585 results on '"Smith PC"'
Search Results
2. Isotope Geochemistry and Transient Electromagnetics (TEM) to Define Low Salinity Lenses, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia
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International Association of Hydrogeologists. Congress (25th : 1994 : Adelaide, S. Aust.), Love, AJ, Smith, PC, Dodds, AR, and Dennis, KJ
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- 1994
3. The Building Act 1991: The Producers Response
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IPENZ (1993 : Hamilton, N.Z.), Brown, BJ, Brunsdon, DR, and Smith, PC
- Published
- 1993
4. Performance management and operational research: a marriage made in heaven?
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Smith, PC and Goddard, M
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Operations research -- Research ,Business ,Business, general - Abstract
This paper sets out a simple framework with which to examine the performance management process. It examines the organizational context within which performance management is undertaken, and notes that it becomes most important within hierarchical organizations that allow considerable autonomy amongst devolved units. The paper argues that performance management should embrace four broad functions: formulation of strategy; development of performance measurement instruments; interpreting such measures; and encouraging appropriate organizational responses to performance information. The paper notes that operational research has made significant contributions to all four functions, and suggests that the performance management movement offers enormous possibilities for OR. Keywords: performance management; performance measurement; strategy; organizational structure
- Published
- 2002
5. Estradiol Action at the Median Preoptic Nucleus is Necessary and Sufficient for Sleep Suppression in Female rats
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Smith, PC, primary, Cusmano, DM, additional, Phillips, DJ, additional, Viechweg, SS, additional, Schwartz, MD, additional, and Mong, JA, additional
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- 2020
- Full Text
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6. Community based distribution of oral HIV self-testing kits in Zambia: a cluster-randomised trial nested in four HPTN 071 (PopART) intervention communities
- Author
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Mulubwa, C, Hensen, B, Phiri, MM, Shanaube, K, Schaap, AJ, Floyd, S, Phiri, CR, Bwalya, C, Bond, V, Simwinga, M, Mwenge, L, Fidler, S, Hayes, R, Mwinga, A, Ayles, H, Beyer, N, Bock, P, El-Sadr, W, Cohen, M, Eshleman, S, Agyei, Y, Piwowar-Manning, E, Hoddinott, G, Donnell, D, Wilson, E, Emel, L, Noble, H, Macleod, D, Burns, D, Fraser, C, Cori, A, Sista, N, Griffith, S, Moore, A, Headen, T, White, R, Miller, E, Hargreaves, J, Hauck, K, Thomas, R, Limbada, M, Bwalya, J, Pickles, M, Sabapathy, K, Dunbar, R, Yang, B, Smith, PC, Vermund, S, Mandla, N, Makola, N, Van Deventer, A, James, A, Jennings, K, Kruger, J, Phiri, M, Kosloff, B, Kanema, S, Sauter, R, Probert, W, Kumar, R, Sakala, E, Silumesi, A, Skalland, T, Yuhas, K, National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Health Research, Department for International Development (UK) (DFI, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
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Science & Technology ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,virus diseases ,KENYA ,HPTN 071 (PopART) Study Team ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Abstract
Background The HPTN 071 (PopART) cluster-randomised trial provided door-to-door HIV testing services to a large proportion of individuals residing in 21 intervention communities in Zambia and South Africa from 2014 to 2017 and reached the UNAIDS first 90 target among women in Zambia, yet gaps remained among men and young adults. This cluster-randomised study nested in the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial sought to increase knowledge of HIV status across all groups by offering the choice of oral HIV self-testing in addition to routine door-to-door HIV testing services. Methods We nested this cluster-randomised trial in four HTPN 071 (PopART) intervention communities in northern Zambia. 66 zones (clusters) in these communities were randomly allocated (1:1) to either oral HIV self-testing plus routine door-to-door HIV testing services (HIV self-testing group) or the PopART standard of care of door-to-door HIV testing services alone (non- HIV self-testing group) over a 3-month period. All individuals aged 16 years or older were eligible for HIV testing. Randomisation was achieved by randomly selecting one allocation from a list of 10 000 possible allocations during a public ceremony. In HIV self-testing zones, trained lay-counsellors (known as community HIV care providers) visited households and offered eligible individuals the choice of HIV testing using HIV self-testing or routine door-to-door HIV testing services. For individuals aged 18 years or older whose partner was absent during the household visit, an HIV self-test kit could be left for secondary distribution to the absent partner. The primary outcome was knowledge of HIV status (defined as self-reporting HIV positive to the community HIV care providers or accepting an offer of HIV testing services). Outcomes were measured among households that were first visited, and individuals first enumerated as a household member during the HIV self-testing intervention period. We analysed data at the individual level using population-average logistic regression models, accounting for clustering of outcomes by zone, to estimate the effect of the intervention. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02994329. Findings Between Feb 1, and April 30, 2017, the community HIV care providers enumerated 13 267 eligible individuals in the HIV self-testing group and 13 706 in the non-HIV self-testing group. After intervention implementation, 9027 (68%) of 13 267 in the HIV self-testing group had knowledge of HIV status compared with 8952 (65%) of 13 706 in the non-HIV self-testing group (adjusted odds ratio 1·30, 95% CI 1·03–1·65; p=0·03). The effect differed by sex (pinteraction=0·01). Among men, knowledge of HIV status was higher in the HIV self-testing group than in the non-HIV self-testing group (3843 [60%] of 6368 vs 3571 [55%] of 6486; adjusted odds ratio 1·31, 95% CI 1·07–1·60; p=0·01). There was no evidence of a between-group difference among female participants. Interpretation Providing a choice of HIV self-testing during delivery of door-to-door HIV testing services increased knowledge of HIV status, driven by an effect among men. Lay counsellors have a vital role to play in adapting HIV self-testing interventions to local context.
