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The inner part of gewang (Corypha utan Lam.) trunk has significantly lower physical-mechanical properties as well as biodeterioration resistance, compared to outer parts. This study investigated a method for improving the physical-mechanical properties and biodeterioration resistance of glued laminated lumber made from the inner part of gewang trunk (GLIT). The effects of pretreating the lamina with densification and exposing the GLIT to smoking process were investigated. The seven layers of GLIT samples were bonded with isocyanate adhesive at a glue spread of 280 g/m2, then smoked for 15 days. Solid lumber pieces made from the inner part as well as the outer part of GLIT were also prepared for comparative purposes. Physical and mechanical properties of the lumber samples were tested according to Japanese agricultural standards. Meanwhile, dry-wood termite and wood decaying fungi resistances of the lumber samples were determined according to Indonesian standard. Results showed that overall physical-mechanical properties as well as dry-wood termite and decay resistances of densified-smoked GLIT were enhanced significantly. Pretreating of lamina and post-production smoking can be considered as a potential method to improve physical-mechanical properties and biodeterioration resistance of the GLIT.

Indonesian log production is dominated by young trees harvested from plantation forests. The timber contains of sapwood and juvenile wood, which are not resistant to termite attack. Smoking treatment can enhance wood resistance to termite attack, but it also changes the color. Specimens of mangium (Acacia mangium) and sengon (Falcataria moluccana) wood were exposed for 1, 2, and 3 weeks to smoke produced from the pyrolysis of salam (Syzygium polyanthum) wood. The color change of the wood was measured using the CIELab method. In addition, wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) under laboratory conditions. Untreated and imidacloprid-preserved wood samples were also prepared for comparison purposes. The results showed that the color of smoked wood differed from that of untreated wood, and the color change for sengon was greater than for mangium. In addition, the 1-week smoking period changed the wood color less than the 2- and 3-week periods, which did not differ. Imidacloprid-preserved wood had distinctive color changes compared to untreated wood. Untreated mangium wood had moderate resistance to subterranean termite attack (resistance class III), while sengon had very poor resistance (resistance class V). Salam wood smoke enhanced wood resistance to termite attack, and smoke treatment of 1 week for mangium and 2 weeks for sengon resulted in the wood becoming very resistant (resistance class I). Both types of smoked wood were more resistant to subterranean termite attack than imidacloprid-preserved wood (average class II resistance).

Meaningfully improved mental and behavioral health treatment is an unrealized dream. Across three factorial experiments, inferential tests in prior studies showed a pattern of negative interactions, suggesting that better clinical outcomes may be obtained when participants receive fewer rather than more intervention components. Furthermore, relatively few significant main effects were found in these experiments. Modeling suggested that negative interactions among components may account for these patterns. In this article, we evaluate factors that may contribute to such declining benefit: increased attentional or effort burden; components that produce their effects via the same capacity-limited mechanisms, making their effects subadditive; and a tipping-point phenomenon in which people near a hypothesized tipping point for change will benefit markedly from weak intervention and people far from the tipping point will benefit little from even strong intervention. New research should explore factors that cause negative interactions among components and constrain the development of more effective treatments.

Tobacco use disorder is highly prevalent and over a billion individuals use tobacco worldwide. Popular views on the addictive potential of tobacco often underestimate the complex neural adaptations that underpin its continued use. While sometimes trivialized as a “minor” substance, the effects of nicotine on behavior invariably lead to profound morbidity over a lifetime of exposure. Innovations in tobacco processing have led to potent forms of tobacco, and delivery devices that maximize the reinforcing capacity of nicotine. Most recently, proactive treatment strategies have emerged that focus on pharmacotherapeutic interventions to address tobacco use disorder. Innovations on the horizon hold significant promise for helping clinicians address this problem in a more phenotypically-tailored manner. However, efforts will be needed to prevent use of tobacco for future generations.

