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Based on previous linguistic studies, Ortman (2012) has proposed an "original homeland" for the Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan-speaking peoples situated along the westernmost edges of the Colorado Plateau in far eastern Utah. Consisting of a "dialect chain," Ortman's "original" Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan homeland extended from the Four Corners regions north to the vicinity of Utah Lake where, in his scenario, the Kiowa-speaking people originally were at home. Ortman supports his homeland scenario with cognate words from Kiowa and Tanoan dialects for a variety of plant and animal species characteristic of the Colorado Plateau. With but a few possible exceptions, however, each of those key species commonly occurs as far north as Montana and adjacent Alberta, Canada. This essay reviews Ortman's arguments, the data upon which they are based, and the traditional oral history accounts of their origins recorded by Tanoan and Kiowa peoples now for more than a century, accounts that consistently point to a far northern origin and original homeland for the Proto-Kiowa-Tanoan peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent article, Scott Ortman and co-author Linda McNeil (2018:158) contend that "the absence of cognate terms for 'turtle' in Kiowa, Towa, and Tewa means that PKT [Proto Kiowa-Tanoan] speakers lived outside the range of Chrysemys picta [painted turtle], and that Proto-Tiwa speakers became aware of this species at some point between the Tiwa-Tewa split and the diversification of Proto-Tiwa into Northern Tiwa and Southern Tiwa." As a result of the subsequent Tewa migration to the Northern Rio Grande, the authors believe that the attested (current) Tewa word, "turtle," was borrowed from their resident Tiwa relatives because PKT peoples had no previous knowledge of turtles. This scenario is offered in further support of Ortman's earlier thesis that posits an original PKT homeland in the eastern Basketmaker and adjacent Fremont regions of eastern and northeastern Utah, regions where turtles are not native, but which presumably were the jumping-off places for points north by the Kiowas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the domestication of the horse and its use in various types of athletic competition, its diet has developed from that associated with grazing to feeding of additional energy in the form of grains up to the present situation when numerous supplements are fed in hopes of enhancing performance. Many if not all of these may be considered as ergogenic aids, and under the rules of racing in many countries should be considered as a prohibited substance. Until recently, a blind eye has been turned to whether the rules should be enforced against many nutritional supplements, for example, vitamins and amino acids, especially when given in amounts vastly in excess of normal requirements. However, although arguably a nutrient, large doses of sodium bicarbonate and possibly other compounds with the potential of improving buffering capacity have been used extensively, and rules and detection methods have been introduced to curtail this. This paper reviews the nutritional supplements currently in use and discusses whether the singling out of alkalinizing agents as an enforceable prohibited substance is justified, whereas other substances such as fats can be supplemented in high amounts. INDEXING KEY WORDS: * ergogenic * horse * performance * drugs * nutrients

The article discusses the history of the Pueblo of Pecos in New Mexico that was abandoned by the descendants of the last Pecos people from 1838 to 1840 and the migration of the Pecos people to the Pueblo of Jemez.

The article discusses Pueblo Indians in United States. Topics discussed include sociocultural evolution, social formations and anthropology. Other topics which includes language history, phylogeny and ethnogenesis are also discussed. Topics including intermarriages, phonology and morphology are also mentioned.