- Published
- 2018
7. Genbank accession #: AF111812
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Bonham-Smith, PC
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- 1999
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8. The Politics of Priority Setting in Health: A Political Economy Perspective
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Hauck, KD and Smith, PC
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health ,vaccinations ,politics ,priority setting - Abstract
Many health improving interventions in low-income countries are extremely good value for money. So why has it often proven difficult to obtain political backing for apparently common-sense interventions such as vaccinations, treatments against diarrhoeal disease in children, and preventive policies such as improved access to clean water, or policies curtailing tobacco consumption? We use economic models of public choice, supported by examples, to explain how powerful interests groups, politicians or bureaucrats who pursue their own objectives, or voting and institutional arrangements in countries have shaped health priority setting. We show that it may be perfectly rational for policy makers to accommodate these constraints in their decisions, even if it implies departing from welfare maximizing solutions.
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- 2015
9. Hospital quality and costs: evidence from England
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Smith, PC, Laudicella, M, and Li Donni, P
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17.10.13 KB. Ok to add report to spiral, authors hold copyright
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- 2013
10. The determinants of attrition in drug development: a duration analysis
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Barrenho, E, Smith, PC, and Miraldo, M
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17.10.13 KB. Ok to add report to spiral, authors copyright holders.
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- 2013
11. Incorporating financial protection into decision rules for publicly financed healthcare treatments
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Smith, PC
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- 2013
12. Towards an index of health coverage
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Moreno-Serra, R and Smith, PC
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08.01.13 KB. Ok to add Business report to spiral.
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- 2012
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13. Single Exposure of Human Oral Mucosa Fibroblasts to Ultraviolet B Radiation Reduces Proliferation and Induces COX-2 Expression and Activation
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Boza, Y, Yefi, R, Rudolph, Ml, Smith, PC, Oberyszyn, TM, Tober, KL, and Rojas, IG
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PGE ,integumentary system ,proliferation ,Oral fibroblasts ,COX-2 ,UVB - Abstract
The lip vermillion constitutes a transition tissue, between oral mucosa and skin, where oral mucosal cells from epithelial and connective tissue compartments are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) sunlight. Fibroblasts are abundant resident cells of the connective tissue which are key regulators of extracellular matrix composition, as well as, epithelial and endothelial cell function. UVB light, an inherent component of sunlight, causes several alterations in skin fibroblasts, including premature senescence and increased cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. To assess if UVB irradiation had similar effects on fibroblasts derived from human oral mucosa (HOM), primary cultures of HOM fibroblasts were irradiated with a single dose of 30 or 60 mJ/cm²of UVB light or sham-irradiated. Fibroblast proliferation was assessed from 3 to 48 hrs after UVB-irradiation utilizing [³H]-thymidine incorporation and MTT assays. In addition, COX-2 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR, and PGE2 production was assessed using enzyme immunoassay from 0.5 to 24 hrs after UVB-irradiation. The results showed a significant decrease in proliferation of UVB-irradiated HOM fibroblasts as compared to controls as measured by both [³H]-thymidine incorporation and MTT assays (p
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- 2010
14. Suggested Methods for Rapid Determination of Approximate Moisture Content of Soils for Field Control of Embankment Construction
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Smith, PC, primary
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15. On the intergovernmental fiscal game
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Levaggi, Rosella and Smith, Pc
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- 1994
16. Single Exposure of Human Oral Mucosa Fibroblasts to Ultraviolet B Radiation Reduces Proliferation and Induces COX-2 Expression and Activation
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Boza, Y, primary, Yefi, R, additional, Rudolph, Ml, additional, Smith, PC, additional, Oberyszyn, TM, additional, Tober, KL, additional, and Rojas, IG, additional
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- 2010
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17. Involvement of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in human periodontal disease
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Oyarzún, A, primary, Arancibia, R, additional, Hidalgo, R, additional, Peñafiel, C, additional, Cáceres, M, additional, González, M-J, additional, Martínez, J, additional, and Smith, PC, additional
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- 2010
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18. The Ecology of Medical Care Revisited
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Smith Pc
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Medical education ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Ecology (disciplines) ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,Emigration and Immigration ,Health Services ,Medical care ,United States ,Ill-Housed Persons ,Humans ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2001
19. A FACULTY EVALUATION/INCENTIVE TOOL
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Downs, JB, primary, Burdash, KB, additional, Cane, RD, additional, Smith, PC, additional, and Smith, RA, additional
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- 1998
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20. Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA
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Smith, PC
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Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA (Book) -- Book reviews ,Books -- Book reviews - Published
