Search

Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a relatively new class of technical materials with a variety of unique and beneficial features. CNT is a revolutionary carrier technology for both tiny and big medicinal compounds. These formulations can be surface engineered and functionalized with predefined functional groups to control their physical and biological characteristics. CNTs have proven potential for cancer therapy along with other target-oriented therapy due to their unique features, such as ease of cell viability, high drug stacking, thermal ablation, and exceptional intrinsic physical and chemical characteristics. Graphite with Sp2 bonded carbon atoms is used for the synthesis of CNT. CNTs are fabricated in a variety of ways, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, flame synthesis, and silane solution. The present review summarises methods of preparation, types, and various applications of CNT.

Abstract: Metastases result from a complicated process in which malignant cells detach from the initial cancerous cells and disseminate to other locations. Few therapy options are available that aim to prevent or counteract metastatic disorders. Identifying novel molecular targets and medications, developing techniques to distribute preexisting chemicals, and combining resources to supervise individualized treatment are all part of this process. Because of its improved sensitivity, accuracy, and multiplexed measurement capacity, nanotechnology has been investigated to recognize extracellular cancer biomarkers, cancer cells, and bioimaging. Nanotechnology is a vast and rapidly expanding field with enormous potential in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can treat resistant cancers with minimal harm to healthy tissues and organs by targeting cancer stem cells. Nanoparticles can also trigger immune cells, which can help to destroy malignancies. The potential of herbal-based nano formulation as a specialized and high-efficacy therapeutic method opens the path for future research into the screening and use of herbal nanoparticles for cancer treatment. The possible impacts of nanoparticles in the therapy of metastatic cancer, specifically on cell stability, proliferation suppression, eventual interaction with adhesion molecules, and antiangiogenic activity, are discussed in this paper.

Covid-19 has impacted the lives of people in various aspects positive as well as negative. It has an impact on different areas of life, including the economy, industries, global markets, agriculture, human health, etc. The virus caused disruptions to daily life and restrictions on activities in many communities during its multiple outbreaks. Hope for a potential end to the pandemic emerged with the stepping up of vaccination campaigns. However, the continual appearance of mutant strains and vaccine hesitancy has been problems both nationally and internationally. People's normal activities, routines, and livelihoods have been disrupted by self-isolation and quarantine, potentially leading to an increase in loneliness, anxiety, depression, insomnia, excessive alcohol and drug use, and self-harm or suicidal activity. The psychological aspects of the post-covid-19 era are the effect of covid-19 on CNS, and physiological and psychological diseases caused due to covid-19. The article explains Post Trauma Stress Disorder as a psychological scar, Social evils arising due to covid-19, and predictive reasons for the increase in mental illness Keywords- Covid-19, Pandemic, Mental Health, Post Trauma Stress Disorder, Depression, Anxiety

Abstract: Cancer is a prominent cause of death that places a significant financial strain on the healthcare system. Because of its prevalence, there is unquestionably unmet need for new chemotherapeutics. Atypical activation and deregulation of the wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway are considered one of the major causes of various types of carcinomas. This receptor activation is directly correlated with the activation of β -catenin and β -catenin-dependent transcription. In the modern era of drug development, natural compounds have shown to be an unrivaled source of anticancer medications. Herbal compounds have been identified as potent β-catenin signaling inhibitors, mainly by their downregulation, modulating its phosphorylation, increasing ubiquitination and proteasomal destruction, blocking nuclear translocation, or other molecular mechanisms. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that these natural product inhibitors can prevent and treat cancer in a variety of cancer models. Natural products have the potential to be promising novel molecules for cancer treatment, making them an essential topic of study. The importance of natural products in blocking the numerous signaling pathways that promote carcinogenesis is explored in this review, paving the way for developing and discovering anticancer medicines.

Background: Lipid nanocarriers (NLCs) have undergone significant research over the past two decades to determine how well they target drugs to important parts of the human body, such as the central nervous system (CNS), the heart region, tumor cells, etc. Objective: The objective of this review paper was to review and critically summarize recent progress in NLC for targeting CNS. Method: The structure, classification, elements, and numerous preparation techniques have been carefully outlined in this paper, along with their benefits and drawbacks, as demonstrated by several research investigations. Result: This review focuses on recent developments in NLCs for brain targeting of bioactives with special attention to their surface modifications, formulation aspects, pharmacokinetic behavior, and effectiveness for treating a variety of brain disorders. Conclusion: Poorly water-soluble bioactive substances’ physicochemical properties and behavior, such as aqueous dispersibility and oral bioavailability, can be greatly improved using lipid nanocarriers. Due to the brain's complicated structure and numerous protective systems, drug distribution to the brain has remained a difficult problem for scientists. The employment of an appropriate nanocarrier technology and an alternate drug delivery method, such as nose-to-brain drug delivery, could overcome the problem of brain targeting and increase the therapeutic effectiveness of CNS-acting medications. The pharmaceutical business has recently transformed various innovative drug delivery methods that address the drawbacks of conventional drug delivery systems and offer a good benefit-to-risk ratio.

