development. Furthermore, it seeks to provide practitioners and teacher educators with an understanding of the importance of introducing school-aged children to diverse multicultural literature and facilitating critical conversations to increase awareness around topics of gender identity.

Press coverage of Giuseppe Chiarini's circus in Mexico during the downfall of Maximilian shows the entertainment entrepreneur adapting and altering his promotional messaging in response to a volatile political climate. That Chiarini operated a transnational enterprise at the time allows direct comparisons of the differing messaging he employed between Mexico and the United States on two controversial issues: republican versus imperial forms of government that divided Mexico and slavery that divided the United States. His politically splintered audiences in Mexico also offered differing interpretations of the import of his company's performance, and subsequently employed his circus to bolster the emergence of a national symbol. The record in Mexico suggests that the circus's methods of communication were less resistant to the application of political meaning than they were flexible in incorporating such meanings, allowing for them to attract and maintain the most diverse, and therefore largest, possible public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late nineteenth century, female adherents of the Delsartean physical culture movement in the USA would perform statue poses as part of their training and public appearances, employing both male and female statues in their work. This article positions this practice within seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century historical trajectories of the visual, rhetorical and performing arts and the allegorical meanings that prior generations had mapped onto the bodies of these works of art. This article argues that the Delsartean ‘law of correspondence’ equating internal states with external expression allowed their statue posing to serve as a tacit statement of gender equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brillouin sphere is defined as the smallest sphere, centered at the origin of the geocentric coordinate system, that incorporates all the condensed matter composing the planet. The Brillouin sphere touches the Earth at a single point, and the radial line that begins at the origin and passes through that point is called the singular radial line. For about 60 years there has been a persistent anxiety about whether or not a spherical harmonic (SH) expansion of the external gravitational potential, V, will converge beneath the Brillouin sphere. Recently, it was proven that the probability of such convergence is zero. One of these proofs provided an asymptotic relation, called Costin's formula, for the upper bound, EN, on the absolute value of the prediction error, eN, of a SH series model, V N (θ , λ , r) , truncated at some maximum degree, N = n max . When the SH series is restricted to (or projected onto) a particular radial line, it reduces to a Taylor series (TS) in 1 / r . Costin's formula is E N ≃ B N − b (R / r) N , where R is the radius of the Brillouin sphere. This formula depends on two positive parameters: b, which controls the decay of error amplitude as a function of N when r is fixed, and a scale factor B. We show here that Costin's formula derives from a similar asymptotic relation for the upper bound, An on the absolute value of the TS coefficients, an, for the same radial line. This formula, A n ≃ K n − k , depends on degree, n, and two positive parameters, k and K, that are analogous to b and B. We use synthetic planets, for which we can compute the potential, V, and also the radial component of gravitational acceleration, g r = ∂ V / ∂ r , to hundreds of significant digits, to validate both of these asymptotic formulas. Let superscript V refer to asymptotic parameters associated with the coefficients and prediction errors for gravitational potential, and superscript g to the coefficients and predictions errors associated with gr. For polyhedral planets of uniform density we show that b V = k V = 7 / 2 and b g = k g = 5 / 2 almost everywhere. We show that the frequency of oscillation (around zero) of the TS coefficients and the series prediction errors, for a given radial line, is controlled by the geocentric angle, α, between that radial line and the singular radial line. We also derive useful identities connecting K V , B V , K g , and Bg. These identities are expressed in terms of quotients of the various scale factors. The only other quantities involved in these identities are α and R. The phenomenology of 'series divergence' and prediction error (when r < R) can be described as a function of the truncation degree, N, or the depth, d, beneath the Brillouin sphere. For a fixed r ⩽ R , as N increases from very low values, the upper error bound EN shrinks until it reaches its minimum (best) value when N reaches some particular or optimum value, N opt . When N > N opt , prediction error grows as N continues to increase. Eventually, when N ≫ N opt , prediction errors increase exponentially with rising N. If we fix the value of N and allow R / r to vary, then we find that prediction error in free space beneath the Brillouin sphere increases exponentially with depth, d, beneath the Brillouin sphere. Because b g = b V − 1 everywhere, divergence driven prediction error intensifies more rapidly for gr than for V, both in terms of its dependence on N and d. If we fix both N and d, and focus on the 'lateral' variations in prediction error, we observe that divergence and prediction error tend to increase (as does B) as we approach high-amplitude topography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines, a country with a young population, is currently experiencing an intense and persistent tuberculosis epidemic. We analysed patient-based national surveillance data to investigate the epidemiology of reported tuberculosis among children (aged 0–9 years), adolescents (aged 10–19 years) and young adults (aged 20–24 years) to better understand the burden of disease and treatment outcomes in these age groups. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess age-related patterns in notifications and treatment outcomes. Data quality was assessed against international benchmarks at the national and regional levels. Overall, 27.3% of tuberculosis notifications for the Philippines in 2015 pertained to children, adolescents and young adults aged 0–24 years. Treatment outcomes were generally favourable, with 81% of patients being cured or completing treatment. The data quality assessment revealed substantial regional variation in some indicators and suggested potential under-detection of tuberculosis in children aged 0–4 years. Children, adolescents and young adults in the Philippines constitute a substantial proportion of patients in the national tuberculosis surveillance dataset. Long-term progress against tuberculosis in the Philippines relies on improving the control of tuberculosis in these key age groups.