- 1997
21. Coordinated clinical and financial analysis as a powerful tool to influence vendor pricing.
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Logan CA, Wu RY, Mulley D, Smith PC, and Schwaitzberg SD
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BACKGROUND: As costs continue to outpace reimbursements, hospital administrators and clinicians face increasing pressure to justify new capital purchases. Massachusetts Health Care Reform has added further economic challenges for Disproportionate Share Hospitals (DSH), as resources formerly available to treat the uninsured have been redirected. In this challenging climate, many hospitals still lack a standardized process for technology planning and/or vendor negotiation. PURPOSE:: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a simple, coordinated clinical and financial analysis of a technology, Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release (ECTR), is sufficient to impact vendor pricing at Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA), a disproportionate share hospital (DSH) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. METHODOLOGY: This case study addressed the topic of technology adoption, a complex decision-making process every hospital administration faces. Taking note of other hospitals approaches to instill a strategic management culture, CHA combined a literature review on clinical outcomes and financial analysis on profitability. Clinical effectiveness was evaluated through a literature review. The financial analysis was based on a retrospective inquiry of fixed and variable costs, reimbursement rates, actual payer mix, and profitability of adopting ECTR over open carpal tunnel release at CHA. This clinical and financial analysis was then shared with the vendor. FINDINGS: A literature review revealed that although there are short-term benefits to ECTR, there is little to no difference in long-term outcomes to justify a calculated incremental loss of $91.49 in revenue per case. Sharing this analysis with the vendor resulted in a 30% price reduction. A revised cost analysis demonstrated a $53.51 incremental gain in revenue per case. CHA has since elected to offer ECTR to its patients. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Smaller hospital systems often have modest leverage in vendor negotiations. Our results suggest that the development of adoption criteria and an evidence-based managerial approach can create dialogue with vendors and directly impact pricing. Coordinated clinical and financial analysis is a powerful tool, enabling administrators, clinicians, and medical device suppliers to work constructively to provide patients access to innovative technology, even in the face of a challenging payer mix. Ongoing assessment of clinical outcomes and financial data must be performed to reflect the most up-to-date scientific and economic climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
- Full Text
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22. The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands.
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CIAIS, P., WATTENBACH, M., VUICHARD, N., SMITH, P., PIAO, S. L., DON, A., LUYSSAERT, S., JANSSENS, I. A., BONDEAU, A., DECHOW, R., LEIP, A., SMITH, PC., BEER, C., VAN DER WERF, G. R., GERVOIS, S., VAN OOST, K., TOMELLERI, E., FREIBAUER, A., and SCHULZE, E. D.
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AGRICULTURE ,CARBON credits ,BIOTIC communities ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,CARBON offsetting ,POLLUTION prevention ,UNCERTAINTY ,AGRICULTURAL climatology ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
We estimated the long-term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU-25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m
−2 yr−1 , and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU-25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m−2 yr−1 . In addition, three process-based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m−2 yr−1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m−2 yr−1 . Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European-scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 ± 50 gC m−2 yr−1 . Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between −8.3 ± 13 and −13 ± 33 g C m−2 yr−1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2 O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m−2 yr−1 , which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m−2 yr−1 . Considering ecosystem CO2 , N2 O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 42–47 g C Eq m−2 yr−1 . Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2 O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2 O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
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23. Silymarin ascending multiple oral dosing phase I study in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C.
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Hawke RL, Schrieber SJ, Soule TA, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy R, Wahed AS, Belle SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Berman J, Liu Q, Doo E, Fried MW, and SyNCH Trial Group
- Abstract
Silymarin, derived from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum, is widely used for self-treatment of liver diseases, including hepatitis C virus (HCV), and its antiviral activity has been demonstrated in vitro and in HCV patients administered an intravenous formulation of the major silymarin flavonolignans, silybin A and silybin B. The safety and dose-exposure relationships of higher than customary oral doses of silymarin and its acute effects on serum HCV RNA were evaluated in noncirrhotic HCV patients. Four cohorts of 8 patients with well-compensated, chronic noncirrhotic HCV who failed interferon-based therapy were randomized 3:1 to silymarin or placebo. Oral doses of 140, 280, 560, or 700 mg silymarin were administered every 8 hours for 7 days. Steady-state exposures for silybin A and silybin B increased 11-fold and 38-fold, respectively, with a 5-fold increase in dose, suggesting nonlinear pharmacokinetics. No drug-related adverse events were reported, and no clinically meaningful reductions from baseline serum transaminases or HCV RNA titer were observed. Oral doses of silymarin up to 2.1 g per day were safe and well tolerated. The nonlinear pharmacokinetics of silybin A and silybin B suggests low bioavailability associated with customary doses of silymarin may be overcome with doses above 700 mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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24. Triclosan inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated urokinase production in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Arancibia R, Cáceres M, Martínez J, and Smith PC
- Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Destruction of the supporting periodontal tissues is mediated by the action of several proteolytic enzymes. Urokinase is a serine protease that plays a key role in connective tissue destruction through conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of triclosan on the production and activity of urokinase in cultured gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Urokinase production was studied in primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Urokinase activity and production were evaluated using casein zymography and western blotting, respectively. Urokinase mRNA expression was evaluated using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Triclosan was used to interfere with this stimulatory effect. The roles of different cell-signaling cascades involved in urokinase production were assessed through western blotting and immunofluorescence using several cell-signaling inhibitors. RESULTS: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha was found to be a strong stimulus for urokinase production and triclosan was able to inhibit this response at the protein and mRNA levels. Triclosan was also able to inhibit conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated urokinase production was shown to be dependent on the nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Triclosan inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and c-Jun production. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, these results show that triclosan may inhibit urokinase production and plasminogen activation in gingival fibroblasts through modulation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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25. Influence of clinical and demographic variables on mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis.
- Author
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Joy MS, Hilliard T, Hu Y, Hogan SL, Wang J, Falk RJ, Smith PC, Joy, Melanie S, Hilliard, Tandrea, Hu, Yichun, Hogan, Susan L, Wang, Jinzhao, Falk, Ronald J, and Smith, Philip C
- Published
- 2009
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26. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase production is modulated by epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human gingival fibroblasts.