espanolCada vez mas la arteterapia consolida y amplia su presencia en el ambito de la salud abordando problematicas de importancia social. La inclusion de la arteterapia en tratamientos grupales para la deshabituacion tabaquica es novedosa dentro de los servicios publicos de salud. De ahi que los objetivos iniciales de este estudio estuvieran en buscar una forma complementaria de colaboracion con el tratamiento psicologico-farmacologico, analizar las funciones psicologicas y autorreguladoras de las imagenes internas, y considerar la arteterapia como un posible factor de adherencia al tratamiento de tabaquismo. La combinacion de arteterapia y la terapia cognitivo-conductual hizo posible converger los objetivos de los dos tipos de intervenciones. Se ha empleado una metodologia mixta de investigacion (MMI) de caracter exploratorio, con recogida y analisis de los datos mediante instrumentos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Se invito a participar voluntariamente a 14 fumadores de un grupo de tabaco en un programa de 9 semanas. Los resultados muestran que aquellos miembros del grupo de tabaco que continuaron y completaron el tratamiento con exito habian asistido al programa complementario de arteterapia para fumadores. No obstante, cabe decir que hubo usuarios de arteterapia que abandonaron el grupo de tabaco antes de finalizarse. El analisis de las obras y la observacion del desarrollo de las sesiones informa positivamente sobre algunas funciones –psicologicas– del arte como la memoria, la esperanza, la aceptacion del dolor, el autoconocimiento, y el reequilibrio. Una entrevista grupal abierta al finalizar el tratamiento mostro que la motivacion, el aprendizaje de un nuevo lenguaje y la toma de perspectivas fueron lo mas destacado del programa. Mientras que el cuestionario de evaluacion del programa revelo sentimientos de relajacion, y, respaldo las vias de la adherencia y el autoconocimiento ya observadas con otros analisis. EnglishNowadays, art therapy increasingly consolidates and expands its presence in the field of health, with the capacity to affront relevant issues in our societies. The inclusion of art therapy in group therapies for smoking cessation is novel within the public health services. The initial objectives of this study were to seek a complementary form of collaboration within the psychological-pharmacological treatments in progress, to analyze the psychological and self-regulatory functions of internal images, and to consider art creation as a possible factor of adherence to smoking treatment. The combination of art therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy made it possible to converge the objectives of the two types of interventions. A mixed research methodology (MMI) was used, with data collection and analysis through qualitative and quantitative instruments. Were invited to voluntarily participate in a 9-week program, the all 14 persons already involved in a tobacco group. The results showed that those members of the tobacco group who continued and completed the treatment successfully had attended the complementary art therapy program for smokers too. However, it must be said that there were also art therapy users that they abandoned the treatment before finishing. The analysis of the works and the observation of the development of the sessions inform positively on some functions –psychological– of art creation as memory, hope, acceptance of the pain, self-knowledge, and rebalancing. An open group interview at the end of the treatment showed that motivation, learning a new language and walking through other perspectives were the highlights of the program by the users. Moreover, evaluation questionnaire revealed subjetive feelings of relaxation, and other items supported the pathways of adherence and self-knowledge already observed with other analyzers.

OBJECTIVE: Tobacco dependence treatment is recognized as a dynamic, chronic process comprised of several specific phases. Of these phases, the Cessation phase is the most critical as it has demonstrated the strongest relation to quit success. Yet, little is understood about smoking trajectories during this period. The current study aimed to address gaps in the smoking research literature and advance understanding of the dynamic quit process unique to completing an integrated smoking treatment by evaluating quit behavior during the Cessation phase. METHOD: Two hundred and sixty-seven treatment seeking smokers enrolled in a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, integrated smoking cessation treatment (46.1% male; M(age) = 39.25, SD = 13.70) were included in the present study. Repeated-measure latent class analysis was employed to evaluate quit patterns from quit day through day 14 post-quit. RESULTS: Contrary to prediction and past work, results supported a four-class solution: Consistent Quitters, Non-Quitters, Relapsers, and Delayed Quitters. Predictors of class membership included age, number of prior quit attempts, motivation to quit smoking, and quit day smoking urges. Moreover, class membership was significantly associated with 6-month abstinence. CONCLUSION: Together, data provide initial evidence for the importance of class membership indicated by quit behavior during the Cessation phase in long-term quit success. Clinically, this study serves to inform future smoking cessation treatment interventions. The current findings suggests that prolonged abstinence hinges on factors such as age, motivation to quit smoking, number of past quit attempts, and smoking urges.

Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) report very high prevalences of cigarette smoking, and there are racial/ethnic disparities in smoking consequences and quit outcomes. In this exploratory pilot study, we examined racial/ethnic differences in perceived risks and benefits of quitting cigarette smoking among 97 adult PLWH in the Bronx, New York (Hispanic, 53.6%; African American, 46.4%). Compared to African American PLWH, Hispanic PLWH reported greater endorsement of overall risks and benefits and risks of negative affect, difficulty concentrating, social ostracism, loss of enjoyment, and cravings. It may be useful to incorporate risks and benefits of quitting into smoking treatment for African American and Hispanic PLWH.

Background: Smoking prevalence and mortality is 5 times higher for the chronically homeless versus general population. Unfortunately, traditional smoking cessation treatment does not optimally engage this population. In a preliminary study, smokers experiencing chronic homelessness suggested providers avoid giving advice to quit and instead use a more compassionate, nonjudgmental style to discuss a broader menu of patient-driven options, including safer nicotine use. Most had negative perceptions of smoking cessation medications; however, 76% expressed interest in a switchover to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Methods: Using a community-based participatory research approach, we codeveloped harm-reduction treatment for smoking (HaRT-S) together with people with lived experience of chronic homelessness and smoking and a community-based agency that serves them. In HaRT-S, interventionists embody a compassionate, advocacy-oriented “heart-set” and deliver manualized components: a) participant-led tracking of smoking-related outcomes, b) elicitation of harm-reduction goals and progress made toward them, c) discussion of relative risks of nicotine delivery systems, and d) distribution and instructions on use of safer nicotine products. We then conducted a single-arm, 14-week pilot of HaRT-S ( N = 44). Results: Participants rated procedures “totally acceptable/effective,” which was reflected in 26% overrecruitment within a 4-month period and 70% retention at the 14-week follow-up. For each week in the study, participants experienced an 18% increase in odds of reporting 7-day, biochemically verified, point-prevalence abstinence. All participants reporting abstinence used ENDS. Participants evinced reductions in cigarette dependence (−45%), frequency (-29%), and intensity (−78%; ps

Social media provides an effective tool to reach, engage, and connect smokers in cessation efforts. Our team developed a Facebook group, CAN Quit (Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit smoking), to promote use of evidence-based smoking cessation resources for Alaska Native people living in Alaska, which are underused despite their effectiveness. Often separated by geography and climate, Alaska Native people prefer group-based approaches for tobacco cessation that support their culture and values. Such preferences make Alaska Native people candidates for social media–based interventions that promote connection. This viewpoint discusses the steps involved and lessons learned in building and beta-testing our Facebook group prototype, which will then be evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial. We describe the process of training moderators to facilitate group engagement and foster community, and we describe how we developed and tested our intervention prototype and Facebook group. All parts of the prototype were designed to facilitate use of evidence-based cessation treatments. We include recommendations for best practices with the hope that lessons learned from the CAN Quit prototype could provide a model for others to create similar platforms that benefit Alaska Native and American Indian people in the context of smoking cessation.

Introduction Women may have greater difficulty achieving long-term abstinence following a quit attempt compared to men. We sought to determine whether there were differences in treatment characteristics or outcome between female and male primary care patients enrolled in a smoking cessation program providing personalized nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with counseling support. Aims and Methods The sample included 27 601 Ontarians (53% female, 47% male) who enrolled in the Smoking Treatment for Ontario Patients program between 2016 and 2018. Dose, type, and duration of NRT supplied were personalized to need. Thirty-day point prevalence tobacco smoking abstinence was self-reported via online or telephone survey at 6 months after enrollment. Results Both female and male participants received a median of 8 weeks of NRT. Types of NRT received were similar, with 80% of both female and male participants receiving patch and short-acting NRT. The total cumulative dose was somewhat higher for men (1373 mg vs. 1265 mg, p < .001); but when calculated as dose per day, per cigarette smoked at baseline, the dose was slightly higher among women (1.6 mg vs. 1.5 mg, p < .001). Quit rates at 6 months were lower for women versus men (24% vs. 27%; adjusted OR = 0.84 [95% CI = 0.78 to 0.90], p < .001). There were no significant interactions between gender and dose, type, or duration of NRT supplied. Conclusions Women were slightly less likely to quit than men, despite receiving similar treatment. There was no evidence that women benefitted more or less from variations in dose, type, or duration of NRT supplied. Implications Women who received personalized NRT with counseling support in a primary care setting had lower quit success than men. Although the absolute difference in quit outcome was small, the public health impact may be large given the burden of disease associated with continued smoking. NRT supplied was similar for women and men, and there was no evidence upon which to suggest tailoring the dose, duration, or type, based on gender alone. Further research to identify the underlying biological and social factors responsible for reduced quit success will help identify ways to optimize treatment for women.