Abstract: Hydrogels are one of the most extensively studied novel drug delivery dosage forms owing to their satisfactory results in drug delivery in various conditions, including pain management, immunomodulation, carcinomas, healing of wounds, and cardiology. A crosslinked polymeric network and an optimum amount of water combine to form hydrogels. Due to their specific properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and non-toxic to biological tissues, hydrogels are demanding biomaterials. Furthermore, due to their programmable physical characteristics, controlled degradation behavior, and capability to preserve unstable medicines from degradation, hydrogels serve as an advanced drug delivery system in which diverse physiochemical interactions with the polymeric matrix containing embedded medications control their release. Despite significant challenges remaining, there has been significant progress in recent years in overcoming the clinical and pharmacological constraints of hydrogels for drug delivery applications This review covers various hydrogel-forming polymers, strategies for crosslinking of gelling agents, and release mechanisms from the hydrogel. Moreover, the current work includes a few marketed hydrogel preparations and patent rights associated with it, describing its mechanism of action against the underlying diseases.

Abstract: Nature is the chief source of various remedies which are used to cure various diseases. Boswellic acid (BA) is a secondary metabolite from the pentacyclic terpenoid compound groups that are derived from the plant genus Boswellia. The oleo gum resins of these plants are primarily composed of polysaccharides, with the remaining amounts of resin (30–60%) and essential oils (5–10%) soluble in organic solvents. BA and its analogs are also reported to exhibit various in-vivo and biological responses for example anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, free radical scavenging activity, etc. Among all analogs, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) has been demonstrated to be the most effective at reducing cytokine production and inhibiting the inflammatory responsecausing enzymes. In this review, we summarized the computational ADME prediction via the SwissADME computational tool and the structure-activity relationship of the Boswellic acid scaffold for the aspect of anticancer and antiinflammatory potency. In addition to these research findings which are associated with the therapy of acute inflammation and some cancers, the potential of boswellic acids against other disorders was also discussed.

Abstract: Cancer refers to the progressive abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Many cancer therapies continue to be based on systemic chemotherapy along with radiation therapy. Numerous nanomedicine strategies have been developed to address the untargeted nature of these therapies and the serious side effects they can cause. As targeted therapeutic delivery is still difficult, engineered robots and microrobots are getting more and more attention and applicability. Microrobots can more effectively reach malignancies because of their unique features and functions, like their motility, which allows them to penetrate malignant tissues. Modern cancer treatment techniques built on information technology can boost patient compliance and improve patient survival. The delicate tissue can be overly damaged by radiation and surgery, and most chemotherapy medications are unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach the tumor. Cancer prevention, its early detection, quick diagnosis, and prompt treatment are very crucial. Robotic technology is employed in a variety of medical settings, and its applications in surgery have evolved that have an impact on the field of cancer treatment as well. A key improvement in cancer therapy with the aid of robotics would be the ability to target and deliver medications directly to the tumor.

Around 70-90 % of medicines are given orally, and this reduces the value comparatively, whereas, Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is one of the very effective ways of delivering drug to the body by limiting the site for administration and even reducing the number and size of dose given to achieve the result for systemic treatment through local dermal application. Transdermal drug delivery system is one of the innovative drug diffusion system that has gained interest overtime because of its advantages over oral route of administration, such as, non-invasive, high bioavailability, omits the first pass metabolism, has no pain and minimal/less side effects. The present analysis emphases on the herbal approach in TDDS and eliminating the inconvenience caused in oral route of administration such as, unpleasant taste, odour, colour, and side effects like gastritis. The main objective behind of development of an alternate novel dosage form is to reduce the inconvenience/problem caused to the patient and increase the efficacy, success and protection of the drug. This evolution aims at formulating the adhesive patches by integrating herbal sources. The synthetic drugs are developed to treat complicated disease but these medications are themselves related to many side effects, it is where the nature comes in, herbal source on other hand is more effective, safe and easily available. There are different herbal patches available that aids in weight loss, quit smoking, alleviates stress and anxiety, to reduce abdominal cramp, rheumatic pain, to lower blood glucose level as an antidiabetic, etc. Integration of Novel drug delivery systems like TDDS with Indian ayurvedic medicines and pure plant extracts offers significant potential to treat various diseases.