- Author
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Smith PC, Guerrero J, Tobar N, Cáceres M, González MJ, and Martínez J
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1- MMP) is a collagenolytic enzyme involved in connective tissue remodeling. In periodontal tissues, either cytokines or growth factors regulate the production of proteolytic enzymes. Mice deficient in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) show a reduced expression of MT1-MMP, suggesting that this receptor may play an important role in MT1-MMP production. The present study evaluated the role of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and EGFR in the production of MT1-MMP in gingival fibroblasts. Material and Methods: Primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts were cultured over plastic or a type I collagen matrix and stimulated with TNF-a and EGF. A selective EGFR inhibitor (AG1478) was used to interfere with this signaling pathway. Production of MT1-MMP and activation of proMMP-2 were studied using Western blot and gelatin zymography, respectively. Activation of EGFR signaling was assessed through immunoprecipitation and Western blot. Expression of EGFR ligands was determined through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results: Treatment of gingival fibroblasts cultured over a collagen matrix with TNF-a stimulated proMMP-2 activation and MT1-MMP production. However, after using AG1478, both responses were inhibited. Tumor necrosis factor-a induced EGFR transactivation and stimulated the expression of the mRNA for the EGFR ligands heparin binding-epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and transforming growth factor-a (TGF-a). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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27. Resource allocation and purchasing in the health sector: the English experience.
- Author
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Smith PC
- Abstract
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has extensive experience in allocating health service funds to regions and localities using funding formulae. This paper focuses on England. Special attention is given to recent policy concerns to reduce avoidable health inequalities by broadening the remit of the resource allocation formulae. The paper also examines the issues that arise when seeking to allocate funds to very small organizational units, such as general practices. The English example is relevant to less-developed health systems, especially for those governments seeking to decentralize, to improve accountability and to promote equity. Copyright © 2008 World Health Organization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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28. Induction of the myofibroblastic phenotype in human gingival fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta1: role of RhoA-ROCK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways.
- Author
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Smith PC, Cáceres M, and Martinez J
- Abstract
Background and Objectives: Myofibroblastic differentiation is an important event in gingival wound healing and chronic inflammation. Transforming frowth factor-[beta] 1 (TGF-[beta]1) is a potent growth factor that has been implicated in this process. Gingival myofibroblasts have an increased ability to remodel the extracellular matrix and this feature has been associated with changes in the distribution of F-actin and the expression of the myofibroblast marker [alpha]-smooth muscle actin. In the present study we have analyzed the role of TGF-[beta]1 and the signaling routes activated by this factor in the cytoskeletal changes that characterize the myofibroblastic differentiation process in human gingival fibroblasts. Materials and methods: The signalling pathways involved in myofibroblastic differentiation were studied in primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts using several signal transduction inhibitors. RhoA activation was analyzed through a pull-down assay. Distribution of focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton was assessed by means of immunofluorescence and western blot. A cell adhesion assay was performed in TGF-[beta]1-stimulated cells. Smooth muscle actin expression was studied through western blot and imunofluorescence. c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was assessed through western blot. Results: Our observations show that TGF-[beta]1 activated the GTPase RhoA, a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. As a consequence of this event, this growth factor stimulated the generation of actin stress fibers and the reinforcement of vinculin-enriched focal adhesions. These responses were blocked after inhibiting ROCK, the main target of RhoA activation. TGF-[beta]1 also stimulated the adhesion of fibroblasts over fibronectin, an extracellular matrix molecule involved in myofibroblastic differentiation. Finally, induction of the myofibroblast marker [alpha]-smooth muscle actin by TGF-[beta]1 was abolished by the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor SP600125, suggesting a role for this signaling pathway during the induction of this phenotype. Conclusions: We propose that TGF-[beta]1 may promote the differentiation of myofibroblasts through the stimulation of cell spreading and adhesion, the reinforcement of focal adhesions, the maturation of the actin cytoskeleton, and the induction of [alpha]-smooth muscle actin. Activity of RhoA-ROCK and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase signaling pathways are probably involved in these cellular events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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29. The causes of skin damage and leg ulceration in chronic venous disease.
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Smith PC
- Abstract
Chronic venous disease with skin changes of the leg is a common condition affecting up to 1 in 20 people in westernized countries. The causes of this problem are not fully understood, although research in recent years has revealed a number of important mechanisms that contribute to the disease process. Patients with chronic venous disease suffer persistently raised pressures in their deep and superficial veins in the lower limb. Leucocytes become 'trapped' in the circulation of the leg during periods of venous hyper-tension produced by sitting or standing. Studies of the plasma levels of neutrophil granule enzymes shows that these are increased during periods of venous hypertension, suggesting that this causes activation of the neutrophils. Investigation of the leucocyte surface ligands CD11b and CD62L shows that the more activated neutrophils and monocytes are sequestered during venous hypertension. Measurement of plasma levels of the soluble parts of the endothelial adhesion molecules VCAM, ICAM, and ELAM show that these are all elevated in patients with chronic venous disease compared to controls. Following 30 minutes of venous hypertension produced by standing, these levels are further increased. These data suggest that venous hypertension causes neutrophil and monocyte activation, which in turn causes injury to the endothelium. Chronic injury to the endothelium leads to a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin that we know clinically as lipodermatosclerosis. This is mediated by perivascular inflammatory cells, principally macrophages, in the skin microcirculation. These stimulate fibroblasts in the skin leading to tissue remodeling and laying down of fibrous tissue. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates proliferation of capillaries within the skin. Skin in this state has the potential to ulcerate in response to minor injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