Dropout from both smoking treatment and research study participation is often problematic and can negatively affect treatment and research outcomes respectively. The current study examined baseline predictors of both treatment and research phase completion in a combined dataset of 3 parallel, population-based studies targeting multiple health behaviors. Baseline variables were examined for associations with treatment and research completion (defined as completing the final time points respectively). Results from the multivariate model for the treatment phase (1-year from baseline) indicated that those who were divorced were 36% less likely to complete than non-divorced (OR = .64, 95% CI = .49, .84, p < .01). The treatment group was 35% less likely to complete compared to the control group (OR = .65, 95 % CI = .54− .79, p < .0001) and the patient sample was 1.3 times more likely to complete than non-patients (OR = 1.30, 95 % CI = 1.04 − 1.63, p < .05). Each year of education was associated with a 9% increase in the chance of completion (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.05, .1.15, p < .0001). Results from the multivariate model for the research phase (2-years from baseline) varied slightly from the treatment phase analysis. Similar to treatment, those divorced were 35% less likely to complete than nondivorced (OR = .65, 95% CI = .50, .84, p < .01), the treatment group was 38% less likely to complete than the controls (OR = .62, 95% CI = .51, .74, p

Background Little is known about the correlates of e-cigarette (EC) use among adults seeking smoking cessation treatment, and it is unclear how EC use affects smoking treatment outcomes. Methods Participants were 649 adult smokers enrolled in smoking cessation treatment. Participants completed a baseline (pre-quit) assessment with follow-up at 4-, 12-, and 26-weeks after a scheduled combustible cigarette (CC) cessation date. EC use was described before and after the CC cessation date, and the impact of baseline EC use on CC cessation at follow-up was evaluated. Results At baseline, 66.6 % of participants had ever-used ECs and 23.1 % reported past 30-day EC use. Past 30-day EC users were younger, more socioeconomically disadvantaged, more CC dependent, and less likely to report Black race compared to non-users. At the 4-, 12-, and 26-week follow-ups, 6.4 %, 7.4 %, and 8.1 % reported dual EC/CC use; and 2.7 %, 3.4 %, and 2.7 % had switched to exclusive EC use. Past 30-day EC use at baseline was not associated with CC cessation at any follow-up. However, among baseline past 30-day EC users (n = 150), using ECs ≥ once per week was associated with a lower likelihood of CC cessation at 26-week follow-up (adjusted OR 0.346, 95 % CI: 0.120, 0.997). Conclusion Findings indicated that dual users of CCs and ECs at baseline differed from CC-only users on sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Baseline EC use did not impact smoking cessation overall. However, among past 30-day users, more frequent EC use at baseline adversely impacted longer-term cessation outcomes, perhaps due to greater baseline CC/nicotine dependence.

Background Hospitalization presents a window of opportunity to treat smoking, and hospital-initiated smoking treatment has demonstrated effectiveness. Despite effective interventions, not all smokers will discontinue use, highlighting the need to better understand which patients achieve cessation. Traditional regression methods may not capture the complexity of inpatient smoker subgroups. Methods Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted with data from 397 hospitalized adult cigarette smokers enrolled in a randomized trial. Six categorical indicator variables known to impact cessation were selected to estimate subgroups: health conditions (smoking-related disease [SRD], depressive symptoms, positive screen for alcohol problems) and smoking-related variables (time to first cigarette, cigarettes/day, smoking indoors). The probability of achieving biologically verified 7-day tobacco cessation 6 months after discharged was estimated. Results A 3-class model best fit the trial data: a Light Smokers subgroup had lower probability for most indicators; a High Health Burden subgroup had high smoking behavior probabilities and similar health problems to the Light Smokers subgroup; and a Heavy Smoking Drinking Depressed subgroup had high nicotine dependence, depressive symptoms, and alcohol misuse probabilities. Probability of biologically verified cessation conditional on class membership was significantly higher ( P < .001) for the High Health Burden and the Light Smokers subgroups compared with the Heavy Smoking Drinking Depressed subgroup. Conclusion Results suggest that subgroups with lower probabilities of alcohol misuse and depression and higher probability of SRD had higher probability of successful cessation after hospital discharge. Hospitalized patients with nicotine dependence combined with behavioral and mental health problems have additional cessation barriers that may require intervention focus.