This article examines the historical origins of physique posing, specifically focusing on the connection between living statues and classical statuary. It discusses the relationship between bodybuilders and sculptors, as well as the similarities between physique posing and performing arts. The article also explores the history of pantomime dancers and their use of statue-like poses, and the influence of classical sculpture on theater and performance art. It highlights the use of high-contrast lighting to capture classical statues and the framing of living statue performers as independent artworks. The text also discusses the presence of male imitators of classical gods in performances and the use of fleshings to create the impression of human skin. It concludes by discussing Andrew Ducrow's performances as a living statue and the popularity of plaster casts of antique statues in exhibitions. The article also mentions the controversy surrounding female performers in living statue performances. Overall, the text explores the intersection of classical sculpture, athleticism, and performance in the 19th century. [Extracted from the article]

The musical revue Mexicana, billed as the first Broadway production by a foreign government, faced formidable challenges. Its origin as part of a scam by aspiring film producer Sam Spiegel, who took advantage of German political theatre director Ernst Piscator's proposed move to Mexico, was only one. Despite its inauspicious beginnings, it was at the insistence of President Cárdenas's Director de Bellas Artes, Celestino Gorostiza, that the revue aspired to the status of fine art, which was its downfall. The Cárdenas administration was accustomed to employing rural popular culture, not its unruly urban counterpart, to promote itself as a virtuous regime. Unpublished scenarios for the revue by the likes of poets José Gorostiza and Javier Villarrutia in the Piscator archive demonstrate just how far removed Mexicana was from Mexico's boisterous, audience-pleasing musical theatre tradition, as well as the commercial revues of Broadway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, it has been claimed that the HomogeneousErrors-In-Variables (HEIV) Model, where the lefthandside (LHS) vector is allowed to be multiplied withan unknown scale factor, would represent a generalizationof the regular EIV-Model for which a number of efficientalgorithms already exist. Unfortunately, due to theforced rank deficiency in the case of the HEIV-Model, anadditional constraint needs to be introduced to guaranteeuniqueness of the TLS solution (“datum constraint”).If this constraint is linear, a simple manipulation will reducethe HEIV-Model with one constraint to the regularEIV-Model. But also in the case of a non-linear datum constraint,by introducing parameter ratios as unknowns, anEIV-Model may result that can be treated by standard TLSadjustment, followed by a solution of the datum constraintfor the additional LHS scale parameter. This approach willbe applied to an example where the datum constraint ischosen to be quadratic.

While the Errors-In-Variables (EIV) Model has been treated as a special case of the nonlinear Gauss- Helmert Model (GHM) for more than a century, it was only in 1980 that Golub and Van Loan showed how the Total Least-Squares (TLS) solution can be obtained from a certain minimum eigenvalue problem, assuming a particular relationship between the diagonal dispersion matrices for the observations involved in both the data vector and the data matrix. More general, but always nonsingular, dispersion matrices to generate the “properly weighted” TLS solution were only recently introduced by Schaffrin and Wieser, Fang, and Mahboub, among others. Here, the case of singular dispersion matrices is investigated, and algorithms are presented under a rank condition that indicates the existence of a unique TLS solution, thereby adding a new method to the existing literature on TLS adjustment. In contrast to more general “measurement error models,” the restriction to the EIV-Model still allows the derivation of (nonlinear) closed formulas for the weighted TLS solution. The practicality will be evidenced by an example from geodetic science, namely the over-determined similarity transformation between different coordinate estimates for a set of identical points.