Background: Herbal medicines have been extensively used to treat diseases since the prehistoric era, but written records date back more than 5,000 years only. All civilizations developed their knowledge of herbal medicines in a well-ordered system, such as Ayurveda, Unani, Traditional Chinese Medicine, etc. The interest in traditional medicine declined after the discovery of modern medicine. However, in the 21st century, herbal medicines are staging a comeback as the dangers and limitations of modern medicine have become more apparent and herbal medicines are viewed as a balanced and moderate approach to healing. Methods: This review includes the nanoformulations of phytoconstituents and extract. Advancements in analysis and clinical research prove the efficacy of nano-herbal medicines in preventing and treating diseases. This review is mostly about how nanotechnology can be used to help herbal medicines work better. Result: The major problems with herbal medicines are their poor solubility and stability. New technological advancements are capable of removing the problems associated with herbal medicine. Novel drug delivery systems such as microemulsion, liposome, niosome, and nano-drug delivery systems are used to enhance the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Conclusion: Nanotechnology has significant merit for herbal medicines, such as improving solubility, bioavailability, pharmacological activity enhancement, and stability enhancement.

Background: A Schiff base is generally bi- or tri-dentate ligands capable of forming very stable complexes with transition metals. Schiff base complexes have synthetic flexibilities and biological activity against various diseases. Objective: In the current study, Schiff bases compounds [PV1 – PV5] were synthesized from 4-methyl-1-benzene sulfonyl chloride. Subsequently, the synthesized products were analyzed for their antibacterial activity. Methods: Schiff base is a nitrogen analog with a carbonyl group. The reaction that results in the formation of new complexes involves the condensation of carbonyl compounds with an amine group. Furthermore, thin layer chromatography, FT-IR spectroscopy, and 1H-NMR were performed for product characterization. Results: All five complexes were successfully synthesized and some of the compounds demonstrated antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Conclusion: The results confirmed the structure and presence of functional groups as per the scheme of synthesis. These synthesized compounds have the potential to treat the studied diseases and could be used as a therapeutic candidate if further research is done.

Abstract: It is aimed, with the use of modern sciences & technologies and also the use of new, latest and future technologies, such as artificial intelligence, to develop enhanced and extended ways to promote the technology for forensics of all its sectors (AI). A program or computer program is capable of carrying out human functions such as visual awareness, voice recognition, cognitive reasoning, strategic thinking, understanding from experiences, and solving complicated issues at a greater rate and with smaller mistake rates than humans. AI is also the most developing sector for advances in the field of forensics and the system of justice. In today's situation, specialists are faced with numerous problems because of enormous quantities of data, minute facts in the chaotic and complex environment, traditional lab architecture, and sometimes inadequate information, which might fail to do an inquiry or a miscarriage of justice. AI is a waffle to combat the difficulties of machine learning and profound learning. Case-based reasoning for error-free and objective outcomes in many forensic areas, neural networks, and reproductive results. The study discusses AI's current and potential future uses in forensic science. Artificial intelligence may be used in a variety of applications, including blood pattern recognition and analysis, crime scene reconstruction, digital forensics, image processing, and, of course, satellite monitoring.

Abstract: Cocos Nucifera (L.) is a tree that offers multiple advantages to the food and health industry. The most useful natural resource in the world, coconut water, has a long history of use in medicine and healthcare due to its ability to maintain hydration. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, wound curing, antihypertensive, antithrombotic, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic, diuretic, antioxidant, and renal regeneration properties. Over the last few decades, numerous studies describing its nutritional and medicinal properties have been published in reputable scientific journals. Information related to the therapeutic benefits of coconut is available in traditional Ayurvedic writings, and it is consistent with recent scientific findings.

Background: Coronaviruses (CoVs), having enveloped RNA of positive strand, are mainly responsible for enzootic infections in mammals. The mortality of CoVs has been proved as they can cross the species barrier very easily and infect humans. Most recently, the outbreak of coronavirus induced COVID-19 emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China and became the third highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting nearly 230 countries. Objective: To review the literature available about pathogenic Coronavirures with emphasis on pathogenesis of COVID-19, and passive antibody therapy prospective. Methods: This study reviewed relevant published literature to provide (1) structural similarities between coronaviruses and therapeutic methodologies used on SARS-CoV, MERS treatment which might help scientists in understanding novel COVID-19 infection, (2) understanding COVID-19 pathogenesis that may help in identification of appropriate therapeutic targets to develop specific and effective anti-viral drugs as well as immunizing agents against this novel emerging pathogen and (3) to discuss existing knowledge on the passive immune therapy against similar coronaviruses SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV with emphasis on COVID-19 pandemic treatment. Conclusion: COVID 19 coronavirus has shown resemblance to viral infections like SARS-CoV, MERS infection. Historically, it has been proved that the prevention of disease, when exposed to a biological system, is mainly a function of the immune response of that infected individual. To fight against these infections, passive antibody therapy is the only available countermeasure that could provide immediate immunity against infection. Passive antibody results in protection irrespective of the immune status of the host. This therapy can be advantageous in countering the biological attack, post exposure preventions, low toxicity and peculiar activity.