Background: There is a lack of knowledge about factors that promote or hinder retention of smokers in treatment. Objective: The aim of this study was the identification of variables that predict retention of smokers who received a multicomponent treatment against smoking. Method: Participants (n = 79) simultaneously received pharmacological and psychological treatment, including an intervention phase prior to the date of smoking cessation. They were evaluated periodically in their abstinence, depressive and anxious symptoms, and were randomly assigned to three treatment conditions (nicotine patch, bupropion or nicotine patch + bupropion). Eighteen variables were grouped into four categories (demographic, consumption pattern, mood and treatment). Data were analyzed using student's t test and X2, for inclusion into a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Results indicate that age of onset of regular tobacco consumption, secondary education and bupropion pharmacological treatment are significant in relation to the retention of smokers to smoking treatment. Discussion: The reported “age of onset” correlates with treatment retention (OR = 1.545, 95 % CI = 1.175-2.032). This variable has not previously been reported in the literature, and taking it into account in the design of prevention and treatment for smoking could increase their success.

Background: Precision interventions using biological data may enhance smoking treatment, yet are understudied among smokers who are disproportionately burdened by smoking-related disease. Methods: We surveyed smokers in the NCI-sponsored Southern Community Cohort Study, consisting primarily of African-American, low-income adults. Seven items assessed attitudes toward aspects of precision smoking treatment, from undergoing tests to acting on results. Items were dichotomized as favorable (5 = strongly agree/4 = agree) versus less favorable (1 = strongly disagree/2 = disagree/3 = neutral); a summary score reflecting generalized attitudes was also computed. Multivariable logistic regression tested independent associations of motivation (precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation) and confidence in quitting (low, medium, and high) with generalized attitudes, controlling for sociodemographic factors and nicotine dependence. Results: More than 70% of respondents endorsed favorable generalized attitudes toward precision medicine, with individual item favorability ranging from 64% to 83%. Smokers holding favorable generalized attitudes reported higher income and education (P < 0.05). Predicted probabilities of favorable generalized attitudes ranged from 63% to 75% across motivation levels [contemplation vs. precontemplation: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.36–3.25, P = 0.001; preparation vs. precontemplation: AOR = 1.83, 95% CI, 1.20–2.78, P = 0.005; contemplation vs. preparation: AOR = 1.15, 95% CI, 0.75–1.77, P = 0.52] and from 59% to 78% across confidence (medium vs. low: AOR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.19–3.07, P = 0.007; high vs. low: AOR = 2.62, 95% CI, 1.68–4.10, P < 0.001; medium vs. high: AOR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.48–1.11, P = 0.14). Conclusions: Among disproportionately burdened community smokers, most hold favorable attitudes toward precision smoking treatment. Individuals with lower motivation and confidence to quit may benefit from additional intervention to engage with precision smoking treatment. Impact: Predominantly favorable attitudes toward precision smoking treatment suggest promise for future research testing their effectiveness and implementation.

Chub mackerel (CM), Scomber japonicus, is a commercially important fish species in pacific countries including South Korea and its rapid quality deterioration by various spoilage mechanisms while marketed has been reported, leading to a dramatic decline of the market price. To overcome this problem, a combination of superheated steam roasting (270 °C for 4 min) and hot smoking (70 °C) on CM fillets was applied to impart extending shelf-life at the market level. Using different sawdust with time-dependent smoking revealed that Oak sawdust at 25 min of optimized smoking time significantly (p &lt, 0.05) provided the highest sensory properties (appearance, odor, color, texture and overall preferences), improved physicochemical, microbial, and nutritional properties, and subsequently, promoted shelf life of processed CM during the storage period at 10 °C for up to 34 days. Moreover, the processed CM offered high nutritional value, especially, essential and non-essential amino acids were found to be 13.14 and 15.48 g/100 g of CM fillets, and also reduced the trimethylamine-N-oxide level to an acceptable limit, indicating its quality and safety with high nutritional standards to end-point users upon consumption.

