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In the present work, tin oxide nanoparticles doped with various concentrations of cobalt (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) have been synthesized via cost effective green method using Annona muricata leaf extract for the first time. The obtained nanopowder was analyzed by various characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, XPS, HRTEM, SAED, SEM, EDX, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD pattern reveals cobalt ions are successfully incorporated into the tetragonal rutile structure of SnO2 with high phase purity. The stretching vibration of Sn-O has been confirmed through FTIR spectra. XPS measurement illustrates that Co2+ ions were effectively substituted by Sn4+ ions. Also, SEM and TEM micrograph of nanoparticles exhibit jasmine bud-like and spherical shape morphology. The presence of Sn, Co, and O in EDX spectra indicate purity of samples. Bandgap energy spectra shows as the dopant concentration increases, the optical band gap energy decreases. However, the obtained nanoparticles exhibit significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger. Moreover, SnO2 nanoparticles demonstrate significant antioxidant activity through DPPH-free radical scavenging. Also, the photocatalytic effect of SnO2 and Sn0.93Co0.07O2 nanoparticles shows effective degradation of methylene blue in the presence of sunlight irradiation. Hence, our results demonstrate that plant extract-mediated synthesis of pure and cobalt-doped SnO2 nanoparticles could be used for biomedical and waste water management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence of photocatalytic activity of tin oxide nanostructures (SnO2 NS) on the surface morphology is reported. In contrast to previous literature, an electrochemical anodization of Sn foils was successfully carried out to switch SnO2 porous into nanoparticles (NPs). Modifying the surface was limited to a short-time anodization between 10 and 20 min with fixing electrolyte concentration and anodization voltage. Semi-circular tetragonal-phased SnO2 NPs were figured out by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, fluorescence spectra confirm that the energy gap was expanded to 4.14 eV. Accordingly, high photo-efficiency (93.08 %) for degrading methylene blue (MB) dye was obtained. Therefore, unlike several studies on porous, the results suggest that the anodized nanoparticles are promising for high-performance catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) has been recognized as the next frontier in innovative anode materials, set to revolutionize lithium‐ion batteries. Anticipated to replace graphite anodes, SnO2 boasts an ideal capacity of 782 mAh g−1 and an appropriate operating potential conducive to advanced battery technology. Nonetheless, the challenges posed by volume expansion and intricate synthesis route of Sn‐based anode materials have impeded their commercial viability. Herein, SnO2@graphene nanoparticles are synthesized through hydrogen bonding‐mediated self‐assembly process, utilizing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and tin tetrachloride as starting materials. The resultant nanoparticles exhibit uniform distribution, forming a sandwich structure with graphene. Sample SP‐0.3, obtained by incorporating 6 g of PEG, demonstrates remarkable capacity for reversible energy storage. It retains a capacity of 703.1 mAh g−1 even after 900 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Coupled with the straightforward, convenient, and expeditious preparation method, the proposed technique positions the composite material as an invaluable candidate for commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SnO2 was synthesized by precipitation method via tin chloride pentahydrate complexation with diethyldithiocarbamate then, calcined at temperatures 450, 600 and 750 °C and utilized for degradation of Sudan black B (SBB) dye. The calcination temperature 600 °C exhibited better degradation capability. Three light sources like visible, mercury and fluorescent were applied and fluorescent light exposed highest degradation of SBB dye. Degradation of SBB reached 90% with dosage of catalyst 15 mg at neutral pH 7 in 100 min. The 20 mg L−1 concentration of SBB dye was optimized for degradation but the degradation decreased at increased concentration of the dye. Synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles was characterized by SEM, XRD, DLS, EDX, zeta potential and FTIR to know their particles size, surface charge, morphology, structure and elemental composition of prepared nanoparticles. The SBB dye degradation followed pseudo second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The impacts of factors were studied through factorial design using 18 experiments run, and interactions among different parameters were noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research successfully synthesized SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic tap water splitting using a rapid two-step microwave-assisted synthesis method. This study investigated the impact of incorporating a fixed quantity of SnO2 nanoparticles and combining them with various materials to form composites, aiming to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production. Additionally, different weights of SnO2 nanoparticles were added to the ZnIn2S4 reaction precursor to prepare SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Notably, the photocatalytic efficiency of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites is substantially higher than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets: 17.9-fold and 6.3-fold, respectively. The enhancement is credited to the successful use of visible light and the facilitation of electron transfer across the heterojunction, leading to the efficient dissociation of electron–hole pairs. Additionally, evaluations of recyclability demonstrated the remarkable longevity of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites, maintaining high levels of photocatalytic hydrogen production over eight cycles without significant efficiency loss, indicating their impressive durability. This investigation presents a promising strategy for crafting and producing environmentally sustainable SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites with prospective implementations in photocatalytic hydrogen generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green synthesis method was used to prepare SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from Laurus nobilis L. aqueous extract. Gelatin-based films are a promising substitute for traditional plastics due to their eco-friendliness, low cost, and pliability. However, they have some drawbacks such as high water solubility, poor opacity, and permeability to vapor. The use of synthesized SnO2 NPs can help address these concerns. The GEL/SnO2 film has enhanced morphological and physicochemical properties, with antibacterial properties that could extend the shelf life of perishable items like strawberries, contributing to reducing food waste. To improve their antibacterial activity, the SnO2 NPs were functionalized with the cefazolin (CEF) drug. The synthesized SnO2 NPs and the CEF@SnO2 nanocomposite (NC) were characterized using various techniques such as UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that the particle sizes of SnO2 NPs and CEF@SnO2 NC were 28 nm and 35 nm, respectively, and SEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped agglomerated particles for both. The optical bandgap energy was calculated to be 3.3 and 2.34 eV for SnO2 NPs and CEF@SnO2 NC, respectively. The antibacterial activity exhibits an excellent inhibition zone for synthesized SnO2 NPs and the CEF@SnO2 NC with different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 mM) against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. CEF@SnO2 NC revealed a strong effect compared to SnO2 NPs, where 5 mM shows the highest inhabitation zone. Molecular docking studies supported the experimental data, indicating the interaction between proteins and the CEF@SnO2. This approach offers an innovative way of synthesizing drug-loaded SnO2 NPs as