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The article deals with the issues of prospects for increasing the level of protection of interests in the field of customs security of Ukraine, including through the expansion of institutional capacity of the Sta Customs Service in the field of law enforcement. The author analyses the existing functional powers of customs authorities in the field of combating criminal offences related to illegal movement of goods and items across the border. The current state and mechanisms of implementation of measures to combat smuggling and other crimes at the border are investigated. The importance of granting domestic customs authorities the right to carry out operational and search activities and conduct pre-trial investigations in smuggling cases is considered in detail. It is noted that after the entry into force of amendments to the legislation criminalising smuggling of goods, almost all law enforcement agencies in Ukraine, except for customs, have the authority to counter smuggling. At the same time, they are the only ones who can directly detect the facts of concealment of goods, objects and substances from customs control or movement outside customs control. The author emphasises that the customs administrations of almost all European countries have the powers of criminal prosecution and the right to conduct operational and investigative actions, which significantly increases the effectiveness of combating such crimes. Accordingly, without similar powers, the customs service of our country cannot count on a full partnership. The author emphasises the requirements and recommendations of the World Customs Organisation regarding the formation of institutional capacities of national customs administrations with the inclusion of the widest possible and unified range of law enforcement functions in their powers. The expansion of procedural powers will enable the Ukrainian customs service to become an equal partner in the interaction and exchange of intelligence with similar services of other countries in the fight against commercial fraud and drug trafficking. It is emphasised that the ability to detect illegal acts related to smuggling of goods, including through the use of operational and investigative measures, will enable customs authorities to ensure prompt and high-quality investigation of criminal offences and prosecution of both direct perpetrators and organisers of crimes. Ways of implementing international standards in the field of law enforcement procedures to strengthen border security are highlighted. An additional argument for the expansion of such opportunities is that the prospect of membership in the European Union imposes on Ukraine the task of protecting not only its own customs interests, but also the eastern borders of the EU as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debt-financed migration has been a subject of academic interest for the past two decades. This phenomenon can be divided into two main mechanisms: salary deductions and upfront payments. In salary deductions, facilitators provide migrants with upfront funds that are later deducted from their salaries by their employers. In upfront payments, migrants borrow and mortgage assets to obtain capital to cover migration-related expenses upfront or upon arrival. These expenses are then repaid through remittances. Most of the existing literature on debt-financed migration has taken an economic perspective that emphasizes the risks of debt bondage in salary deductions and vulnerability in upfront payments. Studies critically examine the role of states, brokers, and markets in impacting migrants’ well-being and labor and human rights. However, considering the increasing intensity of migration flows and the widespread use of debt as a funding mechanism, evaluating the relevance of the conventional economic framework is essential. I argue this framework can be supplemented with a richer and more empirical understanding of agency that shows how migrants can effectively use debt for empowerment and protection against debt bondage and vulnerability. To support this argument, I delineate an economic anthropology framework highlighting migrants’ agentic use of debt to their advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidents of nuclear and radiological smuggling in the Indian Ocean are a matter of concern. Attempts to smuggle nuclear material within India have also been reported as recently as 2021. Indian security agencies previously have also seized natural uranium in coastal states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra and Bengal indicating how vulnerable the Indian coast is to radiological and nuclear smuggling. The Nuclear Security Index has also consistently ranked India below China and Pakistan despite their poor record on nuclear non-proliferation. These facts highlight concerns regarding the possible misuse of nuclear and radiological material by criminal and terrorist networks. Since India is targeted by terrorist groups and lies in the vicinity of countries and routes that see frequent nuclear and radiological trafficking, there are inevitable implications for the Indian coastal security system. This article identifies and analyses these security implications and argues for a beefing up of India's coastal security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepal is a biodiversity-rich country harboring endangered wildlife species. Despite commendable achievements in conserving charismatic wildlife species like the Tiger and Rhinoceros, Nepal is still a pivotal point for the illicit wildlife trade. In this perspective, we explore the current situation of wildlife poaching and smuggling, factors conducive to such activities, and present some minimum practitioner steps for what should be tried to prevent such a situation in Nepal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By signing and ratifying the United Nations Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, the United States promised to the international community and to its citizens that it would adhere to a legal criminal definition of migrant smuggling