Introdução: Na década de 1980, surgiram as primeiras medidas contra o tabagismo pelo Ministério da Saúde brasileiro. A partir de 2002, o Programa de Tratamento do Tabagismo (PTT) foi implementado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), fornecendo tratamento gratuito nas Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESFs). Objetivos: Avaliar e descrever o PTT, aplicado em um município da região sudoeste de Minas Gerais, a partir de seus usuários, bem como traçar o perfil sociodemográfico desses indivíduos. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, tipo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, cuja coleta de dados ocorreu entre março de 2019 e março de 2020 por meio da aplicação de questionário sistematizado aos profissionais das ESFs alvo e a 52 usuários do PTT inscritos no programa. Resultados: Foi observado que a maioria dos pacientes pertencia ao sexo feminino e que 68% desses obtiveram sucesso na cessação do tabagismo após sua submissão ao PTT, sendo a terapia em grupo avaliada pelos usuários como o melhor tratamento. Foi apontada associação significativa (p

Insomnia symptoms are associated with smoking and may interfere with smoking cessation. Specifically, studies have shown that smoking-related sleep problems are associated with long-term smoking relapse, and longer sleep duration is associated with successful smoking cessation. However, it is currently unclear whether pre- or post-quit insomnia symptoms are associated with smoking cessation outcomes. As such, the current study aimed to extend previous findings by using a measure of insomnia symptoms as a predictor of smoking cessation failure by Month 3 following smoking cessation treatment. Additionally, we examined whether post-quit insomnia symptoms predicted cessation outcomes. Results indicated that pre-, but not post-quit insomnia, predicted smoking cessation failure by 3-month post-cessation, after covarying for depressive symptoms, anxiety sensitivity, alcohol use disorder severity, treatment condition, and number of cigarettes per day. These findings add to the literature on insomnia symp...

Psychiatric genetics is a new and promising field that may reveal what genetic variants are responsible for the development of a psychiatric disorder and enable customization of drug treatment for patients with various disorders, including addiction. As discussed in previous chapters, significant progress has been made in almost every area of nicotine addiction research. However, many challenges remain. This chapter provides a list of these challenges and ways for us to attack them.

Background and aims A chronic care strategy could potentially enhance the reach and effectiveness of smoking treatment by providing effective interventions for all smokers, including those who are initially unwilling to quit. This paper describes the conceptual bases of a National Cancer Institute-funded research program designed to develop an optimized, comprehensive, chronic care smoking treatment. Methods This research is grounded in three methodological approaches: (1) the Phase-Based Model, which guides the selection of intervention components to be experimentally evaluated for the different phases of smoking treatment (motivation, preparation, cessation, and maintenance); (2) the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST), which guides the screening of intervention components via efficient experimental designs and, ultimately, the assembly of promising components into an optimized treatment package; and (3) pragmatic research methods, such as electronic health record recruitment, that facilitate the efficient translation of research findings into clinical practice. Using this foundation and working in primary care clinics, we conducted three factorial experiments (reported in three accompanying papers) to screen 15 motivation, preparation, cessation and maintenance phase intervention components for possible inclusion in a chronic care smoking treatment program. Results This research identified intervention components with relatively strong evidence of effectiveness at particular phases of smoking treatment and it demonstrated the efficiency of the MOST approach in terms both of the number of intervention components tested and of the richness of the information yielded. Conclusions A new, synthesized research approach efficiently evaluates multiple intervention components to identify promising components for every phase of smoking treatment. Many intervention components interact with one another, supporting the use of factorial experiments in smoking treatment development.

