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Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of cerebral visual impairment (CVI) among children of the health-care workers in our hospital. Methodology: The questionnaire having 25 questions was used to screen all the participants. Participants who answered yes to <5 characteristics were categorized as no risk for CVI, those answering yes to 5–10 characteristics as low risk for CVI, and children answering yes to more than 10 as high risk for CVI. We also evaluated the high-risk red flag characteristics in the form of 5 questions adapted from Dutton's five-point questionnaire which indicates early features of CVI. Results: Twenty-four percent of the children were diagnosed to have characteristics suggestive of CVI. Eighty-one percent of these children were diagnosed to have low-risk CVI and 19% had high-risk CVI. A total of 6 (5.56%) children demonstrated at least three of the five red flag characteristics of Dutton and were confirmed to have CVI. Conclusion: There is a need for planning of future strategies about increasing awareness regarding CVI among health-care workers in India for early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The aim of the study was to correlate the optic nerve dimensions at various locations on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the visual acuity of children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 1-year cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital involving 60 children aged 1 to 12 years diagnosed with CVI but without ocular pathologies. Visual acuity was evaluated using teller acuity cards (TACs). MRI of the brain and orbit was performed using three-dimensional high-resolution, volumetric heavily T2-weighted sequences to screen for brain pathologies and measure optic nerve dimensions at two locations. The correlation between visual acuity and optic nerve dimensions was analyzed. The Chi-square test was employed to assess significance using SPSS software. RESULTS: In our study, 64% (n = 38) of the participants were children under 3 years of age. The severity and characteristics of CVI influenced visual functioning at different ages. As children with CVI grew older and moved from Phase I to Phase III, the proportion with very low visual acuity significantly decreased from 85.2% in Phase I to 22.2% in Phase III and from 63.2% in the <3-year age group to 18.2% in more than 5-year age group. No direct correlation was found between optic nerve dimensions and visual acuity but optic disc changes such as optic disc pallor significantly correlated with low visual acuity. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there may not be a direct correlation between optic nerve dimensions and visual acuity in children with CVI. However, optic disc changes do correlate with visual acuity, but optic disc changes alone are not a criterion for assessing visual function. Additionally, our study highlights the significance of a combined assessment by a neuro-ophthalmologist and neuro-pedaitrician in children with CVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic and a serious risk for the younger generation. A sedentary lifestyle, urbanisation, and poor dietary choices are cornerstones of diabetes. Early detection of risk factors and prevention of their progression can go a long way in delaying the onset of the disease and reducing the economic burden due to its secondary complications. Aim: To assess anthropometric variables of T2DM among the population in Belagavi, North Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a study population of 4,473 individuals in 10 wards of urban Belagavi district from September 2021 to September 2023 by house-to-house visits. The 10 wards were selected using a random allocation method by computer-generated random sequence. The study population was divided into three groups: the diabetic group, children of the diabetic group, and a healthy non diabetic group (Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3) with population sizes of 649, 855, and 2,969, respectively. Anthropometric parameters were recorded by trained nurses using measuring tapes, stadiometers, and weighing scales. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 24.0 software. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the data between the three groups. The Pearson's correlation test was used to find the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no significant differences found in anthropometric parameters among the three groups (p>0.05). However, when comparing anthropometric parameters between different generations, a statistically significant difference was observed in Neck Circumference (NC) and WHR. Further, association between BMI and WHR among the three groups revealed that WHR is a better indicator of obesity compared to BMI, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.03. WHR detected 424 (90.4%), 463 (91.32%), and 1,220 (87%) obese cases in Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, respectively, compared to BMI, which detected 371 (58.51%), 440 (52.25%), and 1,202 (41.91%) obese cases in Group-1, Group-2, and Group-3, respectively. Conclusion: The NC and WHR are better indicators of anthropometric measurements. Anthropometry could be a non invasive, cost-effective predictive tool for the future risk of developing DM. The present study determined there is an impending need to conduct regular screening programs for early identification of anthropometrics other than BMI, WHR, and NC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We report a series of orbital sarcoid in a south Indian patient population and their outcome.Materials & Methods: Retrospective interventional case series.Results: Eleven out of 144cases of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis had orbital involvement. The mean age was 50.64 ± 9.52years and was more commonly seen in women (90.91%). Unilateral presentation with right orbit involvement was more common. Bilateral lacrimal gland enlargement (4cases), inferior orbital mass presenting as proptosis (4cases), preseptal mass above upper eyelid (2cases) and orbital mass encasing the globe (1case) were the different types of orbital presentation. All cases had a dry eye and a negative mantoux test. CT thorax was abnormal in 7cases (63.61%). Biopsy in all cases showed noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. Oral steroids were the standard mode of treatment and none of the cases had recurrences.Conclusions: Orbital sarcoidosis is seen in a high TB endemic country like India and is definitely underreported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rural population is highly underprivileged in terms of access to tertiary eye care facilities. AIMS: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and associated risk factors among known diabetics in the rural population of Belgaum district. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2018. METHODOLOGY: Three hundred and forty patients underwent a detailed ocular examination. Clinical grading was based on early treatment of DR study guidelines. Random blood sugar, blood pressure, height, weight, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square and analysis of variance tests were used to assess risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of DR was found to be 23.82%. Of this, 19.11% had nonproliferative DR (PDR) and 3.53% had PDR. Nearly 1.18% had clinically significant macular edema. A statistically significant association was found between DR and duration of diabetes, HbA1c, smoking, and family history of diabetes. CONCLUSION: The significant prevalence of DR as per this study signifies the need for regular structured screening camps and the availability of basic vitreoretinal facilities at the primary level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This is a study conducted in children with developmental delay, to describe the prevalence of various ocular abnormalities in children with developmental delay. Materials and methods :Children under 12 years with developmental delay attending the child development clinic and referred to department of ophthalmology for eye examination were studied for the presence of ocular manifestations by undergoing a complete ophthalmic examination and the prevalence of different conditions was statistically analysed. Results :Children with developmental delay were studied over a period of 12 months and ocular manifestations were seen in 83.6% of cases. Amongst the various ocular manifestations, refractive error was found to be the most common finding (59.7%). The second common diagnosis was optic atrophy (9.7%) followed by strabismus (8.69%), cortical visual impairment ( 4.3%) and ptosis (1.08%). Conclusion :Visual handicap plays a significant role in overall disability of developmental delay children. Hence an early ophthalmologic screening and intervention in these children can help to substantially improve the developmental and academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Here we report a case of ocular miliary tuberculosis that was treated with trans-septal Triamcinolone along with anti tubercular drugs. Methods: A young apparently healthy lady was diagnosed with ocular choroidal miliary tuberculosis with spill over anterior uveitis with cystoid macular edema based on fundus examination and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). She was treated with three doses of trans-septal triamcinolone and six months of anti tubercular drugs. Result: The patient responded well to the treatment with resolution of inflammation and regaining good vision. Conclusion: Trans-septal Triamcinolone acetonide is a good option in management of cystoid macular edema associated with ocular tubercular uveitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10-year-old boy admitted for high-grade fever and pneumonia developed left preseptal and early orbital cellulitis, unresponsive to higher intravenous antibiotics. He received oseltamivir, on testing positive for H1N1 virus on the nasopharyngeal and throat swabs. There was dramatic improvement with resolution of orbital cellulitis within 24 h of starting oseltamivir. We report a very rare presentation of pediatric orbital cellulitis secondary to systemic H1N1 infection. Prompt investigations and timely treatment with oseltamivir aided in complete resolution, avoiding vision and life-threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]