that protects migrant families by only targeting in its language the organized offenders that aim to benefit financially or materially. After it made this promise, the United States did not amend 8 U.S.C. § 1324 to conform fully with the protocol. Contrary to the demands of the protocol, the statute does not establish as an element of the base offense of migrant smuggling intent for financial or material benefit. Instead, a prosecutor can decide whether to charge as a migrant smuggler one family member who assists another in entering unlawfully to the United States. The repercussions of this overbroad understanding of migrant smuggling are felt most in the immigration context in which a mother entering unlawfully into the United States while holding her infant is barred from seeking legal admission to the United States. This Article analyzes the protocol and finds that the United States falls short of its promise. I argue for amending 8 U.S.C. § 1324 and I propose that the United States extend the protocol's targeted migrant smuggling definition to its immigration statutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey's Kurdish borderlands, smugglers occasionally entered insurgent corridors, the guerrilla-controlled mountainous passages, to bypass state control. This article takes insurgent corridors to frame sovereignty as monopolization of space-making and proposes space-making as a key analytic to examine the forms of sovereignty that facilitate or undermine specific extractive practices. As a spatial form, corridors are central to the claiming and exercising sovereignty and extraction without having complete territorial control across a bounded space or the whole population in that space, the territoriality identified with nation-states. By controlling corridor space and monopolizing the traffic in them, colonial empires, nation-states, corporations, and rebel movements exercised sovereignty and extracted value that is carried or generated by corridor traffic. The insurgent corridors further complicate corridor sovereignty as the Kurdish guerillas monopolized corridor-making without monopolizing and extracting the corridor traffic under a post-nation-state political vision that favors grassroots democratized organization of mobilities and livelihoods rather than centralized exclusive authority and biopolitical governance on them. The insurgent corridors constituted what I call countersovereignty, a practice contesting not only the existing state sovereignty but also political models of nation-state sovereignty and territoriality. While anthropologists understand refusal as disengagement from actors claiming sovereign superiority, the insurgent corridor countersovereignty entailed a distinct form of political refusal that rejects mimicking state sovereignty and associated forms of biopolitical governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violations of customs regulations by subjects of foreign economic activity and the smuggling of goods are pressing issues for the socio-economic development of Ukraine. The purpose of the article was to investigate the main causes of smuggling and to develop ways to prevent violations of customs regulations. The work analyses the statistics of customs violations and the volumes of smuggling, which are one of the factors in the significant shortfall of tax revenues to the budget. The method of generalisation was used to summarise the results of a survey by the Institute of Economic Research and Policy Consulting of foreign economic activity subjects regarding the impact of “grey import” problems and smuggling on their performance indicators. Using the chronological method and the analysis method, the chronological changes in the objects of smuggling were analysed according to criminal law, which affects the directions of customs authorities’ work in the customs control process. The study summarises the foreign experience of criminal liability for smuggling, indicating more severe punitive measures than in Ukraine. The volumes of cigarette smuggling and the budget revenue losses from such smuggling were analysed using the statistical method. The results of the analysis indicate that the volume of cigarette smuggling in Ukraine is one of the largest in Europe. The causes of smuggling are identified and can be divided into those related to the activities of customs authorities and those related to the legislative and executive bodies of Ukraine. The main ways to counter smuggling and reduce violations of customs regulations are substantiated, which should be systematic and comprehensive and not only involve the control function of customs authorities but also improve the socio-economic development indicators of the state. The practical significance of the results lies in summarising the causes of smuggling and customs regulation violations and developing proposals for their prevention, which can be used in the work of customs authorities and in the implementation of the strategic goals of the National Income Strategy

KEYWORDS: Garcia Marquez, Latin American literature, journalism, smuggling, shipwreck This essay explores how Gabriel Garcia Marquez's The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor challenges and subverts an accepted convention of journalism--its assumed opposition to fiction--but simultaneously undertakes an operation of dissimulation in order to appear to abide by this norm. The original 1955 reportage is supposedly a transcription of conversations with a sailor who survived a shipwreck, when it is actually a fiction of factual representation. The 1970 book version included a paratext in which Garcia Marquez tries to defictionalize the story and emphasize the interviewee's narrative power, when in fact none of the sentences in the text were literally from the sailor. Here, Garcia Marquez engages in a literary experiment I call 'literary smuggling,' whereby he plays with fictional elements, tonalities, and nuances., IN 1995, GABRIEL GARCI'A MARQUEZ DID something unusual in his life as a writer; he became an occasional professor. The author began teaching writing workshops at his Foundation for New [...]