The combined effects of smoking and boiling on the proximate composition, technological quality traits, shear force, and sensory characteristics of the Korean traditional boiled loin were studied. Cooking loss, processing loss, and shear force were lower in the smoked/boiled samples than those in the control (without smoking treatment) (p0.05). The treated samples had higher score for overall acceptability than the control (p

Introduction: Smokers are four times more likely to quit if they use NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSS). However, community pharmacies commissioned to provide smoking cessation services experience low smoker uptake, perhaps due to low staff confidence and limited training. Moreover, lack of smoker registration and monitoring makes it challenging to assess performance of community pharmacies. The Smoking Treatment Optimisation in Pharmacies (STOP) programme will address these problems by developing an enhanced staff training programme. Aim: to assess impact of STOP training on pharmacy staff’s ability to engage smokers using simulated clients in a limited pilot study. Methods: Six actors from ethnically diverse backgrounds, representative of the East London population, were recruited and trained to complete intervention fidelity assessments. Two weeks after pharmacy staff completed STOP training, the actors visited the pharmacies, posing as clients eligible for smoking cessation support. Fidelity was assessed using a scoring tool designed for the STOP study (scoring range of 0-36). Staff were unaware of actors9 visits. Results: Actors completed 30 fidelity assessments, 18 of these with STOP trained staff. 10 of these 18 staff were counter assistants. STOP trained staff scored higher on smoker engagement (24.4 ± 9.0) compared to non-trained staff (16.9 ± 7.8). Conclusions: STOP training may improve community pharmacies’ engagement of smokers. Assessing performance in community pharmacy settings using simulated clients is feasible and may provide useful indicators of an intervention’s potential impact.

Psychosocial units in Brazil (CAPS) provide access to mental health and addiction patients, who are not routinely treated for nicotine dependence. The present study analysed predictors of retention of a 6-week treatment provided by a CAPS unit to 367 smokers with a high rate of psychiatric disorders and addictions for the period 2007-2010. Several baseline variables were collected. Retention was defined as the presence of the individual in all four medical consultations and six group sessions. Multivariate discrete time Cox survival regression models were used to test for the outcome of interest. Timetables were used to explore in which moment of the treatment each predictor was important. Time to smoking the first cigarette (TTFC) 5 min or later after waking and nicotine patch use (nicotine replacement therapy, NRT) were associated with retention. The present study supports the importance of the variables TTFC and NRT when used in treatment retention for a sample with a high rate of psychiatric and alcohol disorders. NRT seems to be very important in the beginning of the treatment, probably because of withdrawal symptoms. Individuals currently undergoing psychiatric treatment and with alcohol problems had good retention rates comparable to the other individuals.

Even treatments showing proven efficacy leave the majority of female smokers unable to quit. In response, there has been a special call for novel behavioral treatments, particularly those that target barriers to quitting faced by women. Significant barriers for women who smoke include perceived "risks" associated with cessation (e.g., managing stress and cravings). The purpose of this treatment development study is to test a novel, individualized smoking intervention for female smokers targeting risk perceptions.Twenty treatment-seeking female daily cigarette smokers were randomly assigned to receive either standard counseling based on the Mayo Clinic's "Smoke Free and Living It" manual or a new manualized treatment based on individual perceived risks of quitting. Primary outcomes were point prevalence smoking abstinence at the end of treatment and at a one month follow-up, and changes in smoking from baseline to one month follow-up.The manualized perceived risk treatment demonstrated good acceptability and more participants receiving this treatment were abstinent at the end of the trial than participants in the standard counseling condition. Among participants who did not quit smoking, those receiving the perceived risk counseling reported a greater reduction in smoking at the one month follow up (Cohen's d=0.67).This initial study demonstrated that an intervention targeting perceived risks of quitting was feasible to administer, acceptable to female smokers, and showed promise with regard to smoking outcomes, thus warranting further testing through Stage II clinical trials. Reducing perceived risks of quitting may represent a critical target for smoking treatment development.

New York State required substance use disorder (SUD) treatment programs to be 100% tobacco-free in 2008. The current study examined counselor (N = 364) and clinical supervisor (N = 98) perceptions of how extensively the tobacco-free regulation was implemented in their treatment programs, perceived accountability for implementing the regulation, and use of OASAS-provided resources to aid implementation one year after the regulation went into effect. Results showed that compared to counselors, supervisors perceive greater implementation extensiveness and report using more resources, yet they perceive lower accountability. In addition, whereas perceived accountability is significantly and positively associated with implementation extensiveness perceptions for counselors, the relationship is negative for supervisors. The association between use of resources and implementation extensiveness perceptions is significant and positive for both counselors and supervisors. We conclude that implementation experiences differ between counselors and clinical supervisors, suggesting the importance of tailoring interventions to promote tobacco-free policies in SUD treatment programs.