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CH4 is a powerful greenhouse gas. It is present in the atmosphere in very low concentrations. Nevertheless, it is the third most important greenhouse gas after water vapour and carbon dioxide (CO2). Water vapour is present in variable amounts. CO2 contributes about 50% to the enhanced greenhouse effect, CH4 about 15-20% and nitrous oxide (N2O) about 6%. Methane (CH4) is a hydrocarbon and the primary component of natural gas. Methane is also a potent and abundant greenhouse gas (GHG), which makes it a significant contributor to climate change, especially in the near term (i.e., 10–15 years). Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and from the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills and certain wastewater treatment systems. Methane is the second most abundant GHG after carbon dioxide (CO2), accounting for 14 percent of global emissions. Though methane is emitted into the atmosphere in smaller quantities than CO2, its global warming potential (i.e., the ability of the gas to trap heat in the atmosphere) is 25 times greater. As a result, methane emissions currently contribute more than one-third of today’s anthropogenic warming In this study an integrated assessment is performed of the contribution of methane to climate change especially from agricultural fields and the options for methane control. The main aim of the study was to analyze future trends in global methane emissions, the associated climate change, and the costs of emission control in terms of agricultural surface methane emissions.

The present study was carried out to characterize and quantify the seasonal behaviour of surface CH4 emissions from L4A product over two selected irrigated agro-ecosystems in India over sub-humid region of Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and semi-arid region of Gujarat Plain and Hills Region (GPHR). Satellite data of Greenhouse Gases Observing SATllite (GOSAT) with L4A data product has been used with a cluster of contiguous grids of 3 x 3 within the Region of Interest (ROI) representing agricultural land uses spread over trans, upper, middle and lower part of IGP for analysis. The seasonal behaviour was studied for three agricultural years of June 2009 to May 2012 through time series plots of monthly means of each ROI. The annual CH4 emission from agricultural region using GOSAT data was found to be about 8-9 Mt CH4 which was about three times higher than reported over rice system in India using sparse ground samplings. The IGP showed the highest annual mean (88.11 mg CH4 d-1m-2) of surface emission in Lower Gangetic Plain Region (LGPR) and the lowest annual mean (7.01 mg CH4 d-1m-2) in Trans-Gangetic Plain Region (TGPR). These sub-humid irrigated agricultural regions with rice-wheat rotation showed substantially higher emissions than those in semi-arid irrigated agriculture (10.38 mg CH4 d-1m-2 to 11.32 mg CH4 d-1m-2) in GPHR. In IGP for an agricultural growing year (June 2009 to May 2010), the mean of CH4 emissions for kharif (June to October) season showed higher emission flux with 51.04 mg CH4 d-1m-2 than in rabi (November to April) Season (14.31 mg CH4 d-1m-2), but coefficient of variation was found to be more in rabi season (77.8%) than in kharif (39.3%) season. In GPHR region for same year, the annual mean of CH4 emissions for kharif and rabi season were 14.26 mgCH4 d-1m-2 and 7.03 mg CH4 d-1m-2, respectively but the coefficient of variation (CV) during kharif are more (30.37%) than in rabi (29.29%).

To compare the shear bond strength and Adhesive Remnent Index (ARI) of metal brackets using four different bonding systems: Heliosit Orthodontic Bonding Material (Ivoclar Vivadent), Ormco Enlight Light Cure Adhesive, Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive (3M UNITEK) and Light cured Orthofix (Anabond Stedman Pharma Research (P) Ltd. In the present study 120 extracted sound human upper bicuspids were taken and divided into four groups. Group 1: Heliosit Orthodontic Bonding Material (Ivoclar Vivadent), Group 2 : Ormco Enlight Light Cure Adhesive ,Group 3: Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive(3M UNITEK) and Group 4: Light cured Orthofix (Anabond Stedman Pharma Research (P) Ltd. In all the groups (n = 120) orthodontic metal brackets were bonded with the four different light cure adhesives respectively and all the samples were evaluated for shear bond strength using Instron(3366) universal testing machine at a cross speed of 1 mm/min. The bracket failure mode was examined using Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI). The Inter group comparison (>2 groups) was done using one way ANOVA followed by pair wise comparison using post hoc test. Comparison of frequencies of categories of variables with groups was done using Chi square test. For all the statistical tests, p: It was concluded that the mean shear bond strength of the Transbond XT was highest among the four adhesives studied. However all the adhesives tested exhibits adequate bond strength for clinical use and ARI scores was nearly same for the Transbond and Enlight adhesives studied.