functional biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes are widely used in various industries, which inevitably leads to increased water pollution. One of the recognized and waste-free techniques for water treatment is photocatalytic purification using semiconductor nanoparticles. However, the debate on how photocatalytic properties can be tuned through structural and morphological parameters using nanoparticle synthesis procedures remains open. In the present work, an approach to regulate UV-light-driven photocatalytic activity of spherical SnO2 nanoparticles using different structural parameters is demonstrated for the first time. Complex characterization of nanoparticles was provided using physicochemical methods with the help of computational methods. Special attention was paid to the development of a protocol of oxygen vacancy accounting within computer calculations for more realistic modeling of the interaction energy between nanoparticle surfaces and organic dye molecules of different natures. The photocatalysis mechanism was investigated according to the developed protocol, including the study of dye mixture kinetic degradation, dye-photocatalyst complex formation, and the ratio of oxygen vacancies and defects. It was shown that 93% of single dye decomposed in 7 min, and degradation of the dye mixture in a real water sample from Neva River achieved 60% after 40 min. It was possible to establish that this proof-of-concept study based on the combination of experimental and computational approaches can help develop the strategy of the rational design of photocatalysts promising for purification of real water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO 2 nanoparticles@Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene have been successfully synthesized by a flexible solvothermal method. The Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was evenly anchored by the SnO 2 nanoparticles (∼5 nm) through the controllable assembly heterojunction. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene contributed to the improvement of material conductivity compared to SnO 2 nanoparticles. The combination of SnO 2 @Ti 3 C 2 T x exhibits excellent sensitivity and selectivity to NO 2 at room temperature (RT). Compared with pure Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, the sensitivity of TCS1.5 nanocomposite increases more than 20 times to 300 ppm NO 2 at RT. In order to explore the sensing mechanism of SnO 2 @Ti 3 C 2 T x nanocomposite to NO 2 , nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm technology and DFT calculations were performed. They demonstrated that the high specific surface area, well-proportioned heterogeneous structure of SnO 2 @Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, and the vital ionic bonds of Sn–N and O–N formed between substrate and NO 2 gas had beneficial effect on improving the gas response capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized, and their structural features were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Modified electrodes (MCPE) were prepared and utilized to access the electrochemical behaviour of dopamine. This study was conducted in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH value of 7.2. The results indicate that the modified carbon paste electrode (MCPE), with a high active surface area, exhibited excellent electrochemical sensing properties and demonstrated good reproducibility and high sensitivity for the electrochemical determination of DA. Potentially interfering compounds were tested at the surface of the proposed sensor, confirming that, they did not interfere with the determination of DA under optimum condition. Additionally, the photocatalytic properties of SnO2 were evaluated in degradation of cationic and anionic dyes. It was concluded that the higher photocatalytic activity in SnO2 nanocomposites was attributed to their porosity and high surface area.

Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be applied in several ways due to their low cost, high surface-to-volume ratio, facile synthesis, and chemical stability. There is limited research on the biomedical application of SnO2-based nanostructures. This study aimed to investigate the role of Zn doping in relation to the anticancer potential of SnO2 NPs and to enhance the anticancer potential of SnO2 NPs through Z doping. Pure SnO2 and Zn-doped SnO2 NPs (1% and 5%) were prepared using a modified sol–gel route. XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, FTIR, and PL techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of produced NPs. XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline size and phase composition of pure SnO2 increased after the addition of Zn. The spherical shape and homogenous distribution of these NPs were confirmed using TEM and SEM techniques. EDX analysis confirmed the Sn, Zn, and O elements in Zn-SnO2 NPs without impurities. Zn doping decreased the band gap energy of SnO2 NPs. The PL study indicated a reduction in the recombination rate of charges (electrons/holes) in SnO2 NPs after Zn doping. In vitro studies showed that the anticancer efficacy of SnO2 NPs increased with increasing levels of Zn doping in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Moreover, pure and Zn-doped SnO2 NPs showed good cytocompatibility in HUVECs. This study emphasizes the need for additional investigation into the anticancer properties of Zn-SnO2 nanoparticles in various cancer cell lines and appropriate animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular models for tin dioxide nanoparticles containing 1-7 metal atoms and coordinated or constitutive water have been constructed. Dependent on the composition of the models, the coordination number of the tin atom varied from 4 to 6, and that of oxygen was 2 or 3. The considered models contained both terminal (Sn–OH) and bridging (Sn–OH–Sn) hydroxyl groups, and also bridging (Sn–O–Sn) groups. Their equilibrium spatial and electronic structures were calculated using the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory method with the SBKJC valence-only basis set. To assess the gas-phase acidity of the dioxide surface, the deprotonation energy of the studied models was determined. The adsorption energy of water molecules and hydroxide ions on aprotic (incompletely coordinated) tin atoms, which act as Lewis acid centers, was calculated. In order to estimate the pKa value of the surface of tin dioxide, the Gibbs free energy was calculated for the process of formation of ion pairs due to the proton transfer from hydroxyl groups to adsorbed water molecules. Based on the analysis of the energy effects of the coordination of water molecules and of hydroxide ion, the removal of a proton and its transfer on the hydrated surface of tin dioxide, quantitative estimates have been made of the acid-base characteristics of the active sites of the SnO2 surface. The dependence of the acidity of hydroxyl groups and coordinated water molecules on the coordination number of the oxygen atom and the neighboring tin atom, as well as on the dimensions of the cluster model, was revealed. It is shown that the acidity of protonic and aprotic sites naturally decreases with an increase in the coordination number of the tin atom. The method of calculating the value of pKa used in the work for the smallest model of the SnO2.2H2O composition allows one to reproduce the experimental data for stannic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, SnO2 nanoparticles were fabricated using laser ablation in water and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD results showed that the fabricated nanoparticles had a tetragonal crystal structure. TEM micrographs revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical, with average sizes ranging from 10 to 50 nm, depending on the laser energy used. The band gap energy of the SnO2 nanoparticles was found to increase with decreasing particle size. The antibacterial activity of the SnO2 nanoparticles was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the results showed that the nanoparticles were more effective against S. aureus. In addition, the anticancer activity of the SnO2 nanoparticles was tested against the lung cancer cell line A549 cells, and the findings suggest that the nanoparticles can act as an anti-proliferative agent against A549 cells. This study reveals that SnO2 nanoparticles that are synthesized by laser ablation in water could be a future strategy for other biomedical applications such as antifungal, antiviral, and immune modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural parameters, photoluminescence (PL), and magnetic characteristics of MxSn1−xOy (M/SnO2) nanocomposites, synthesized by the hydrothermal method, where x = 0.0, 0.5, and M present non-magnetic metals (Cu, Al) and magnetic metals (Fe, Ni, Mn) were studied. The crystallite size and porosity of SnO2 were reduced by mixing with Cu, Al, Fe, or Ni, meanwhile, increased by integrating with Mn. The residual stress of SnO2 was increased 5-fold by Mn doping. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that Al is the lowest ion for full acceptor incorporation into the SnO2 lattice, while the other doped metal ions show better incorporation. SnO2 doping has a significant impact on the particle morphologies of MxSn1−xOy nanocomposites. The Debye temperature (θD) and Young's modulus (Y) were estimated from the FTIR spectra. The value of θD is 633.86 K for SnO2 nanoparticles and increased to 694.68 K for Mn/SnO2, while it decreased to 608.27 K for Fe/SnO2. The value of Y was increased from 518.30 GPa for SnO2 to 864.41 GPa for Cu/SnO2 nanocomposite. The PL intensity of SnO2 was decreased by Cu, Fe, Ni, and Mn doping, whereas it was increased by Al doping. The blueshift was observed for Al/SnO2 and Mn/SnO2, whereas it is a slight ultraviolet shift for Cu/SnO2, Fe/SnO2, and Ni/SnO2 nanocomposites. SnO2 nanoparticle and Al/SnO2 nanocomposite exhibit weak ferromagnetic behavior by increasing the magnetic field (H) up to 4 kG, while with further increase in H, the samples exhibit diamagnetic behavior. In contrast, the Fe/SnO2, Ni/SnO2, and Mn/SnO2 nanocomposites show a paramagnetic trend, while the Cu/SnO2 nanocomposites exhibit a diamagnetic trend in the magnetic field range of 0–20 kG. The saturated magnetization and magnetic moment are enhanced for all MxSn1−xOy nanocomposites, whereas the corrective field and magnetic anisotropy are decreased compared to SnO2 nanoparticles. The findings recommended SnO2 and Al/SnO2 composites for spintronic devices and cathode–luminescence displays, Fe/SnO2, Ni/SnO2, and Mn/SnO2 nanocomposites for magnetic imaging, and Cu/SnO2 composites for catalytic and plastic deformation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a series of Sn1−xMnxO2 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07) nanoparticles were fabricated by eco-friendly, green method using Annona muricata leaf extract as capping and reducing agent. The obtained samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED), UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectra. All the XRD pattern reveals manganese (Mn) ions are successfully incorporated into tin oxide (SnO2) crystal lattice with tetragonal rutile structure. The band around 445 cm−1 in FTIR spectra corresponds to Sn–O stretching vibration. XPS results indicates Mn2+ ions are effectively substituted by Sn4+ ions. HR-TEM and SEM micrograph shows spherical shape SnO2 nanoparticles. EDX spectrum confirms the presence of Sn, Mn and O elements, indicate the purity of synthesized sample. The decrease in optical bandgap energy with increase in dopant concentration is observed from UV–Visible absorption spectra. The antimicrobial activity of pure and Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles was studied against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C.albicans and A.niger microbial strains. Moreover, the antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH assay. Besides that, the photocatalytic activity of SnO2 and Sn0.93Mn0.07O2 nanoparticles was tested against methylene blue (MB) dye under direct solar irradiation shows about 89 and 91% of dye got degraded after 120 min. Therefore, our report demonstrates that the plant extract mediated synthesised pure and Mn doped SnO2 nanoparticles is a promising material used in health care and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research successfully synthesized SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic tap water splitting using a rapid two-step microwave-assisted synthesis method. This study investigated the impact of incorporating a fixed quantity of SnO2 nanoparticles and combining them with various materials to form composites, aiming to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production. Additionally, different weights of SnO2 nanoparticles were added to the ZnIn2S4 reaction precursor to prepare SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites for photocatalytic hydrogen production. Notably, the photocatalytic efficiency of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites is substantially higher than that of pure SnO2 nanoparticles and ZnIn2S4 nanosheets: 17.9-fold and 6.3-fold, respectively. The enhancement is credited to the successful use of visible light and the facilitation of electron transfer across the heterojunction, leading to the efficient dissociation of electron–hole pairs. Additionally, evaluations of recyclability demonstrated the remarkable longevity of SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites, maintaining high levels of photocatalytic hydrogen production over eight cycles without significant efficiency loss, indicating their impressive durability. This investigation presents a promising strategy for crafting and producing environmentally sustainable SnO2@ZnIn2S4 composites with prospective implementations in photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

The impact of adding SnO 2 nanoparticles on the enhancements of critical current density (J c) of the Bi 1.6 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+ δ superconductors was studied. Polycrystalline superconductors with stoichiometry of (Bi 1.6 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10+ δ) 1− x (SnO 2) x where was x was ranged from 0.000, 0.002, 0.004, 0.006, 0.008 to 0.010 were made through traditional solid state reaction technique. X-ray diffraction data revealed that all fabricated samples consisted of Bi-2223 and Bi-2212 superconducting phases. The volume fraction of the Bi-2223 phase decreased with SnO 2 addition. Analyses of textural structure using scanning electron microscopy data evidenced a clear decrease in grain orientation and porosity with increased doping levels. SnO 2 presence in connection to Bi-2223 deceleration reduced the critical temperature. Values of J c deduced from the magnetization hysteresis loops measured at different temperatures of 35 K, 45 K, 55 K, 65 K were found to enhance for the SnO 2 added samples. In the x = 0.002 samples, the field dependent J c achieved its maximum values. In order to have a deeper understanding in the improvements of flux pinning properties, small and large bundle fields were determined by using the collective pinning theory. The obtained values indicate the expansion of the two corresponding regimes with appropriate. By analyzing the dependence of normalized J c versus normalized critical temperature, the dominant flux pinning mechanisms in all samples were consistent with δl pinning. Besides, the addition of SnO 2 nanoparticles was likely to produce pinning centers in form of core point as evidenced by using the Dew–Hughes model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large surface area dendritic mesoporous silica material (KCC-1) was successfully synthesized and used as a support to confine SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Owing to the large specific surface area and abundant mesoporous structure of dendritic KCC-1, the SnO2 NPs were highly dispersed, resulting in significantly improved CO catalytic oxidation activity. The obtained Snx/KCC-1 catalysts (x represents the mass fraction of SnO2 loading) exhibited excellent CO catalytic activity, with the Sn7@KCC-1 catalyst achieving 90% CO conversion at about 175 °C. The SnO2 NPs on the KCC-1 surface in a highly dispersed amorphous form, as well as the excellent interaction