30. Differential uPA expression by TGF-beta1 in gingival fibroblasts.
- Author
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Smith PC, Martínez J, Smith, P C, and Martínez, J
- Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a key role in connective tissue remodeling and inflammation. Under pathological conditions, like periodontal disease, fibroblasts may display an altered response to this growth factor. To investigate this question, we have studied whether TGF-beta1 may differentially regulate the expression of urokinase at the protein level in primary cultures of fibroblasts derived from healthy gingiva, granulation tissue from gingival wounds, and chronic periodontal disease. We observed that TGF-beta1 may repress urokinase expression in healthy gingival fibroblasts and promote its production in granulation-tissue fibroblasts. A significant correlation was found between expression of the myofibroblast marker alpha-smooth-muscle actin and stimulation of urokinase production by TGF-beta1. Immunostaining of gingival wounds showed that myofibroblasts were involved in urokinase production. TGF-beta1-stimulated urokinase expression was blocked after inhibition of the c-jun-NH2 terminal kinase signaling pathway. We propose that stimulation of urokinase production by TGF-beta1 is involved in the responses of activated fibroblasts to tissue injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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31. The influence of norfloxacin and metronidazole on the disposition of mycophenolate mofetil.
- Author
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Naderer OJ, Dupuis RE, Heinzen EL, Wiwattanawongsa K, Johnson MW, and Smith PC
- Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of concurrent antibiotic administration on the disposition of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in healthy subjects. Eleven healthy subjects were enrolled. The study was divided into 4 treatment periods. Subjects received MMF as a single oral 1-g dose alone and were then randomized to 3 antibiotic treatment periods. The 3 periods included norfloxacin, metronidazole, and a combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole. Antibiotic treatment was started 3 days prior to each MMF pharmacokinetic study day and was given for a total of 5 days. On day 4 of each antibiotic phase, subjects received a single 1-g oral dose of MMF. Plasma and urine samples were obtained over 48 hours after the MMF dose in all treatment periods and were quantitatively measured for MPA and MPAG. Pharmacokinetic parameters for MPA and MPAG were determined for all periods. Compared to MMF alone, the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) of MPA was reduced by an average of 10%, 19%, and 33% when given with norfloxacin, metronidazole, and norfloxacin plus metronidazole, respectively. The AUC of MPAG was also reduced on average by 10%, 27%, and 41% in the corresponding periods. The combination of norfloxacin and metronidazole significantly reduced the AUC of MPA and MPAG in healthy subjects. This likely occurs as a result of reduced enterohepatic recirculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
32. Patient classification in home health care: are we ready?
- Author
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Cox CL, Wood JE, Montgomery AC, and Smith PC
- Published
- 1990
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33. Evaluation of apparent life-threatening events in infants.
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Warren J, Biagioli F, Hamilton A, and Smith PC
- Abstract
Clinical Inquiries provides answers to questions submitted by practicing family physicians to the Family Physicians Inquiries Network (FPIN). Members of the network select questions based on their relevance to family medicine. Answers are drawn from an approved set of evidence-based resources and undergo peer review. The strength of recommendations and the level of evidence for individual studies are rated using criteria developed by the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (http:// www.cebm.net/Ievels_of_ evidence.asp). The complete database of evidence-based questions and answers is copyrighted by FPIN. If interested in submitting questions or writing answers for this series, go to http://www.fpin. org or e-mail: questions@ fpin.org. A collection of FPIN's Clinical Inquiries published in AFP is available at http://www.aafp.org/ afp/fpin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
34. Performance of F1 Brahman × Shorthorn and F1 Sahiwal × Shorthorn cattle from weaning to slaughter in north Queensland
- Author
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Winks, L, O'Rourke, PK, and Smith, PC
- Abstract
Growth rates during the 18-21 months following weaning for 216 F1 Brahman x Shorthorn and 216 F1 Sahiwal x Shorthorn animals were studied during the years 1970-1975 in the dry tropics of north Queensland. Growth rates tended to favour Sahiwal crosses from weaning to 18 months and Brahman crosses from 18 to 30 months. Weight per day of age at about 800 days was similar in both genotypes in two of the three drafts. Steers outperformed heifers throughout and were 8 per cent heavier at 800 days. Carcase weight sof the steers were similar in two of the three drafts, but Sahiwal crosses had higher dressing percentages. In a group of steers boned-out under commercial conditions, Sahiwal crosses had more fat trim than Brahman crosses (7.4 vs. 5.9 per cent) and slightly less saleable meat (73.2 vs. 74.3 per cent). Birth weight, pre-weaning gain and corrected 180-day weight were positively correlated with final liveweight. Pre-weaning gain and post-weaning gain were poorly correlated. Yearling weight (approx. 500 days) was generally independent of cow age.
- Published
- 1978
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35. Cattle handling at abattoirs. 3. The effects of feeding, and of different feeds, during the resting period before slaughter on liveweight carcasses and muscle properties
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Wythes, JR, primary, Round, PJ, additional, Johnston, GN, additional, and Smith, PC, additional
- Published
- 1989
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36. The challenge of palliative care in the 21st century.
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Smith PC, Schofield P, and Merrick J
- Published
- 2009
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37. FPIN's clinical inquiries. Antiepileptic drug level monitoring.