Present study was carried out to develop multiple linear regression (MLR) model of surface CH4 flux emission from monthly atmospheric clearness index (8 km), day-night land surface temperature (LST) at 1 km and surface soil moisture (25 km) from Kalpana-1, MODIS TERRA and GCOM-W1 satellites, respectively. All these products were aggregated to GOSAT level-4A product resolution. 2° × 2° grids representing homogeneous agro-ecosystems were used to draw data samples. Initial results showed that methane flux (from GOSAT) produced significant coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.84) with tri-variate (LST, surface soil moisture and atmospheric transmissivity) as compared to bi-variate (LST-soil moisture, LST-atmospheric transmissivity, soil moisture-atmospheric transmissivity) MLR models. These have been utilised for predicting surface methane flux for monthly scale. Validation of predicted methane flux with actual GOSAT methane flux was carried out and RMSE of 4.2–15.9% was obtained using variance-based bias correction. All these scaling models may be utilised to predict CH4 flux at regional level using high-resolution LST from thermal remote sensing and soil moisture from Synthetic Aperture Radar.

In orthodontic tooth development, bone turnover is described by bone testimony at locales of strain and bone resorption at areas of stress. There are metabolic disorders that may lead to tooth movement when the periodontal tissues are under mechanical stress. We needed to discover how the chemical movement of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in gingival crevicular liquid (GCF) vacillated when tensions were coordinated during introductory arrangement (P1) and withdrawal (P2).Fifty persons, ranging in age from 11 to 21 years, were enrolled in the trial, all of whom required first premolar extractions and were enduring fixed orthodontic treatment. Every subject's test and control teeth were the maxillary canine (TT) and mandibular second molar (CT). Two μL of GCF was taken from the mesial side of both TT and CT and tried for the action of ALP and LDH utilizing a spectrophotometer on the 14The findings were analyzed using Student'sAccording to this research, GCF ALP and LDH activity, as well as periodontal biologic activity during orthodontic tooth movement, can be properly detected.

Evaluating the biomarkers during orthodontic therapy allows us to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment, anticipate the future outcome, and also individualize the treatment according to the response of tissue to different force intensities. The crevicular fluid analysis is a valuable diagnostic method that can be used to examine noninvasive cellular metabolic activity. The goal of this study was to compare the levels of interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of clinically healthy adolescents and young adults throughout orthodontic treatment.GCF was obtained from 20 orthodontic patients ranging in age from 11 to 28 years old. Measurements were done before (T0) and after (T24) the activation of distalization forces (T1). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing was used to look at IL-1 and IL-6. Two-sidedThe crevicular fluid rate (0.57 L at T0 vs. 0.95 L at T1,Adolescent periodontal tissues are more susceptible to orthodontic forces than young adult periodontal tissues in the early stages of orthodontic treatment.

Objective: The main objective of the research work is to evaluate the antityrosinase potential of onion DNA silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Methods: The onions were procured from the local market and DNA was extracted from onions using detergent and methylated spirit. The isolated DNA was selected for synthesis of AgNPs which acts as capping and reducing agent. About 10 ml of the DNA extract was added to 90 ml of 0.1 N silver nitrate solution. After 24 h incubation, the solution turned dark brown, which indicates the formation of AgNPs. The synthesized DNA AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. Results: The results revealed that the particles were uniform in shape with face-centered cubic structure. The particles are 153±20.4 nm in size and were no signs of agglomeration measured by DLS studies. The FTIR spectroscopy revealed B form of DNA along with strong N-H stretching, C=N stretching, and also asymmetric vibrations of phosphate groups characteristic for DNA molecule. The XRD studies revealed the face-centered cubic structure. SEM studies revealed the spherical structure with average particle size of 150±0.1 nm for single DNA nanoparticles. The onion DNA AgNPs were further investigated for its antityrosinase activity against the standard kojic acid and were to have anticancer potential nearer to the standard. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that the synthesized onion DNA AgNPs have antityrosinase potential and can be further investigated for in vivo anticancer potential in future.

