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Background: The development of technologies for the prolongation of life has resulted in an increase in the number of older ventilated patients in internal medicine and chronic care wards. Our study aimed to determine the factors influencing the outcomes of older ventilated medical patients in a large tertiary medical center., Methods: We performed a prospective observational cohort study including all newly ventilated medical patients aged 65 years and older over a period of 18 months. Data were acquired from computerized medical records and from an interview of the medical personnel initiating mechanical ventilation., Results: A total of 554 patients underwent mechanical ventilation for the first time during the study period. The average age was 79 years, and 80% resided at home. Following mechanical ventilation, 8% died in the emergency room, and the majority of patients (351; 63%) were hospitalized in internal medicine wards. In-hospital mortality was 64.1%, with 48% dying during the first week of hospitalization. Overall 6-months survival was 26%. We found that a combination of age 85 years and older, functional status prior to ventilation, and associated morbidity (diabetes with target organ injury and/or oncological solid organ disease) were the strongest negative predictors of survival after discharge from the hospital., Conclusion: Mechanical ventilation at older age is associated with poor survival and it is possible to identify factors predicting survival. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the findings of this study may help in the decision-making process regarding mechanical ventilation for older people., (© 2021. European Geriatric Medicine Society.)

Background: Palliative medicine is a growing field in Israel, and its training program is still in process. The current study aimed to evaluate students' attitudes regarding a course in palliative care established in a division of oncology., Method: Some 45 medical students in their 5th to 6th years participated in a one-week course on palliative care. At the end of each training week, students were asked to complete a questionnaire, evaluating their attitudes regarding different aspects of the program content, such as its importance and relevance to their training as physicians, as well as the contribution of specific parts of the program to their knowledge regarding palliative care., Results: The overall satisfaction of the 45 students was high. The most contributory parts of the course were the multidisciplinary team and the complementary and alternative medicine. Participating in the staff meetings and accompanying physicians in their daily work were scored as the least contributory parts.Significance of resultsThis preliminary study demonstrated students' overall high satisfaction with the newly established palliative care course and their need for more practical skills. Future studies should investigate and evaluate educational programs in palliative care in order to establish suitable training for medical students.

Evidence concerning ion-channel abnormalities in the pathophysiology of common psychiatric disorders is still limited. Given the significance of ion channels in neuronal activity, neurotransmission and neuronal plasticity we hypothesized that the expression patterns of genes encoding different ion channels may be altered in schizophrenia, bipolar and unipolar disorders. Frozen samples of striatum including the nucleus accumbens (Str-NAc) and the lateral cerebellar hemisphere of 60 brains from depressed (MDD), bipolar (BD), schizophrenic and normal subjects, obtained from the Stanley Foundation Brain Collection, were assayed. mRNA of 72 different ion-channel subunits were determined by qRT-PCR and alteration in four genes were verified by immunoblotting. In the Str-NAc the prominent change was observed in the MDD group, in which there was a significant up-regulation in genes encoding voltage-gated potassium-channel subunits. However, in the lateral cerebellar hemisphere (cerebellum), the main change was observed in schizophrenia specimens, as multiple genes encoding various ion-channel subunits were significantly down-regulated. The impaired expression of genes encoding ion channels demonstrates a disease-related neuroanatomical pattern. The alterations observed in Str-NAc of MDD may imply electrical hypo-activity of this region that could be of relevance to MDD symptoms and treatment. The robust unidirectional alteration of both excitatory and inhibitory ion channels in the cerebellum may suggests cerebellar general hypo-transcriptional activity in schizophrenia.

The multifactorial nature of depression resembles that of other complex disorders such as diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease. However, while for the latter disorders predisposing and risk factors have been identified, such knowledge is still scarce in depression. In this review we propose to use diabetes mellitus, for which characteristic milestones have been condensed to obesity-hyperinsulinaemia-insulin resistance-diabetes mellitus, as a conceptual analogical model. Based on this model we hypothesize that depression develops according to a similar pattern: prolonged psychological stress-hyperserotonism-serotonin resistance-major depression. We review extensive supporting evidence from human studies and animal models of depression, including stress involvement in the aetiology of depression, evidence for increased synaptic serotonin and decreased 5-HT1A receptor activity. Conceptualizing the pathogenesis of depression as a multi-step process may inspire new concepts, which will eventually lead to delineation of additional preventive and therapeutic interventions similar to those currently practised in diabetes.