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Malaty W, Stigleman S, and Smith PC
- Published
- 2008
38. Guest editorial. Is the NHS providing value for money?
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Smith PC
- Published
- 2007
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39. Variability in healthcare treatment costs amongst nine EU countries -- results from the HealthBASKET project.
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Busse R, Schreyögg J, and Smith PC
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- 2008
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40. Does better disease management in primary care reduce hospital costs? Evidence from English primary care.
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Dusheiko M, Gravelle H, Martin S, Rice N, and Smith PC
- Published
- 2011
41. Do Reduced Hospital Mortality Rates Lead to Increased Utilization of Inpatient Emergency Care?:A Population-Based Cohort Study
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Mauro Laudicella, Paolo Li Donni, Stephen Martin, Peter C. Smith, Laudicella, M, Martin, S, Li Donni, P, and Smith, PC
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Population ,Hospital mortality ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Placebo ,03 medical and health sciences ,Population based cohort ,0302 clinical medicine ,Patient Admission ,health care costs ,Medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Hospital Mortality ,hospital ,Lead (electronics) ,education ,Stroke ,Risk adjustment for resource use or payment ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,Hip fracture ,education.field_of_study ,Inpatients ,Resource Use ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,health care cost ,Retrospective cohort study ,Middle Aged ,Patient Acceptance of Health Care ,quality of care/patient safety (measurement) ,medicine.disease ,Patient Discharge ,Hospitalization ,England ,Settore SECS-P/03 - Scienza Delle Finanze ,Emergency medicine ,Female ,business ,Emergency Service, Hospital ,hospitals ,Research Article - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To measure the impact of the improvement in hospital survival rates on patients' subsequent utilization of unplanned (emergency) admissions.DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: Unplanned admissions occurring in all acute hospitals of the National Health Service in England between 2000 and 2009, including 286,027 hip fractures, 375,880 AMI, 387,761 strokes, and 9,966,246 any cause admissions.STUDY DESIGN: Population-based retrospective cohort study. Unplanned admissions experienced by patients within 28 days, 1 year, and 2 years of discharge from the index admission are modeled as a function of hospital risk-adjusted survival rates using patient-level probit and negative binomial models. Identification is also supported by an instrumental variable approach and placebo test.PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The improvement in hospital survival rates that occurred between 2000 and 2009 explains 37.3 percent of the total increment in unplanned admissions observed over the same period. One extra patient surviving increases the expected number of subsequent admissions occurring within 1 year from discharge by 1.9 admissions for every 100 index admissions (0.019 per admission, 95% CI, 0.016-0.022). Similar results in hip fracture (0.006[0.004-0.007]), AMI (0.006[0.04-0.007]), and stroke (0.004(0.003-0.005)).CONCLUSIONS: The success of hospitals in improving survival from unplanned admissions can be an important contributory factor to the increase in subsequent admissions.
- Published
- 2018
42. Cost–effectiveness analysis
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Thomas, RA, Chalkidou, K, Smith, PC, Cylus, J, and Papanicolas, I
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Medical - Abstract
In this book the authors explore the state of the art on efficiency measurement in health systems and international experts offer insights into the pitfalls and potential associated with various measurement techniques.
- Published
- 2016
43. The Plasmodiophora brassicae Golgi-localized UPF0016 protein PbGDT1 mediates calcium but not manganese transport in yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana.
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Musharaf Hossain M, Alinapon CV, Todd CD, Wei Y, and Bonham-Smith PC
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- Protozoan Proteins genetics, Protozoan Proteins metabolism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins metabolism, Homeostasis, Calcium-Transporting ATPases genetics, Calcium-Transporting ATPases metabolism, Biological Transport genetics, Nicotiana genetics, Manganese metabolism, Calcium metabolism, Golgi Apparatus metabolism, Golgi Apparatus genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism
- Abstract
Manganese and calcium homeostasis and signalling, in eukaryotic organisms, are regulated through membrane located pumps, channels and exchangers, including the Mn
2+ /Ca2+ uncharacterized protein family 0016 (UPF0016). Here we show that Plasmodiophora brassicae PbGDT1 is a member of the UPF0016 and an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gdt1p (GCR Dependent Translation Factor 1) protein involved in manganese homeostasis as well as the calcium mediated stress response in yeast. PbGDT1 complemented the ScGdt1p and ScPMR1 (Ca2+ ATPase) double null mutant under elevated calcium stress but not under elevated manganese conditions. In both yeast and Nicotiana benthamiana, PbGDT1 localizes to the Golgi apparatus, with additional ER association in N. benthamiana. Expression of PbGDT1 in N. benthamiana, suppresses BAX-triggered cell death, further highlighting the importance of calcium homeostasis in maintaining cell physiology and integrity in a stress environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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44. FOXO1 regulates wound-healing responses in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Rojas L, Tobar N, Espinoza J, Ríos S, Martínez C, Martínez J, Graves DT, and Smith PC
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- Humans, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cell Differentiation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Transforming Growth Factor beta1 metabolism, Mice, Integrin beta1, Myofibroblasts, Quinolones, Gingiva cytology, Gingiva metabolism, Wound Healing physiology, Fibroblasts metabolism, Forkhead Box Protein O1 metabolism, Cell Movement, Actins
- Abstract