between SnO2 NPs and KCC-1, positively contributed to the catalytic removal process of CO on the catalyst surface. The CO catalytic removal pathway was established through a combination of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared transform spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations, revealing the sequential steps: ① CO → CO32−ads, ② CO32−ads → CO2free+SnOx−1, ③ SnOx−1+O2 → SnOx+1. This study provides valuable insights into the design of high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts for CO catalytic oxidation catalysts with high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin oxide (SnO2) semiconductor is recognized as a highly promising material for the electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSC) due to their wide band gap energy and high electron mobility. This material has been considered as the potential alternative material for substituting the conventional titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the form of nanostructure material, it is expected that SnO2 as the ETL in PSC device can be significantly improved owing to its high surface area leading to more intensive photon absorption. In this present study, SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the hydrothermal method with temperature variations ranging from 120 °C to 160 °C for 16 hours. The as-synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The SnO2 nanoparticles were then integrated into the PSC device as the ETL, and the performance testing was conducted using a semiconductor parameter analyzer to obtain the I-V curve. On the basis of investigation results, it has been found that the temperature used during the hydrothermal process plays a crucial role in determining the crystallinity, morphology, and band gap energy of the SnO2 nanoparticles. The results of the PSC performance test indicate that SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized at a hydrothermal temperature of 150 °C demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.89 %. This outcome confirms the viability of SnO2 nanoparticles produced through the hydrothermal method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different additives are used to enhance the microbial activity and ensure the suitable environment for anaerobic microorganisms in anaerobic digestion (AD) process. This study aims to investigate biogas production activity by adding mica particles (MP) and SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs)-doped mica (MSnO2) preparing by co-precipitation. The morphological and structural investigations of particles prove that the SnO2 NPs have been successfully embedded on mica surface. The deposition of SnO2 on the mica surfaces contributes the catalytic performance which in turn improves biogas production. The concentration of MP and MSnO2 was adjusted to be 0.03 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L for the biogas production experiment. In batch experiments, the highest biogas production, biogas yield, and methane yield were obtained at MSnO2-1 (0.03 mg/L) with 6890.2 mL, 245.4 ml/gVS, and 162.3 mL CH4/gVS, respectively. The addition of 0.03 mg/L MSnO2 increased biogas yield by 18.1% and methane yield by 33%, in the light of the data acquired from this experimental study that MSnO2 and pristine mica can be used effectively to enhance biogas production from cattle manure (CM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO2 nanoparticles have frequently been reported as effective electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction to formate. However, in the literature, there is little knowledge of SnO2 nanoparticles that guarantee superior electrocatalytic performance. Hence, in this study, several SnO2 nanoparticles are compared with respect to their material properties, and correlations to the electrocatalytic performance are established. For comparison, three custom-made SnO2-electrocatalysts were prepared, reproducing frequently cited procedures in literature. Based on the comparison, it is found that hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-state synthesis provide quite different electrocatalysts, particularly in terms of the particle size and crystal lattice defect structure. Desirably small nanoparticles with a comparatively high number of lattice defects are found for the nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, which also provide the best electrocatalytic performance in terms of Faradaic efficiency for the electroreduction of CO2 to formate. However, despite the considerably smaller surface area, the commercial reference also provides significant electrocatalytic performance, e.g., in terms of the overall produced amount of formate, which suggests a surprisingly high surface area-specific activity for this material that is low on defects. Thus, defects do not appear to be the preferred reaction site for the CO2 electroreduction to formate on SnO2 in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, SnO2 nanoparticles are prepared through environmental benign method using Nelumbo nucifera (lotus leaf) leaves extract as a reducing agent without any other reagents. The phase formation and the morphology of the as-synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticle size is obtained using selected area diffraction patterns of transmission electron microscope (TEM). The synthesized material modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is used for electrochemical detection of the dopamine (DA). In cyclic voltammetry (CV), the modified GCE shows effective electrochemical sensing performance than the bare GCE electrode. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of DA were calculated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Aforementioned material has high sensitivity and selectivity towards DA oxidation through electrochemical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At room temperature (RT), Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been created through pulsed laser ablation (PLA) of tin in various liquid mediums. FTIR, TEM, electrical characteristics and UV–Visible absorption spectrum were used for investigating the particle properties. The prepared material is spherical NP, with size and size dispersion are dependent upon liquid media, as seen by TEM micrographs. The shift of the Sn–O band from 681 cm−1, 663.4 cm−1 to 657 cm−1 in double deionize water, ethanol and methanol, respectively, could be related to the increase of the concentration of SnO2 NPS and change of particles size. Depending on the quantum confinement model, the band gap energy related to SnO2 NPs is larger in various liquid medium compared to that of bulk SnO2 because of a decrease in size of the particle. Poor rectification properties because of charge carriers' recombination of holes and electrons in depletion region, along with the tunneling effect based on the two sides of heterojunction and existence of defect states can be seen in the J–V characteristics of Al/SnO2 NPs/c-Si/Al heterojunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work Fe and Ni co-doped Tin oxide (SnO _2 ) nanoparticles have been prepared by co-precipitation method. The samples were prepared at various combination of Fe and Ni from 0% up to 10%. The produced nanoparticles were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV–vis Spectrophotometer, Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The XRD study reveals the formation of rutile structure of the undoped and doped SnO _2 nanoparticles with the average crystallite size of 1.5–10.8 nm. Metal oxide bonding is confirmed through FTIR measurement. Optical band gap redshift (3.9 to 3.64 eV) with doping of Fe and Ni atom is observed. SEM image confirms the formation of spheroidal nanoparticles and size of the nanoparticle varies from 36 to 15 nm. The VSM study shows the ferromagnetic phase transition at 7% Ni, Fe doped SnO _2 nanoparticles. This ferromagnetism arises for the oxygen vacancies and defect states. Further, increase of doping concentration of 10%, nanoparticles show the phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic. Such transition can be applicable in hyperthermia treatment and memory devices.