With the increasing energy demand and stress on the conventional power grid, focus has shifted towards integrating Renewable Energy Sources (RES), with smart devices into the grid. In order to incorporate smart devices and energy efficient resources, with real-time control of energy supply and demand, Energy Routers (ER) are required. ER is an intelligent ac-dc interface for RES and grid integration, which dynamically manages the energy supply/demand and information exchange within the grid. This paper discusses the architecture and control of Grid Forming (GFM) ER proposed for Solar/Photovoltaic (PV) and Energy Storage (ES) grid integration applications. Proposed GFM control emulates the behavior of a Synchronous Machine (SM) to reduce or even eliminate the frequency deviations and grid instability issues due to low inertia of inverter based RES resulting in efficient and stable RES and grid integration.

The increasing integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) with smart sensing devices, advanced control, and integrated communication in smart grid has surged the motivation towards improving power density, efficiency, and reducing the size/weight of power converters. This has shifted the focus on planar magnetics as components such as inductor, transformer account for major share of losses and volume in a converter. Planar magnetics replace the traditional wire-wound structure with windings on Printed Circuit Board (PCB), or using thin copper sheets resulting in low profile and high power density. The design of a planar transformer for Dual Active Bridge (DAB) for RES and grid integration applications is discussed in this paper. Multi-objective optimization is conducted with objectives of reducing losses and overall volume of DAB with a planar transformer. A planar transformer hardware prototype for DAB was constructed and tested to demonstrate transformer performance and advantages of this design approach.

Background: Patients around the world when attending the dental clinic are prone to undergo the feelings of fear and anxiety. This may impact the dental follow-up and prognosis. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the dental anxiety in the patients attending for the dental treatment in a college, in India. Materials and Methods: A sample of 500 adults with ages 15–60 years was considered for the study. Modified dental anxiety questionnaire was used in the present study to assess the anxiety faced by the patients attending for the dental treatment. ANOVA and Chi-square test were used to test for the significance between the variables, and the correlation between these variables was assessed using the Spearman's correlation. Likert scale was used to know the cutoff for the severity of the dental anxiety. Results: Only in the 4% of the participants in the present study had dental anxiety. Gender, age, financial status, education impacted the dental anxiety and the regularity toward the appointments. Conclusion: It can be concluded from our study that there was a low anxiety in the dental patients toward the dental treatment and also anxiety decreased with the age. However, regular dental visits are advised to prevent the overall impact of the oral health on the general health.

Pain is most common symptom associated with progressive disorder, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is usually undertreated during the early stages of CKD. So, present review was conducted to evaluate the challenges for the management of pain in CKD patients and addresses the scope for considering Diclofenac as suitable alternative for pain management in CKD patient. The database PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from 1970 to Dec 2020 for literature published in English and all studies, review articles that examined the use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in pain management in CKD patients were included. Literatures revealed that there is a considerable challenge in appropriate management of pain in CKD patients include understanding the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics in CKD patients and the risk of acute interstitial nephritis. The shorter duration of analgesics is acceptable and considered to pose a low risk of acute interstitial nephritis in patients. Considering that Diclofenac has a shorter half-life and high efficacy, it may be well tolerated in patients with CKD. The acceptance of Diclofenac is partly attributed to being a potent COX-2 inhibitor with the lowest IC50 and its rapid onset of action at lowest effective dose. In conclusion, diclofenac may be well tolerated in patients of renal impairment when used at lowest effective dose for shortest dose duration. Diclofenac is worthy of consideration in mild to moderate cases of CKD. For effective pain management, it is vital to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of the available analgesics critically.

Integrating Energy Storage (ES) with intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is critical for wide-spread adoption of RES. Such systems offer several system-level advantages such as participation in demand response programs, demand charge reduction, arbitrage to maximize time-of-use rates, and increase resilience. For efficient and cost-effective integration of ES with RES, a Multi-Port Converter (MPC) is highly desirable. An isolated Triple Active Bridge (TAB) converter for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and battery (ES) integration is discussed in this paper. Multi-objective optimization of this topology, for interfacing 10 kVA PV-ES system with 240 V AC grid, is conducted with the objectives to reduce losses and overall volume of the MPC. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is performed to validate the outcome of the analytical modeling based optimization procedure. A control scheme to manage power flow between AC grid, PV, and ES is designed, and several case scenarios are simulated to demonstrate advantages of the proposed approach in enabling high RES penetration.