Abstract Background Smuggling health goods given the importance and critical nature of health services should be undeniably addressed and controlled by all countries. This issue is especially more widespread in developing countries with more damaging consequences. This paper therefore aims to identify and analyze the challenges of preventing smuggling of health goods in Iran. Method Within this qualitative study, we conducted face-to-face, semi-structured interviews with 30 purposefully recruited key informants and stakeholders in the detection, prevention, and combating of health goods smuggling. Each interview was analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach to generate codes, then categorized and presented in the form of main themes and sub-themes. Maxqda 11 assisted in coding, analysis, and data management. Results Three main themes emerged representing the challenges of prevention of smuggling in Iran in the areas of anti-smuggling policy development, including categories of inefficient policy and plan, and failure to reach agenda; policy implementation; categorized into actors, resources and instruments, and implementation guarantee; and finally monitoring and evaluation; including, procedures and practices, and the role of surveyors. Conclusion Prevention of smuggling health goods proves to be a highly complex, challenging, and multi-faceted practice. Therefore, strengthening policy-making, regulatory frameworks, and facilitation functions about smuggling, counterfeiting, and corruption should be promoted in parallel.

The Bahamas is a relatively small archipelago challenged by a broad spectrum of diverse, complex, and consequential national security threats that extend to the ‘unknown’ of a global security threat equation. To address the threat spectrum, Bahamian policymakers incorporated the National Crime Intelligence Agency (NCIA) within the national security architecture. For various reasons, Bahamians are sceptical about, scared of, and uncomfortable with the idea or reality of the NCIA. As such, the NCIA has to pass the legitimacy test as it steps out of the shadows. This article provides a preview into the legitimacy test of The Bahamas’ professional secret intelligence service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tor browser is widely used for anonymity, providing layered encryption for enhanced privacy. Besides its positive uses, it is also popular among cybercriminals for illegal activities such as trafficking, smuggling, betting, and illicit trade. There is a need for Tor Browser forensics to identify its use in unlawful activities and explore its consequences. This research analyzes artifacts generated by Tor on Windows-based systems. The methodology integrates forensic techniques into incident responses per NIST SP (800-86), exploring areas such as registry, storage, network, and memory using tools like bulk-extractor, autopsy, and regshot. We propose an automated PowerShell script that detects Tor usage and retrieves artifacts with minimal user interaction. Finally, this research performs timeline analysis and artifact correlation for a contextual understanding of event sequences in memory and network domains, ultimately contributing to improved incident response and accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel subsidies, intended to improve consumer affordability, can result in economic distortions through altered relative prices and negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, these subsidies can lead to unintended consequences, such as fuel smuggling, especially to neighboring countries where significant price differences exist. While previous research has extensively explored the economic dimensions of fuel subsidies, the potential interplay between fuel smuggling and its impact on regional income distribution remains understudied. This study investigates the effects of fuel smuggling, stemming from Iran's long history of significant fuel subsidies, on income distribution across all 30 provinces of the country. We employ a model to specify the demand for fuel smuggling, using fuel prices in neighboring countries and the distance to the nearest border as sources of identification. Subsequently, we estimate the monthly smuggling profit across regions and assess this profit's influence on regional income distribution. Our empirical analysis draws on monthly data on gasoline and diesel sales from 160 fuel distribution districts in Iran, spanning the period from 2005 to 2014. Our findings demonstrate specific cases of smuggling activities that account for an average of 25% of total fuel consumption and generate substantial income in economically disadvantaged border provinces. We discuss the socioeconomic implications of fuel subsidies, with a focus on smuggling activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 19th century, a new framework of references was proposed that introduced substantial variations for Spain in the Moroccan question, in such a way that what was now at stake was an imminent threat to national security Both liberals and conservatives understood that the Rif was a region of vital geostrategic interest in the defense of the Peninsula. And the control of the Rif began to be questioned to the Majzén by the French imperialist interference. The events had a fortuitous origin, and were originated by the smuggling practiced by some members of the Kabyle of Bocoya. Swindled by the Europeans with whom they trafficked, they assaulted some ships sailing near the Moroccan coast and took their crews hostage. This is what has been wrongly called the conversion of the Bocoyas into pirates. French diplomacy then forged large-scale intervention projects, and moved a diplomat to the territory, the Algerian Si Al.lal, who tried to convert the Central Rif into a