The presence of various hazardous toxins such as Phenols, phthalates, pesticides, dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceutical waste, etc, is continuously increasing into the water bodies from different agricultural, industrial and domestic practices, which have brought the toxicity level to an alarming height. Often, these toxic compounds are quite stable in nature and the removal or degradation of these compounds is quite challenging, which further poses a significant threat to the environment. When it comes to enhance the efficiency of water purification and decontamination process, SnO2 nanoparticles offer great potential owing to their low concentration and large surface area. Over the past few years, SnO2 nanoparticles as a photocatalyst has garnered huge interest from the researcher community towards the photo-degradation of toxic pollutants present in the water bodies. Among various metal oxides, particularly SnO2 has been emerged as the most versatile material for doping of different transition metals due to its plethora of applications such as photocatalysis, energy harnessing, sensors, solar cells and optoelectronic devices. The pure and doped SnO2 has prominent significance due to its phenomenal catalytic and physicochemical properties such as chemically stable, inexpensive and non-toxic. This review explores and summarizes the progress of first and second transition metal series doping in SnO2 for its coherent application towards the degradation of water pollutants. We have emphasized the effect of different transition metal dopants used in the growth of SnO2 nanoparticles on the basis of their synthesis technique, source of irradiation used, nature of contaminations removed and obtained photodegradation efficiency.

Eco-friendly stannic oxide nanoparticles functionalized with gallic acid (SnO2/GA NP) were synthesized and employed as a novel photocatalyst for the degradation of citalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant drug. SnO2/GA NP were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements and X-ray diffraction. A validated RP-HPLC assay was developed to monitor citalopram concentration in the presence of its degradation products. Full factorial design (24) was conducted to investigate the effect of irradiation time, pH, SnO2/GA NP loading and initial citalopram concentration on the efficiency of the photodegradation process. Citalopram initial concentration was found to be the most significant parameter followed by irradiation time and pH, respectively. At optimum conditions, 88.43 ± 0.7% degradation of citalopram (25.00 µg/mL) was obtained in 1 h using UV light (1.01 mW/cm2). Citalopram kinetics of degradation followed pseudo-first order rate with Kobs and t0.5 of − 0.037 min−1 and 18.73 min, respectively. The optimized protocol was successfully applied for treatment of water samples collected during different cleaning validation cycles of citalopram production lines. The reusability of SnO2/GA NP was studied for 3 cycles without significant loss in activity. This approach would provide a green and economic alternative for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have reported on a simple, environmentally friendly, and ultra-sensitive electrode material, SnO2@p-rGO, used in a clean sustainable manner for rapid electrochemical determination of an anti-diabetic agent, repaglinide (RPG). Three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide nanostructure (p-rGO) was prepared via a low-temperature solution combustion method employing glycine. The aqueous extract of agricultural waste "cotton boll peel" served as stabilizing and reducing agents for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out by XRD, Raman, SEM, EDX, FTIR, absorption, and TGA. The oxidation process of RPG was realized under adsorption controlled with the involvement of two protons and electrons. The sensor displayed a wider linearity between the concentration of RPG and oxidation peak current in the ranges of 1.99 × 10−8–1.45 × 10−5 M and 4.99 × 10−8–1.83 × 10−5 M for square-wave voltammetric and differential pulse voltammetric methods, respectively. The lower limit of detection value of 0.85 × 10−9 M was realized with the SWV method. The proposed sensor was applied for the quantification of RPG in fortified urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity in the presence of metformin and other interferents, which made the proposed sensor promising and superior for monitoring RPG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized from a Sn-metal organic framework (MOF) through a hydrothermal synthesis approach for NO 2 sensing studies. The expected phase, morphology and composition of the SnO 2 NPs were demonstrated via different characterizations. The individual sizes of SnO 2 NPs were ∼20–30 nm, and they had a high surface area (185.31 m2/g). The sensing properties were measured at various temperatures towards NO 2 gas. It showed very high responses of 240.60 and 3984.98–10 and 100 ppm NO 2 , respectively, at 200°C. Also, it still displayed a high response of 47.11–100 ppm NO 2 gas at 25°C. Enhanced response of MOF-derived SnO 2 NPs gas sensor was owing to the high surface area of the SnO 2 NPs, the presence of oxygen vacancies, formation of plenty of SnO 2 -SnO 2 homojunctions and the creation of SnO/SnO 2 heterojunctions. The synthesis method employed in this study led to the preparation of high surface area SnO 2 NPs that can be used for preparing other metal oxides for the development of sensors. • Synthesis of MOF-derived SnO 2 NPs via a hydrothermal route. • The synthesized SnO 2 NPs reveals a high surface area of 185.31 m2/g. • The sensor showed high responses (R g /R a) of 240.6 and 3984.98–10 and 100 