As an alternative to chemical and physical approaches, green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a developing area in the field of bio-nanotechnology and offers economic and environmental benefits. In the field of health and hygiene, engineered metal nanoparticles have increased their popularity due to their effectiveness in penetrating living systems. Metal nanoparticles can be efficiently biosynthesized using a range of microbes and plant extracts. Green synthesis of these nanoparticles and their use in diverse technologies have a bright future due to the shifting perspectives of the international community on sustainable development, environmental improvement, and the reduction of dangerous man-made waste. The focus of the current review was primarily on various methods employed for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, which is a more environment-friendly technique for creating metallic nanocarriers and altering their surfaces, use these metal nanoparticles, including metal sulfides, zinc oxide, copper, gold, platinum, and palladium, as well as nano metal-organic frameworks, in drug delivery systems.

Nanotechnology is being ventured into as an emerging trend eliciting improvements in nearly all technological fields, and the pharmaceutical sector is no exception to this. It has been used for many years for synthetic drugs. But nowadays, the focus is on traditional medicines. This work is focused on the nanogel and nanoemulgel formulations of traditional medication and holds strong relevance in the emerging era of nanomedicine. Herbal medicines are making a resurgence in the twenty-first century, as the dangers and limitations of modern medicine become increasingly evident, and herbal remedies are considered a balanced and reasonable approach to treatment. Advances in analysis and clinical research demonstrate the efficacy of herbal drugs in disease prevention and treatment. The main issue with herbal remedies is their inability to dissolve and stabilize. New technical breakthroughs have the potential to eliminate the problems connected with herbal therapy.Nanoformulations reflect the interface between new technology and herboceuticals. Thus nanosized novel drug delivery system of herbal drugs has a potential future due to their high drug encapsulation capacity, homogeneity, low toxicity, and improved stability.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease with several physiologic and pathogenic mechanisms and pathways. In MS the immune system attacks the myelin sheath that provides insulation to the nerve cells in their brain, spinal cord and optic nerve. With the damaged and compromised nerve membrane, the nerve cells are not able to conduct electrical signals properly, resulting in limb numbness, paralysis, blindness and other neurological disorders. The main purpose of this paper is to highlight advancements in nanotechnology that has enabled the clinician to cross blood brain barrier and to target the brain and CNS of the patient with multiple sclerosis. We have focused on application of nanotechnology having therapeutic and imaging components to improve tissue imaging, targeted interactions at molecular level, nerve protection and regeneration therapy. We have also discussed the pathophysiology of the disease and nanotechnology based new strategies to deliver the therapeutic candidates for the diagnosis and treatment of MS. Future advances in the development of new practical treatment modalities for the treatment of MS is currently a potential area of research. Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, Neurodegradation, Nanoparticles, Nerve protection

The aim of the present study was to access the potential of dimethyl fumarate-loaded chitosan polymeric nanoparticles for the management of multiple sclerosis. Dimethyl fumarate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by polyelectrolyte complex coaservation technique. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized and found to have an average particle size of 324 nm, zeta potential of –34.85 mv and a poly dispersity index of 0.367. The entrapment efficiency was found to be 65.36 % and the drug loading was 28 %. The formulation’s in vitro drug release profile and stability parameters were also evaluated. Cumulative percent drug release was found to be 84 % up to 24 hours and the formulation was found to be stable at 28° for 90 days. In vitro neuroprotective effect of the nanoformulation was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay on human neuroblast SH-SY5Y cells and the treated cells showed improved cell viability under hydrogen peroxide-induced cell apoptosis. In vivo cuprizone model for multiple sclerosis in rodents also confirmed these findings by showing a significant increase in locomotion score.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of a low carbon steel containing 30 ppm boron have been investigated. The steel was subjected to various cooling conditions in a thermo-mechanical simulator to generate continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram. Similar cooling conditions were also applied to tensile samples in order to evaluate their mechanical properties. The results indicate profuse banding in the hot strip of thickness 2.5 mm. This effect is attributed to the presence of manganese. In addition, variation in cooling rate led to increase in strength but severely affected percentage elongation albeit in an acceptable limit of 6%. This effect is discussed in the light of degree of banding of strips and microstructural constituents generated during heat treatment of steel strips of different thicknesses.