Large scale integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) with smart devices into the grid is becoming an attractive concept to meet increasing energy demand, and to reduce the stress on conventional grid. However, it comes with its concerns of controlling large number of inverter based RES, with low inertial energy to achieve grid stability and efficient power transfer among RES, grid, and the loads. In order to incorporate smart devices and energy efficient RES with real-time control of energy supply and demand, Grid Forming (GFM) Energy Routers (ER) are required. ER is a compact, intelligent ac-dc interface for RES and grid integration, which dynamically manages the energy supply/demand and information exchange within the grid. GFM control emulates the behavior of a Synchronous Machine (SM) to reduce/eliminate the frequency deviations and grid instability issues due to low inertia of inverter based RES, resulting in efficient and stable RES and grid integration. This paper investigates the stability response and load control of proposed GFM ER for RES and grid integration.

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a rare inherited disorder arising from defects in the proteins of the cells in the glomerular basement membrane and develops either in utero or at birth. The clinical presentation is the result of massive proteinuria. Here we report an interesting clinical case of boy, with history of multiple admissions with involuntary movements found to have recurrent hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia during each admission. Genetic evaluation (clinical exome sequencing) revealed homozygous deletion at exon 23-25 of NPHS1 (NM_004646.4) gene CNS (Finnish type). Child did not have anasarca. CNS presenting as recurrent hypomagnesaemia with absence of anasarca is very rare occurrence in literature.

Dental specialties are seldom recognized in India. Hence, in the present study, we aim to assess awareness among the rural population about the dental specialty of orthodontics.We conducted a questionnaire-based cross-sectional observational study at the rural center attached to the institute. We divided the participants into two groups as adults and teenagers. A questionnaire with 15 questions to assess the knowledge of the orthodontics was given and the response was noted. Data were analyzed for the statistical significance.We observed no significant difference in general information and awareness about the knowledge for the orthodontics.There is still a deficit of the awareness among rural India about the dental specialty of the orthodontics irrespective of the age and gender. Awareness camps have to be arranged at the school levels.

Orthodontic treatment may bring about changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc. Hence, we aim to assess the impact of the orthodontic tooth movement on the articular disc repositioning of TMJ.We conducted an observational prospective study among 50 class IIdiv-I subjects. The magnetic resonance images were used to evaluate TMJ during the orthodontic treatments. The phases were T1-start of treatment, T2-thru phase I, T3-at the end of phase I, and T4-at the end of phase II. The qualitative values were compared for the disc changes.No significant changes in the disc position or the regression were seen with open or closed mouth between T1-T3, T3-T4, and T1-T4. Significant variation for the position of the disc was seen in the opened mouth between T3-T4. Significant variation for the form of the disc was seen when closed at T1-T2 and T2-T3.Disc of the TMJ maintained the form and position during the treatments.

EMPOwER, a 12-week, double-blind (DB), randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy and safety of erenumab in adult patients with episodic migraine (EM) from Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. This study analyzes the Indian experience for the use of erunumab for prevention of episodic migraine.The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of erenumab (70 mg and 140 mg) in EM patients from India.Randomized patients received monthly subcutaneous injections of placebo and erenumab 70 mg or 140 mg for 3 months. The primary endpoint was a change from the baseline in monthly migraine days (MMDs) at month 3. Other endpoints included achievement of ≥50%, ≥75%, and 100% reduction in MMD; a change in monthly acute migraine-specific medication treatment days; a change in patient-reported outcomes; and safety assessment.Of the 539 patients screened, 351 patients were randomized (erenumab, 70 mg:Both doses of erenumab showed numerical improvement for efficacy endpoints and were well-tolerated in the Indian population. No new safety signals were reported.

Introduction With greater awareness worldwide, the use of herbs and herbal products has increased to a large extent. Objective To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea, garlic with lime, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans. Materials and methods A total of 45 children aged 4 to 6 years with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC; based on decayed extracted filled [defs] score) were selected. Children were divided randomly into three equal groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse once daily for 2 weeks after breakfast under supervision. A base-line and postrinsing nonstimulated whole salivary sample (2 mL) was collected and tested for the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test. Results A statistically significant fall in colony count was found with the three mouth rinses in S. mutans (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and Lactobacilli spp. (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), but not against C. albicans (p = 0.264, p = 0.264). On comparison, no statistically significant difference was found against S. mutans (p = 1, p = 0.554, p = 0.572), lactobacilli spp. (p = 0.884, p = 0.999, p = 0.819), and C. albicans (p = 0.999, p = 0.958, p = 0.983). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that green tea and garlic with lime mouth rinse can be an economical alternative to NaF mouth rinse both for prevention and therapeutics. How to cite this article Thomas A, Thakur S, Habib R. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea, Garlic with Lime, and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):234-239.