Background and Objective: Forkhead box-O 1 (FOXO1) is a transcription factor actively involved in oral wound healing at the epithelial barrier. However, less is known regarding the role of FOXO1 during the tissue repair response in the connective tissue compartment. This study explored the involvement of FOXO1 in the modulation of fibroblast activity related to wound healing., Methods: Primary cultures of human gingival fibroblasts were obtained from four healthy young donors. Myofibroblastic differentiation, collagen gel contraction, cell migration, cell spreading, and integrin activation were evaluated in the presence or absence of a FOXO1 inhibitor (AS1842856). Variations in mRNA and proteins of interest were evaluated through qRT-PCR and western blot, respectively. Distribution of actin, α-smooth muscle actin, and β1 integrin was evaluated using immunofluorescence. FOXO1 and TGF-β1 expression in gingival wound healing was assessed by immunohistochemistry in gingival wounds performed in C57BL/6 mice. Images were analyzed using ImageJ/Fiji. ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Tukey's or Dunn's post-hoc test was performed. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. p < .05 was considered statistically significant., Results: FOXO1 inhibition caused a decrease in the expression of the myofibroblastic marker α-SMA along with a reduction in fibronectin, type I collagen, TGF-β1, and β1 integrin mRNA level. The FOXO1 inhibitor also caused decreases in cell migration, cell spreading, collagen gel contraction, and β1 integrin activation. FOXO1 and TGF-β1 were prominently expressed in gingival wounds in fibroblastic cells located at the wound bed., Conclusion: The present study indicates that FOXO1 plays an important role in the modulation of several wound-healing functions in gingival fibroblast. Moreover, our findings reveal an important regulatory role for FOXO1 on the differentiation of gingival myofibroblasts, the regulation of cell migration, and collagen contraction, all these functions being critical during tissue repair and fibrosis., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
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45. L-PRF Secretome from Both Smokers/Nonsmokers Stimulates Angiogenesis and Osteoblast Differentiation In Vitro.
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Ríos S, González LG, Saez CG, Smith PC, Escobar LM, and Martínez CE
- Abstract
Leukocyte and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (L-PRF) is part of the second generation of platelet-concentrates. L-PRF derived from nonsmokers has been used in surgical procedures, with its beneficial effects in wound healing being proven to stimulate biological activities such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and differentiation. Cigarette smoking exerts detrimental effects on tissue healing and is associated with post-surgical complications; however, evidence about the biological effects of L-PRF derived from smokers is limited. This study evaluated the impact of L-PRF secretome (LPRFS) derived from smokers and nonsmokers on angiogenesis and osteoblast differentiation. LPRFS was obtained by submerging L-PRF membranes derived from smokers or nonsmokers in culture media and was used to treat endothelial cells (HUVEC) or SaOs-2 cells. Angiogenesis was evaluated by tubule formation assay, while osteoblast differentiation was observed by alkaline phosphatase and osterix protein levels, as well as in vitro mineralization. LPRFS treatments increased angiogenesis, alkaline phosphatase, and osterix levels. Treatment with 50% of LPRFS derived from smokers and nonsmokers in the presence of osteogenic factors stimulates in vitro mineralization significantly. Nevertheless, differences between LPRFS derived from smokers and nonsmokers were not found. Both LPRFS stimulated angiogenesis and osteoblast differentiation in vitro; however, clinical studies are required to determine the beneficial effect of LPRFS in smokers.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Effect of Cage Change Frequency on Perinatal Mortality in C57BL/6J Mice.
- Author
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Wharton KN, Walsh C, Bauer-Pisani TJ, Smith PC, and Wilson SR
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Mice physiology, Pregnancy, Animals, Newborn, Animal Husbandry methods, Male, Perinatal Mortality, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Housing, Animal
- Abstract
Perinatal mortality is a common problem in mouse breeding colonies. Few studies have examined the influence of environmental changes on mouse pup survival. In this study, monogamous breeding cages of C57BL/6J mice were set up and randomized into 3 cage change groups: 1) cage change at 8 d after parturition, 2) cage change at 3 d after parturition, or 3) cage change at 3 d after parturition with the addition of a polycarbonate hut in the cage. Pairs were bred to produce a minimum of 4 litters. Pup survival to weaning relative to experimental cage change date, and survival rates after cage change were evaluated. The results revealed no significant differences between experimental groups. The majority of pup loss occurred within the first 24 h after birth for those pups that were alive at birth. Overall, the postpartum day of cage change did not affect the perinatal survival of mouse pups.
- Published
- 2024
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47. Prior Influenza Infection Mitigates SARS-CoV-2 Disease in Syrian Hamsters.
- Author
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Di Pietro C, Haberman AM, Lindenbach BD, Smith PC, Bruscia EM, Allore HG, Vander Wyk B, Tyagi A, and Zeiss CJ
- Subjects
- Cricetinae, Animals, Humans, Mesocricetus, SARS-CoV-2, Lung, Disease Models, Animal, COVID-19 pathology, Influenza, Human pathology, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
- Abstract
Seasonal infection rates of individual viruses are influenced by synergistic or inhibitory interactions between coincident viruses. Endemic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection overlap seasonally in the Northern hemisphere and may be similarly influenced. We explored the immunopathologic basis of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (H1N1pdm09) interactions in Syrian hamsters. H1N1 given 48 h prior to SARS-CoV-2 profoundly mitigated weight loss and lung pathology compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection alone. This was accompanied by the normalization of granulocyte dynamics and accelerated antigen-presenting populations in bronchoalveolar lavage and blood. Using nasal transcriptomics, we identified a rapid upregulation of innate and antiviral pathways induced by H1N1 by the time of SARS-CoV-2 inoculation in 48 h dual-infected animals. The animals that were infected with both viruses also showed a notable and temporary downregulation of mitochondrial and viral replication pathways. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed a decrease in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load and lower cytokine levels in the lungs of animals infected with both viruses throughout the course of the disease. Our data confirm that H1N1 infection induces rapid and transient gene expression that is associated with the mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary disease. These protective responses are likely to begin in the upper respiratory tract shortly after infection. On a population level, interaction between these two viruses may influence their relative seasonal infection rates.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Aldehyde oxidase 1 activity and protein expression in human, rabbit, and pig ocular tissues.