ppm NO 2 gas at 200°C, respectively. • The sensor showed a high response of 47.11–10 ppm NO 2 gas at room temperature. • Underlying sensing mechanism was explained in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene Oxide (GO) was associated to Fe-doped SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) through a simple elaboration method to obtain Fe-doped SnO 2 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanostructure. The effect of GO content on the structural, morphology, transport and dielectric properties of the SnO 2 /rGO nanocomposite was deeply investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns depict the obtention of SnO 2 rutile structure and revealed an effect of the NPs size the rGO layer to layer distance. However, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) exploration shows the formation of rGO nanospheres co-present with Fe-doped SnO 2 NPs. The electrical properties of the obtained structure were examined through impedance analysis. The conductivity of the SnO 2 :Fe/rGO nanocomposite obviously increases with the GO amount. The analysis of the relaxation phenomenon shows an abrupt decrease of the relaxation time upon GO addition. A charge carriers transfer is suggested to occur between Fe-doped SnO 2 NPs and rGO for high graphene oxide concentrations. Hydrogen bonds are suggested to be established between these NPs and rGO. The functional groups at the NPs/rGO interface were found to considerably contribute to the dielectric response of the heterostructure. Dielectric losses were also evaluated and are suggested to be particularly affected by the rGO functional groups. The explored electric and dielectric properties present the SnO 2 :Fe/rGO heterostructure as a potential candidate for supercapacitor and electrical battery electrodes. [Display omitted] • Novel Fe-doped SnO 2 /rGO heterostructure was synthetized. • The conductivity of the nanocomposite obviously increases with the GO amount. • Further addition of graphene oxide affects the grain boundary resistance as well as the relaxation time. • The dielectric constant ε ' increases with further GO adding in the heterostructure. • Functionalized groups at the interface were found to modulate both electrical conductivity and dielectric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stannic oxide (SnO 2)-based lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have garnered tremendous attention due to their high theoretical capacity and suitable lithium ion insertion potential. However, their widespread applications have been hindered by severe electrode degradation caused by substantial volume expansion of SnO 2. In this study, we embedded amorphous carbon encapsulated ultrafine SnO 2 nanoparticles on hollow macroporous carbon (AC@SnO 2 /HMC) as a superior anode material for LIBs. The unique Sn–C interface and dual carbon protection layers effectively mitigated SnO 2 nanoparticle agglomeration and volume expansion, reinforcing the cycling stability. Additionally, the capacitive contribution from amorphous carbon significantly improved the reversible capacity and rate capability. As such, the resulting AC@SnO 2 /HMC electrode exhibited high capacity (1828 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (1017.6 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and outstanding cycling performance (792.1 mAh g−1 after 880 cycles at 2 A g−1), surpassing previously reported SnO 2 -based anodes. Furthermore, the AC@SnO 2 /HMC-based Li-ion full cell demonstrated a remarkable capacity of 566.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles. This study offers valuable insights into the development of advanced SnO 2 -based anodes for LIBs and beyond, highlighting their potential for future advancements in battery technology. [Display omitted] • Preparing AC@SnO 2 /HMC with dual carbon protection and Sn–C interface. • Mitigating SnO 2 particle agglomeration and volume expansion in AC@SnO 2 /HMC. • Improved reversible capacity and rate capability by amorphous carbon coating. • Delivering superhigh capacities of AC@SnO 2 /HMC in Li-ion half and full cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin dioxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) can be applied in several ways due to their low cost, high surface-to-volume ratio, facile synthesis, and chemical stability. There is limited research on the biomedical application of SnO2-based nanostructures. This study aimed to investigate the role of Zn doping in relation to the anticancer potential of SnO2 NPs and to enhance the anticancer potential of SnO2 NPs through Z doping. Pure SnO2 and Zn-doped SnO2 NPs (1% and 5%) were prepared using a modified sol–gel route. XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, UV-Vis, FTIR, and PL techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of produced NPs. XRD analysis revealed that the crystalline size and phase composition of pure SnO2 increased after the addition of Zn. The spherical shape and homogenous distribution of these NPs were confirmed using TEM and SEM techniques. EDX analysis confirmed the Sn, Zn, and O elements in Zn-SnO2 NPs without impurities. Zn doping decreased the band gap energy of SnO2 NPs. The PL study indicated a reduction in the recombination rate of charges (electrons/holes) in SnO2 NPs after Zn doping. In vitro studies showed that the anticancer efficacy of SnO2 NPs increased with increasing levels of Zn doping in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Moreover, pure and Zn-doped SnO2 NPs showed good cytocompatibility in HUVECs. This study emphasizes the need for additional investigation into the anticancer properties of Zn-SnO2 nanoparticles in various cancer cell lines and appropriate animal models.