republican protectorate. In this work, using diplomatic documentation preserved in Alcalá de Henares, we analyze how the Hispanic government response resolved this problem with notable success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past decade a series of events including the outbreak of the Syrian war, drought and tireless insurgencies in sub-Saharan Africa triggered the largest wave of displacement ever seen through and around the Mediterranean. The majority of those bound to Europe through the Mediterranean are smuggled by criminal networks. The proliferation of Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings (TSHB) between the Sahel and the Libyan shores feeds into the evolving threats of terrorism, crime and insecurity in the Sahel, West Africa and Europe. This paper explores the involvement of armed groups in TSHB in the Central Sahel and Libya. The author argues that the involvement of armed actors in the TSHB in the Central Sahel and Libya is not uniform and not systematically used for terrorism financing. Criminal networks and armed groups leverage opportunities created by conflict to generate profit and project power. They operate in convergent spaces benefitting from state fragility, and shared social networks. The link between terrorism and migrant smuggling and trafficking, if found, remains localized benefitting individuals rather than organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing on ethnographic and historical accounts of migrant smuggling and forgery from the smugglers' perspectives, this essay shifts the focus from a state-centric understanding of smuggling as a criminal activity conducted by 'greedy' individuals and 'mafia rings', to a specific form of practice that operates through a series of concrete material techniques. It argues that smuggling recognises and reworks the material and technological features of borders which are vulnerable to reappropriation. These vulnerabilities inherent to the materialisation of abstract notions such as borders are understood and discussed as 'reproducibility', 'repetition', and 'imitation'. Smuggling not only reconfigures the apparatus of borders to provide support for those who are denied access to mobility, but also can teach us something about a specific mode of critique that I call a material mode of critique. The material mode of critiquing borders goes beyond a discursive mode which mostly locates politicians, academics, and activists as the critics of border politics. This mode can open up new possibilities of thinking about and against borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Omran for Social Sciences is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the growing threat of extremist violence in coastal West Africa, specifically in countries like Benin, Togo, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, and Mauritania. The violence, originating from the Sahel region, has seen a significant increase in incidents and casualties in recent years. The article emphasizes the importance of regional security cooperation, intelligence sharing, and community-focused training to effectively respond to this complex threat. It also highlights specific areas of concern, such as the tri-border zone between Mali, Côte d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, and the W-Arly-Pendjari Park Complex, where militant groups have established hideouts and exploited local connections. The text discusses the presence of militant Islamist groups in the WAP Park Complex and the challenges they pose to security and local communities, including targeting artisanal gold mining sites, engaging in trading and extortion with livestock herders, and attempting to impose their interpretation of Sharia law. The article stresses the need for national responses to address the expanding insecurity, such as improving access to social services, developing income-generating activities, and building trust between security forces and the population. It also highlights the importance of regional security cooperation, particularly through initiatives like the Accra Initiative and the Multinational Joint Task Force, to counter violent extremism and stabilize the region. The text emphasizes the need for enhanced regional coordination and a multitiered approach to countering violent extremism in coastal West Africa, including adapting [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Pasado y Memoria. Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Pasado y Memoria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes how the socio-economic development of an industry co-evolves with the articulation of imaginaries of emancipation and domination. Drawing on political discourse theory, I analyze the US' interracial porn movie industry (1916–2022) from its early, illicit beginnings through its commercial mainstreaming. Organized agents have developed this industry by articulating imaginaries that evoke economic emancipation, but provide new political and fantasmatic relevance to origin myths of racial and gendered superiority. The articulations of each generation of organized agents transgressed prior episodes' limits to visualizing interracial sex. Yet, transgression remained firmly within the bounds of the disciplinary and security power apparatus of white patriarchical domination. In particular, successive imaginaries modernized the stereotypical myths of black Jezebels, black Brutes, pure white women, and civilized white men. Modernization of myths, technological democratization and mainstreaming went hand in hand. I provide critical explanations for these findings that contribute to the organizational literature on imaginaries. This includes the entrepreneurship-as-emancipation literature, and scholarship on myths, feminism and prefigurative