Nanomedicine is a revolutionary science nanoparticles of size 1 - 100nm designed for the utilization in disease diagnostics and therapeutics, targeted drug delivery of drugs which have difficulty in solubility and bioavailability and also to be applied in numerous fields. The present critical review aims at enumerating the advantages, synthesis and characterization methods, as well as diversified applications of green silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles is an attractive proposition due to their distinctive physical, chemical and biological properties including a high electrical as well as thermal conductivity, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, chemical stability, catalytic activity and non linear optical behavior which enables them of potential value in inks, microelectronics, and medical imaging. Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is now-a-day’s gaining enormous interest as it is cost effective, ecofriendly and has less side effects since there is no addition of external stabilizing or capping agents as the plant itself acts as stabilizing or capping agent. The secondary metabolites and other plant products like proteins, metabolites like alkaloids, terpinoids, saponins, glycosides etc are known to act as external stabilizing or capping agents. The plant mediated silver nanoparticles are known to show uniform particles characteristics and morphology. The bottom to top end approach of synthesis is effective to achieve desired particles size, shape and morphology. The synthesized green silver nanoparticles are characterized by UVVis spectroscopy, SEM/TEM analysis, EDAX/EDS, FTIR and other methods zeta potential measurement, thermo gravimetric analysis, Raman scattering. The plant mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles (green silver nanoparticles) are effective in delivering pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal etc. Also green Silver nanoparticles have diverse applications acting as biosensors, as targeted drug delivery candidates, in diagnostics and therapeutics, in medical and consumer products, as anti pollutant and in agriculture. The future perspective holds promising results in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles involving plants. This review projects a collective sequence of information for synthesizing and evaluation of green silver nanoparticles and scope of its pharmacological actions.

Introduction With greater awareness worldwide, the use of herbs and herbal products has increased to a large extent. Objective To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea, garlic with lime, and 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans. Materials and methods A total of 45 children aged 4 to 6 years with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC; based on decayed extracted filled [defs] score) were selected. Children were divided randomly into three equal groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse once daily for 2 weeks after breakfast under supervision. A base-line and postrinsing nonstimulated whole salivary sample (2 mL) was collected and tested for the number of colony-forming units (CFUs). The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results A statistically significant fall in colony count was found with the three mouth rinses in S. mutans (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and Lactobacilli spp. (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), but not against C. albicans (p = 0.264, p = 0.264). On comparison, no statistically significant difference was found against S. mutans (p = 1, p = 0.554, p = 0.572), lactobacilli spp. (p = 0.884, p = 0.999, p = 0.819), and C. albicans (p = 0.999, p = 0.958, p = 0.983). Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that green tea and garlic with lime mouth rinse can be an economical alternative to NaF mouth rinse both for prevention and therapeutics. How to cite this article Thomas A, Thakur S, Habib R. Comparison of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Tea, Garlic with Lime, and Sodium Fluoride Mouth Rinses against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli species, and Candida albicans in Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):234-239.

Advent of smart grids and microgrids has created a need for fast, reliable and robust communication network, as it directly affects the energy flow and power management. Conventional droop methods, though reliable, are slow and not very accurate. Hence, a suitable communication protocol and a well-defined architecture, which would perform satisfactorily in a harsh electrical environment is a must. CAN (Controller Area Network) due to its versatile features like robust error handling, high frame rate, collision free arbitration, broadcasting, differential signal transfer etc. provides an apt option to the need. To validate the CAN communication algorithm, a prototype CAN bus along with CAN nodes, for a DC microgrid that is fed by solar Photo-Voltaic (PV), battery and Fuel Cell (FC) through boost type dc-dc converters is designed and developed. A novel load shedding algorithm using CAN has been designed for the developed system. This paper includes experimental results and observations of the power sharing between the aforementioned converters based on the CAN communication link.

Introduction: Green tea is a beverage which is consumed worldwide and is reported to have anti-cariogenic effect. So, if it was as effective as chlorhexidine (CHX) mouth rinse against cariogenic microbes it could be considered a natural, economical alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the anti-microbial efficacy of 0.5% green tea and 0.2% CHX mouth rinses against Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacilli spp. and Candida Albicans. Materials and Methods: 30 children aged 4-6 years with S-ECC (based ondefs score) were selected. Children were divided randomly into 2 equal groups and were asked to rinse with the prescribed mouth rinse once daily for 2 weeks after breakfast under supervision. A base-line and post rinsing non-stimulated whole salivary sample (2 ml) was collected and tested for the number of colony forming units. The data was statistically analyzed using SPSS v16.0 software with one-way ANOVA and Tukey'sPOSTHOC test. Results: A statistically significant fall in colony count was found with both the mouth rinses in Streptococcus Mutans (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and lactobacilli (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) but not against Candida albicans (P = 0.264, P = 0.264). Against Streptococcus Mutans, green tea mouth rinse was found to be significantly better than CHX mouth rinse (P = 0.005). Against lactobacilli spp, CHX mouth rinse was significantly better than green tea mouth rinse (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Green tea mouth rinse can be considered safe, economical and used without much concern. However, further studies are recommended.