Due to high toxicity and non-biodegradability, heavy metals pollution is between the major concerns of today's world. Among various techniques, membrane separation technology has taken precedence over other counterparts due to reduced separation units, low energy consumption, facile upscaling, and continuous separation. This study aims to fabricate ultrafiltration membranes made from abundant natural materials to reduce fabrication/operational costs, including precursors, sintering temperature, and filtration pressure. Moreover, SnO2/Montmorillonite nanocomposite is synthesized via the hydrothermal procedure and incorporated into the membrane matrix to decrease membrane fouling, enhance water flux, and improve heavy metals rejection rate. Results delineate 97.88–99.26%, 76.79–92.23%, and 24.97–64.74% of Cu (II), Zn (II), and Ni (II) removal from aqueous solutions in the 5–50 ppm range. An enhancement up to ∼40% is observed upon nanocomposite incorporation. Furthermore, ∼30% increase in Cu (II) removal is obtained for SnO2/MMT-incorporated membranes. Moreover, utilization of abundant natural minerals results in decreased fabrication/operational cost. Therefore, the obtained removal results and the estimated overall cost provide guidance for the large-scale utilization of low-cost membranes. As a result, the demand for heavy metals removal from wastewaters before their discharge to protect and govern the environment and implementation for agricultural purposes are fulfilled.

A large surface area dendritic mesoporous silica material (KCC-1) was successfully synthesized and used as a support to confine SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs). Owing to the large specific surface area and abundant mesoporous structure of dendritic KCC-1, the SnO2 NPs were highly dispersed, resulting in significantly improved CO catalytic oxidation activity. The obtained Snx/KCC-1 catalysts (x represents the mass fraction of SnO2 loading) exhibited excellent CO catalytic activity, with the Sn7@KCC-1 catalyst achieving 90% CO conversion at about 175 °C. The SnO2 NPs on the KCC-1 surface in a highly dispersed amorphous form, as well as the excellent interaction between SnO2 NPs and KCC-1, positively contributed to the catalytic removal process of CO on the catalyst surface. The CO catalytic removal pathway was established through a combination of in situ diffuse reflectance infrared transform spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations, revealing the sequential steps: ① CO → CO32−ads, ② CO32−ads → CO2free+SnOx−1, ③ SnOx−1+O2 → SnOx+1. This study provides valuable insights into the design of high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts for CO catalytic oxidation catalysts with high efficiency.

Detection of lung cancer biomarkers (LCBs) from exhaled breath in the early stage can lower lung cancer mortality. We report a highly sensitive dealuminated zeolite Y (DaY)/SnO2 nanoparticle (NP)-based sensor for the detection of LCBs at low concentrations. The sensing performances were tested with 200 ppb propanol, formaldehyde, and toluene LCBs at different operating temperatures from 175 to 300 °C. The sensor was found to be highly efficient for propanol detection with a remarkable relative response of ∼96 ± 2% and a fast response time of ∼10 ± 1 s at 275 °C. The sensor stability was evaluated with multiple loading–deloading cycles with concentrations ranging from 70 to 200 ppb propanol. The DaY/SnO2 NP sensor was stable for multiple detection cycles of LCBs and exhibited a high relative response at 225 °C for concentrations as low as 70 ppb propanol. The activation energy was calculated for all LCBs, and the lowest was measured for propanol at 56.7 kJ/mol. The DaY zeolite plays the role of an excellent catalyst in the dehydration of propanol molecules into propene. A sensing mechanism was also proposed for the DaY/SnO2 NP sensor based on the catalytic behavior of the zeolite DaY as well as the role of the activation energy of LCBs on the SnO2 NP surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the tremendous potential of tin oxide (SnO 2) as an anode material, irreversible capacity loss due to the sluggish kinetics and structural pulverization as a result of the substantial volume alteration during redox reactions limits its use in lithium-ion batteries. The typical layered design of an electrode consisting of binder and conductive additive can lower the practical capacity of high-capacity electrode materials. We synthesized a binder and conductive additive-free, self-standing core-shell vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs)-SnO 2 anode (SnO 2 -VACNTs) on 3D nickel foam using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and wet chemical method. The SnO 2 -VACNTs exhibited excellent cyclability with a specific capacity of 1512 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and 800 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 200 cycles. The ultra-fine SnO 2 particles (<5 nm) shortened the Li+ diffusion paths into the bulk electrode and alleviated the volume alteration by lowering the strains during the redox reactions. Also, proper inter-tube distance between individual SnO 2 -VACNTs buffered the volume instability and offered better electrolyte accessibility. Direct connection of VACNTs with the current collector ensured an uninterrupted electron conducting path between the current collector and active material, thus offering more efficient charge transportation kinetics at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. [Display omitted] • We developed a binder and conductive additive-free anode for lithium-ion batteries. • The anode is a core-shell VACNTs-SnO 2 array directly coupled to a current collector. • The anode exhibited a high sp. capacity of ∼1.5 Ah g−1 at a rate of 0.1 A g−1. • A high rate cyclability was tested for 200 cycles at a rate of 1 A g−1. • The reason for excellent performance was the special morphology of the anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO2 nanoparticles have frequently been reported as effective electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction to formate. However, in the literature, there is little knowledge of SnO2 nanoparticles that guarantee superior electrocatalytic performance. Hence, in this study, several SnO2 nanoparticles are compared with respect to their material properties, and correlations to the electrocatalytic performance are established. For comparison, three custom-made SnO2-electrocatalysts were prepared, reproducing frequently cited procedures in literature. Based on the comparison, it is found that hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-state synthesis provide quite different electrocatalysts, particularly in terms of the particle size and crystal lattice defect structure. Desirably small nanoparticles with a comparatively high number of lattice defects are found for the nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, which also provide the best electrocatalytic performance in terms of Faradaic efficiency for the electroreduction of CO2 to formate. However, despite the considerably smaller surface area, the commercial reference also provides significant electrocatalytic performance, e.g., in terms of the overall produced amount of formate, which suggests a surprisingly high surface area-specific activity for this material that is low on defects. Thus, defects do not appear to be the preferred reaction site for the CO2 electroreduction to formate on SnO2 in this case.