organizing. Emancipatory imagining requires challenging the disciplinary and security limits of origin myths. By default of political and fantasmatic challenging of these mythical limits, they function as empty signifiers that are easily adapted to contemporary imagining. As a result, entrepreneurs' and performers' socio-economic emancipation discourse effectively re-articulates an imaginary of domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been scrutinized he history of illicit trade between Ukraine and Russia since 2014 until nowadays. It has been analyzed the changes in legal system, which are related to the ban of trading operations and the retrospective issues of decriminalization of smuggling. The author has got known about the role of customs and law enforcement bodies’ activity within combating illegal trade and violation of customs rules. The 10 years’ statistics data about the tendencies of the decrease in the smuggling index of various goods has been issued since 2022. It was proved that the most popular contraband goods were counterfeit tobacco products, auto parts, fuel, weapons, drugs, cultural values, etc. The activities of smugglers led to economic losses and failure to receive funds to the state treasure. The importance of the necessity to mix the methodological approaches in social and humanitarian sciences has been stressed. A wide historiographical base is used: legal studies make it possible to analyze the legislative chronology, economic – the consequences for the state that we have as a result of illegal trade. Periodicals of the World Customs Organization, reports of law enforcement and customs bodies represent a statistical value for analysis. There has been proved that the scrutinized issues about the contraband between Ukraine and Russia during 10 years of ‘hybrid’ war are topical and make the necessity to find out the new data about illicit trades activity. The topicality is also related to the absence of the complex scientific works which research this chronological period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is based on the increasing threat of sedimentation in water areas by utilizing technological developments through the use of High Speed Crafts (HSC). The increase in threats is faced with obstacles for the authorities in balancing surveillance facilities and infrastructure with the technology used by smugglers. In addition, the need for intelligence data that is integrated with all related apparatus also requires a lot of development. This paper uses a qualitative approach. The data used are secondary data derived from related documents from several institutions, mass media articles and literature reviews related to strategic intelligence. Researchers concluded that smuggling using High Speed Crafts (HSC) in Indonesian waters has been frequent for the past few years. In 2019 and 2020, the DJBC and the Ministry of Finance succeeded in uncovering the practice of smuggling using HSC which had the potential to cause considerable state losses related to alleged money laundering crimes. The mode of HSC smuggling is carried out by the ship-to-ship method from large ships. Enforcement is challenged because the surveillance vessel facilities have a capacity that is not faster than the ships owned by the perpetrators, plus the changing point of the HSC of the smugglers spread across Sumatra and Java. An important evaluation of the supervision of smuggling in the HSC mode is at least related to increasing the quantity and capacity of DJBC through human resources and surveillance ship facilities that have capabilities above the facilities owned by smugglers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th is article examines a case in which three fisher men were sentenced for people smuggling after having rescued 99 refugees from their sinking ship near Indonesia. Th e analysis is grounded in the juxtaposition of three different sets of mobility rules-Indonesian migration law, customary law of the sea, and international law for search and rescue at sea. It argues that recent mobility restrictions at the Indonesian state level implemented to deter maritime movements are in violation of longer-standing local and international sets of mobility rules meant to protect lives at sea. Th e findings show a legal precedent that could cause potential non-state rescuers to abandon rescue to avoid state sanctions, while states may enjoy impunity for disregarding international law concerning the rescue of people in distress at sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically re-examines the narrative that the Israeli system of spatial control has an exclusive negative impact on the West Bank economy. It focuses on the burgeoning fuel smuggling industry, which grew to constitute nearly one-third of the total consumed fuel in the West Bank by 2018. The article posits that the impacts of Israeli control on West Bank-Israeli economic relations involve an interplay between structural top-down imposition and Palestinian agency exerted from below. Drawing from documentary evidence and semi-structured interviews conducted with smugglers, Israeli, and Palestinian policymakers, the research reveals a paradox, finding its theoretical explanation in borderland studies. The barriers and fragmentation meant to oppress Palestinians create opportunities for new Palestinian economic beneficiaries. The article traces the emergence of smuggling networks that expand Palestinian-Israeli connections and cooperation. It concludes considering how the structure-agency interplay, which characterizes the Israeli colonial structure, affects the study of Palestinian political economy under Israeli occupation. This includes the influence of smuggling on supply, demand, pricing, and power hierarchies within the West Bank's fuel sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2015, the EU decided to launch a common military response against immigrant traffickers and smugglers known as the European Union Naval Force Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED)—and Operation SOPHIA. Its aim was to dispose of smugglers' vessels and other smuggling assets while still in Libyan territorial waters. Although this specific aim had never materialized, leading to the operation's termination in March 2020, the original decision had led to a securitisation process in the Mediterranean in the form of an increasing deployment of militarized bordering practices and techniques under the umbrella of Operation EUVAVFOR MED. The present paper presents a normative analysis of EUNAVFOR MED through the prism of Floyd's Just Securitisation Theory (JST). It focuses on the just initiation of securitisation, which is the first element of JST and a parallel to JWT's ius ad bellum that contains five conditions: Just Reason for Securitisation; Morally Justifiable Referent Objects; Right Intention; Macro Proportionality, and Reasonable Chances of Success. The paper concludes these conditions were not all met in all three phases of EUVAVFORMED and highlights the complexity of normatively assessing the securitisation of migrants' smugglers in the context of this European maritime military operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal immigration, often known as unlawful or unauthorized migration, is the movement of individuals over national or regional borders without complying with established processes and regulations. This sort of migration violates the target country's legal system, which governs and limits people's admission and residency on its territory. As a result, this phenomenon presents a challenge to receiving nations, influencing immigration policy and placing strain on their legal, social, and economic systems. This research seeks to determine the primary reasons of illegal immigration and how states parties to Protocol against Migrant Smuggling address this issue. Effective efforts to prevent and combat migrant smuggling need an international comprehensive approach that includes improved borders control, information exchange, international cooperation, legal and safe migration pathways, and countering migrant smuggling networks. All while striking a balance between protecting human rights and ensuring national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archaeological evidence from the Nanhai No.1 shipwreck provides tangible evidence for the study of maritime trade during the Song Dynasty, revealing the presence of a significant amount of smuggled metal in the cargo, suggesting possible involvement in smuggling activities. Merchants may have used tactics such as under-reporting and clandestine transportation of prohibited items to evade supervision, thus engaging in the illicit trade of metal materials and artifacts banned by the Song government on the international market. Valuations of the goods recovered from Nanhai No.1 indicate that the value of iron and silver exceeds that of porcelain, while the value of gold objects and currency exceeds that of porcelain by one-third. Research also suggests a possible shift in the model of maritime trade during the Song Dynasty, from government-led to merchant-led, with a gradual weakening of government supervision and control over trade. This change may be related to reforms in trade organization and the government leniency toward prohibited activities. Despite repeated government bans, smuggling of metal goods continued throughout the Song Dynasty, with no significant reduction in the scale of the metal trade due to the profit-seeking behavior of private merchants, highlighting the inadequacy of government control over illegal smuggling activities. This complex interplay between economic gain, national security, private interests and government control had profound implications for China, the broader South China Sea region and beyond, while the outflow of metal artifacts also facilitated the exchange of goods, technology and culture between China and the aforementioned regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The document titled "New Books" lists a variety of publications related to addiction, substance abuse, and treatment. The books cover topics such as the history of addiction treatment in the United States, psychedelic therapy, harm reduction, and the impact of addiction on individuals and society. Authors explore diverse perspectives on addiction, including cultural, historical, and scientific viewpoints, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field. [Extracted from the article]

The article, titled "Seeing Like a Smuggler: Borders from Below," explores the phenomenon of smuggling from a social perspective, challenging the traditional state-centric approach that focuses on smuggling as a crime. The authors aim to understand smuggling in the context of its histories and localities, and from the perspective of those who engage in it out of necessity. The article includes chapters that examine people smuggling and the smuggling of goods in various regions, as well as the material performances and arrangements involved in smuggling. The book offers a critical perspective on borders and bordering processes, highlighting the interconnectedness between political borders and the cultural economies and social fabric of border zones. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Contemporary Accounting Research is the property of Canadian Academic Accounting Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hardesty, Jared Ross. Mutiny on the Rising Sun: A Tragic Tale of Slavery, Smuggling, and Chocolate. New York: New York University Press, 2021. On June 1, 1743, Ferdinand de Costa, [...]