Introduction: The caries process has been thought to be irreversible, resulting in the permanent loss of tooth substance and eventually the development of a cavity. Recent approaches focused on application of remineralizing agents to incipient carious lesions, aim at controlling demineralization and promoting remineralization. Remineralizing agents create a supersaturated environment around the lesion; thus, preventing mineral loss and forces calcium and phosphate ions in the vacant areas. Aim: To compare and evaluate the remineralization potential of Fluoride Varnish, CPP-ACP Paste (Casein PhosphopeptideAmorphous Calcium Phosphate) and fTCP Paste (functionalized Tricalcium Phosphate) using confocal microscope. Materials and Methods: Two windows of 3X3mm were created on the labial cervical and incisal thirds in 60 permanent maxillary central incisors. The teeth were demineralized to create artificial caries and divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I specimens were coated with Fluoride Varnish once whereas those in CPP-ACP paste group and fTCP group were brushed for 2 minutes, twice daily for 20 and 40 days. The specimens were stored in artificial saliva during the study period and were later sectioned and observed under confocal microscope. Data obtained was statistically analyzed using Fischer’s exact test, ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni’s test. Results: Fluoride Varnish, CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste showed remineralization of artificial carious lesions at both the time intervals. Fluoride varnish showed the highest remineralization followed by CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste. A statistically significant increase in remineralization potential of CPP-ACP Paste and fTCP Paste was observed at the end of 40 days as compared to 20 days. Conclusion: Fluoride varnish showed the greatest remineralization potential of artificial carious lesions followed by CPPACP Paste and fTCP Paste respectively.

A series of novel chalcone-triazole derivatives were synthesized and screened for in vitro anticancer activity on the human cancer cell lines IMR32 (neuroblastoma), HepG2 (hepatoma) and MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), DU-145 (prostate carcinoma), and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma). Among the tested compounds, 4r showed the most promising anticancer activity in all the cell lines whereas, compounds 4c (IC 50 65.86 μM), 4e (IC 50 66.28 μM), 4o (IC 50 35.81 μM), 4q (IC 50 50.82 μM) and 4s (IC 50 48.63 μM) showed better activity than the standard doxorubicin (IC 50 69.33 μM) in A549 cell line alone. Rat intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the synthesized derivatives showed 4m ( IC 50 67.77 μM ) , 4p ( IC 50 74.94 in μM ) and 4s ( IC 50 102.10 μM ) as most active compared to others. The in silico docking of synthesized derivatives 4a - 4t with DNA topoisomerase IIα revealed the LibDock score in the range of 71.2623–118.29 whereas, compounds 4h, 4m , 4p and 4s with docking target α-glucosidase were in the range of 100.372–107.784.

Background: A number of natural mouth rinse formulations are being proposed as an alternative to the widely used chemical mouth rinses. Objective: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (0.2%), sodium fluoride (0.05%), fluoride with essential oils (0.05%), alum (0.02 M), green tea, and garlic with lime mouth rinses against Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli, and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The three microbes were isolated from the saliva samples collected from children with severe early childhood caries. The zone of minimum inhibition was assessed using agar diffusion method. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Against S. mutans and lactobacilli, chlorhexidine mouth rinse was found to be the most effective as compared to sodium fluoride (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), green tea (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and garlic with lime (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) mouth rinses, respectively. But against C. albicans, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be the most effective as compared to chlorhexidine (P < 0.001), sodium fluoride (P < 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001), and green tea (P < 0.001) mouth rinses. Against S. mutans and lactobacilli, after chlorhexidine mouth rinse, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be significantly more effective than sodium fluoride (P = 0.053, P = 0.001), fluoride with essential oils (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), alum (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), and green tea (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) mouth rinses. Conclusion: As a natural mouth rinse, garlic with lime mouth rinse was found to be the most promising. However, further studies are needed in this field.