[Display omitted] • A green and innovative nanosensor has been developed for the detection of catechol. • A green recycled material from hazelnut shells was used in catechol analysis. • The effect of carbon material and SnO 2 NPs on the sensing mechanism was clarified. • The calibration curve was linear between the 0.80 and 80 µM with the detection limit of 8.51 nM. This study focused on the electrochemical detection of catechol (CC), a carcinogenic for humans and a periodic environmental pollutant found in consumed food and beverages and has low degradability and high toxicity in the ecological environment. Also, in this study, for the first time, a new and green electrochemical detection platform was developed for the detection of CC through green carbon material (HZ) recycled from waste hazelnut shells with the hydrothermal carbonization technique (HTC) and SnO 2 nanoparticles (NPs). The morphology, surface chemistry, chemical structure, and physicochemical properties of the synthesized green-based functional carbon material and SnO 2 NPs were thoroughly investigated and elucidated using different characterization techniques. Thus, a green perspective was contributed to the studies of researchers working on CC detection in designing new types of nanosensors and developing electrode modifications. On GCE with an HZ-SnO 2 modification, the effects of pH, the supporting electrolyte, and the scan rate on the electrochemical behavior of CC were investigated. The limit of detection (LOD) of the proposed nanosensor for CC was determined as 8.51 nM and the linearity range was determined as 0.80–80 µM under optimal conditions using adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (AdsDPV).The developed new type, the green method, has been performed to detect the CC in green tea, fruit juice, and urine samples with sufficient accuracy and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroreduction of CO2 to HCOO− can be considered as the most economically valuable process. Herein, we developed lysine‐functionalized SnO2 nanoparticles (SnO2‐lys) as an efficient catalyst for the electroreduction of CO2 into HCOO−. During CO2 electroreduction, SnO2‐lys achieved a Faradaic efficiency for HCOO− of higher than 80% over a wide range of applied potentials from −0.5 V to −2.3 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE). Notably, the partial current density for HCOO− reached as high as −351.9 mA cm−2 at −2.3 V vs. RHE. On account of kinetic analysis and mechanistic study, lysine‐functionalized SnO2 facilitated faradaic process and accelerated reaction kinetics via enhancing the CO2 activation, thus promoting the catalytic performance of the electroreduction of CO2 into HCOO−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the synthesis of novel worm like structured SnO2 nanoparticles photocatalysts by chemical precipitation route from sodium stannate in the absence of a precipitating agent. The physico-chemical characteristics of the synthesized SnO2 were studied using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Photoluminescence (PL), and High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) studies. PXRD and HRTEM analysis reveals the formation of amorphous SnO2 in the tetragonal crystal structure. XPS and PL characterization affirmed the presence of oxygen defects in SnO2, which could be due to Sn2+ present in the lattices. The optical band gap calculated using Kubelka-Munk method to be 3.8 eV. Photocatalytic studies of the prepared SnO2 catalyst showed 92% of Rhodamine-B (RhB) degradation in 120 min under UV irradiation. The enhanced dye degradation activity is attributed to oxygen defects in the SnO2 catalyst, which are responsible for the enhanced charge separation and inhibition of electron-hole pair recombination by trapping photogenerated electrons.

SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized utilizing Tinospora cordifolia stem extract. The effects of the concentration of the extract and the utilization of ultrasound irradiation on different chemical properties, mainly surface morphology, were studied. To determine the instrumental characteristics, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-Transform-Infra Red, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscope analyses were used. The optical properties of the material were studied using ultraviolet UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry and photocatalytic activity tests on rhodamine B photodegradation. The results summarized the effect of T. cordifolia stem extract on the nucleation process during SnO2 crystallization, as a higher concentration leads to polymorphic forms with a greater particle size and an additional SnO phase. In addition, ultrasound-assisted reduction tended to produce a smaller particle size. The optical properties were found to be correlated with the particle size, as the higher particle size gave a smaller band gap energy and less photocatalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation.

The one-pot, three-component, and facile synthesis of substituted diethyl (((5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)(phenyl)methyl)phosphonates (4a–j) has been achieved from the reaction of 2-amino-5-ethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole (1), various aromatic aldehydes (2a–j) and diethylphosphite (3) using Kabachnik–Fields reaction in the presence SnO2 nanoparticles as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free MWI condition. Furthermore, these series of new compounds were characterized by melting point, IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity which showed good activity compared to standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, SnO2 nanoparticles were designed and synthesized by the hydrothermal method. It was confined to a jute fiber cellulose carbon (JFCC) framework, which was equivalent to a biomass carbon buffer layer wrapped around SnO2 nanoparticles. The combination of SnO2 nanoparticles and the amorphous carbon buffer layer alleviated the volume expansion effect of SnO2 to a certain extent, shortened the lithium-ion diffusion path, and improved the conductivity. At 0.2C, the discharge specific capacity of the composite (SnO2@JFCC) was finally stabilized at 1298.5 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. The discharge specific capacity was stabilized at 1090.3 mAh g−1 for 1000 cycles at 2C, which further showed the good synergy between SnO2 nanoparticles and JFCC and exhibited excellent lithium storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we have reported on a simple, environmentally friendly, and ultra-sensitive electrode material, SnO2@p-rGO, used in a clean sustainable manner for rapid electrochemical determination of an anti-diabetic agent, repaglinide (RPG). Three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide nanostructure (p-rGO) was prepared via a low-temperature solution combustion method employing glycine. The aqueous extract of agricultural waste “cotton boll peel” served as stabilizing and reducing agents for the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles. The structural and morphological characterization was carried out by XRD, Raman, SEM, EDX, FTIR, absorption, and TGA. The oxidation process of RPG was realized under adsorption controlled with the involvement of two protons and electrons. The sensor displayed a wider linearity between the concentration of RPG and oxidation peak current in the ranges of 1.99 × 10−8–1.45 × 10−5 M and 4.99 × 10−8–1.83 × 10−5 M for square-wave voltammetric and differential pulse voltammetric methods, respectively. The lower limit of detection value of 0.85 × 10−9 M was realized with the SWV method. The proposed sensor was applied for the quantification of RPG in fortified urine samples and pharmaceutical formulations. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrated reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity in the presence of metformin and other interferents, which made the proposed sensor promising and superior for monitoring RPG.