- Author
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Hammid A, Fallon JK, Vellonen KS, Lassila T, Reinisalo M, Urtti A, Gonzalez F, Tolonen A, Smith PC, and Honkakoski P
- Subjects
- Humans, Rabbits, Animals, Swine, Chlorpromazine, Oxidation-Reduction, Liver metabolism, Aldehyde Oxidase chemistry, Aldehyde Oxidase metabolism, Vitamin K 3 metabolism
- Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a cytosolic drug-metabolizing enzyme which has attracted increasing attention in drug development due to its high hepatic expression, broad substrate profile and species differences. In contrast, there is limited information on the presence and activity of AOX in extrahepatic tissues including ocular tissues. Because several ocular drugs are potential substrates for AOX, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the AOX1 expression and activity profile in seven ocular tissues from humans, rabbits, and pigs. AOX activities were determined using optimized assays for the established human AOX1 probe substrates 4-dimethylamino-cinnamaldehyde (DMAC) and phthalazine. Inhibition studies were undertaken in conjunctival and retinal homogenates using well-established human AOX1 inhibitors menadione and chlorpromazine. AOX1 protein contents were quantitated with targeted proteomics and confirmed by immunoblotting. Overall, DMAC oxidation rates varied over 10-fold between species (human ˃˃ rabbit ˃ pig) and showed 2- to 6-fold differences between tissues from the same species. Menadione seemed a more potent inhibitor of DMAC oxidation across species than chlorpromazine. Human AOX1 protein levels were highest in the conjunctiva, followed by most posterior tissues, whereas anterior tissues showed low levels. The rabbit AOX1 expression was high in the conjunctiva, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE), and choroid while lower in the anterior tissues. Quantification of pig AOX1 was not successful but immunoblotting confirmed the presence of AOX1 in all species. DMAC oxidation rates and AOX1 contents correlated quite well in humans and rabbits. This study provides, for the first time, insights into the ocular expression and activity of AOX1 among multiple species., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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49. Building on value-based health care: Towards a health system perspective.
- Author
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Smith PC, Sagan A, Siciliani L, and Figueras J
- Subjects
- Humans, Policy, Health Promotion, Value-Based Health Care, Delivery of Health Care
- Abstract
A variety of methodologies have been developed to help health systems increase the 'value' created from their available resources. The urgency of creating value is heightened by population ageing, growth in people with complex morbidities, technology advancements, and increased citizen expectations. This study develops a policy framework that seeks to reconcile the various approaches towards value-based policies in health systems. The distinctive contribution is that we focus on the value created by the health system as a whole, including health promotion, thus moving from value-based health care towards a value-based health system perspective. We define health system value to be the contribution of the health system to societal wellbeing. We adopt a framework of five dimensions of value, embracing health improvement, health care responsiveness, financial protection, efficiency and equity, which we map onto a society's aggregate wellbeing. Actors within the health system make different contributions to value, and we argue that their perspectives can be aligned with a unifying concept of health system value. We provide examples of policy levers and highlight key actors and how they can promote certain aspects of health system value. We discuss advantages of value-based approach based on the notion of wellbeing and some practical obstacles to its implementation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest We have no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. A closer look at weight loss interventions in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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Perreault L, Kramer ES, Smith PC, Schmidt D, and Argyropoulos C
- Abstract
Purpose: The major aims were to quantify patient weight loss using various approaches adminstered by a primary care provider for at least 6 months and to unveil relevant contextual factors that could improve patient weight loss on a long-term basis., Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to December 5, 2022. COVIDENCE systematic review software was used to identify and abstract data, as well as assess data quality and risk of bias., Results: Seven studies included 2,187 people with obesity testing (1) anti-obesity medication (AOM), (2) AOM, intensive lifestyle counseling + meal replacements, and (3) physician training to better counsel patients on intensive lifestyle modification. Substantial heterogeneity in the outcomes was observed, as well as bias toward lack of published studies showing no effect. The random effect model estimated a treatment effect for the aggregate efficacy of primary care interventions -3.54 kg (95% CI: -5.61 kg to -1.47 kg). Interventions that included a medication component (alone or as part of a multipronged intervention) achieved a greater weight reduction by -2.94 kg ( p < 0.0001). In all interventions, efficacy declined with time (reduction in weight loss by 0.53 kg per 6 months, 95% CI: 0.04-1.0 kg)., Conclusion: Weight loss interventions administered by a primary care provider can lead to modest weight loss. Weight loss is approximately doubled if anti-obesity medication is part of the treatment. Nevertheless, attenuated weight loss over time underscores the need for long-term treatment., Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ CRD4202121242344], identifier (CRD42021242344)., Competing Interests: LP has received personal fees for speaking and/or consulting from Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim, Elli Lilly, Bayer, Neurobo, Medscape, WebMD and UpToDate. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Perreault, Kramer, Smith, Schmidt and Argyropoulos.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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