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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-asm-10.1177_10731911211024338 for Exploratory Graph Analysis of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children by Pedro Henrique Ribeiro Santiago, Davi Manzini, Dandara Haag, Rachel Roberts, Lisa Gaye Smithers and Lisa Jamieson in Assessment

Additional file 1: Table S1. The PSS-14 items divided into Perceived Stress and Perceived Control subscales. Table S2. Item fit statistics for the PSS-14. Table S3. Item fit statistics for the Perceived Stress subscale. Table S4. Local dependence of the revised PSS-14 items. Table S5. Kelderman’s likelihood ratio tests for the GLLRM of Perceived Stress subscale. Table S6. Item fit statistics for the Perceived Control subscale. Table S7. Item fit statistics for the GLLRM of the Perceived Control subscale. Table S8. Kelderman’s likelihood ratio tests for the GLLRM of the Perceived Control subscale. Table S9. Conversion table for score adjustment. Table S10. Convergent and divergent validity of the PSS-14.

In Australia, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) has been implemented in several national studies, including the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC). However, three previous state-level validations indicated problems with instrument dimensionality, warranting further research. To address this gap, the current study employed exploratory graph analysis to investigate dimensionality of the caregiver-completed SDQ version 4 to 10 years in a nationally representative sample of Australian children. Data were from a dual cohort cross-sequential study (LSAC) that included more than 20,000 responses. Gaussian graphical models were estimated in each study wave and exploratory graph analysis applied. Structural consistency, item stability and network loadings were evaluated. The findings provided mixed support for the original SDQ five-factor structure. The Peer Problem scale displayed low structural consistency since items clustered with the Emotional Symptoms and Prosocial behavior, generating four-dimensional structures. Implications for future use of the SDQ version 4 to 10 years in Australia are provided. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

BACKGROUND: The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake of pregnant women is lower than estimates of the DHA accretion by the fetus, and recommendations were made to increase the DHA intake of pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether the supplementation of pregnant women with DHA improved the visual acuity of infants at 4 mo. DESIGN: We conducted a blinded assessment of a subset of healthy, full-term infants born to women enrolled in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial called the DHA for Maternal and Infant Outcomes (DOMInO) trial. Women were randomly assigned to consume DHA-rich fish-oil capsules ([almost equal to]800 mg DHA/d in the treatment group) or vegetable oil capsules (control group) from midpregnancy to delivery. The primary outcome was the sweep visual evoked potential (VEP) acuity at 4 mo. The VEP latency at 4 mo was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) VEP acuity did not differ between treatment and control groups [treatment group: 8.37 ± 2.11 cycles per degree (cpd), n = 89; control group: 8.55 ± 1.86 cpd, n = 93; P = 0.55]. VEP latencies also did not differ between groups. Irrespective of the group, maternal smoking in pregnancy was independently associated with poorer VEP acuity in the infant. CONCLUSIONS: DHA supplementation in women with singleton pregnancies does not enhance infant visual acuity in infants at 4 mo of age. Visual acuity in infancy is adversely associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12606000327583. The DOMInO trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12605000569606.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The influence of nutrition on health reflects the cumulative effect of food choices over the life course.The repertoire of foods that comprise our diet are moderately stable from late adolescence. For example, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study found that over 40% of 15–18 year olds in the top and bottom quartiles of two dietary pattern scores (‘traditional Finnish’ and ‘health conscious’) maintained this ranking over a 21 year period. Relatively small adjustments in food choices occur as adults, often associated with transitions in life such as change in marital or parental status, relocation or other life circumstances. So the question arises as to the developmental origins of adult diet and whether it is possible to alter diet trajectories early in life to place children on food choice pathways that will result in a lower risk diet by the time they reach young adulthood. Refereed/Peer-reviewed