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The objective was to evaluate the autonomic modulation of heart rate in musical stimuli in musicalized (GM) and non-musicalized (GNM) individuals. 96 volunteers were evaluated. Four different songs (M1, M2, M3 and M4) were performed. Data analysis was performed in the time domain using RMSSD (square root of the mean square of the differences between consecutive heart rate variability intervals) and pNN50 (NN50: absolute quantity) indices. (count) of NN intervals that differ by more than 50ms from the previous interval - pNN50: percentage of NN50 in relation to the total amount of NN intervals), and in the frequency domain by low frequency indices - LF (sympathetic activity), high frequency - HF (parasympathetic activity) and LF/HF (sympathetic-vagal balance). Results: GM showed lower parasympathetic activity during exposure to different types of music, regardless of gender (p

Objective: to evaluate the influence of different types of music in different age groups on the autonomic modulation of heart rate. Methods: 96 volunteers were obtained, 44 in the musical group - GM (24.6 years - 26 men and 18 women) and 52 in the non-musicalized group - GNM (23.9 years - 22 men and 30 women). Four different songs (M1, M2, M3 and M4) were played for 22 minutes preceded by a five-minute break. Data collection was performed by a heart rate monitor, POLAR brand, model RS800CX. Data analysis was performed in the time domain by the RMSSD and pNN50 indices, and in the frequency domain by the low frequency - LF (sympathetic activity), high frequency - HF (parasympathetic activity) and LF / HF (sympathetic-vagal balance) indices). Statistical tests were used for data analysis. Results: For the different age groups in the MG, variances were found between the young and middle-aged groups for RMSSD (during rest in M1 to M4), pNN50 (only at rest), HF (during rest, M1 and M2) and LF / HF (during rest, M1, M2 and M4), and adults compared to middle age at rest, M1 and M4. In GNM, differences were found related to GM (greater at rest in young people than middle-aged and greater in young people than adults and middle-aged during M1 and M3) and BF / HF (greater in young people compared to adults and a half age when performing M3 and M4). Conclusion: with advancing age, there is a reduction in the physiological indices of heart rate variability. In GM, this result is more evident, as young people in this group start from higher values ​​of parasympathetic activity index than in the GNM. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia de diferentes tipos de música en diferentes grupos de edad sobre la modulación autonómica de la frecuencia cardíaca. Métodos: se obtuvieron 96 voluntarios, 44 en el grupo musical - GM (24,6 años - 26 hombres y 18 mujeres) y 52 en el grupo no musicalizado - GNM (23,9 años - 22 hombres y 30 mujeres). Se tocaron cuatro canciones diferentes (M1, M2, M3 y M4) durante 22 minutos precedidos de un descanso de cinco minutos. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un monitor de frecuencia cardíaca, marca POLAR, modelo RS800CX. El análisis de los datos se realizó en el dominio del tiempo por los índices RMSSD y pNN50, y en el dominio de la frecuencia por los índices de baja frecuencia - LF (actividad simpática), alta frecuencia - HF (actividad parasimpática) y LF / HF (equilibrio simpático-vagal). Se utilizaron pruebas estadísticas para el análisis de datos. Resultados: Para los diferentes grupos de edad en la MG, se encontraron variaciones entre los grupos de jóvenes y de mediana edad para RMSSD (durante el reposo en M1 a M4), pNN50 (solo en reposo), IC (durante el reposo, M1 y M2) y LF / HF (en reposo, M1, M2 y M4), y adultos frente a mediana edad en reposo, M1 y M4. En GNM se encontraron diferencias relacionadas con GM (mayor en reposo en jóvenes que en mediana edad y mayor en jóvenes que en adultos y de mediana edad durante M1 y M3) y BF / HF (mayor en jóvenes en comparación con adultos y una media edad al realizar M3 y M4). Conclusión: con el avance de la edad se observa una reducción de los índices fisiológicos de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca. En GM, este resultado es más evidente, ya que los jóvenes de este grupo parten de valores más altos del índice de actividad parasimpática que en el GNM. Objetivo: avaliar a influência dos diferentes tipos de músicas em diferentes faixas etária sobre a modulação autonômica da frequência cardíaca. Métodos: foram avaliados 96 voluntários, 44 no grupo musicalizado - GM (24,6 anos - 26 homens e 18 mulheres) e 52 no grupo não musicalizado - GNM (23,9 anos - 22 homens e 30 mulheres). Quatro músicas diferentes (M1, M2, M3 e M4) foram executadas por 22 minutos precedidos por cinco minutos de intervalo. A coleta de dados foi realizada po um monitor de frequência cardíaca, marca POLAR, modelo RS800CX. A análise dos dados foi feita no domínio do tempo pelos índices de RMSSD e pNN50, e no domínio da frequência pelos índices de baixa frequência - LF (atividade simpática), alta frequência - HF (atividade parassimpática) e LF/HF (balanço simpático-vagal). Foram utilizados testes estatístisticos para análise dos dados. Resultados: Para as diferentes faixas etárias no GM foram encontradas variâncias significativas entre os grupos de jovens e de meia idade para RMSSD (durante o repouso em M1 a M4), pNN50 (apenas em repouso), HF (durante o repouso, M1 e M2) e LF / HF (durante repouso, M1, M2 e M4), e os adultos comparados aos de meia-idade em repouso, M1 e M4. No GNM foram encontradas diferenças significativas comparado ao GM (maior em repouso em jovens do que de meia-idade e maior em jovens do que adultos e meia-idade durante M1 e M3) e BF / HF (maior em jovens em relação aos adultos e meia-idade durante a execução de M3 e M4). Conclusão: com o avançar da idade ocorre redução dos índices fisiológicos da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca. No GM esse resultado é mais evidente, pois os jovens deste grupo partem de valores maiores de índice de atividade parassimpática do que o GNM.

Kinins are vasoactive peptides that promote pain and inflammation, yet centrally believed to participate to cardiovascular defensive reflexes produced by noxious stimuli. These peptides signal through the activation of two transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors named B1 and B2 receptors (B1R and B2R). The B2R is constitutive in healthy tissues and animals. The aim of the study was to measure the gene and protein expression of B2R kinin receptors in central and peripheral tissues isolated from control rats and rats were pre-treated with capsaicin on the second day of life (50 mg/kg, s.c.) or two weeks prior to sacrifice (125 mg/kg over three days, s.c.). The same treatment with saline was made in control animals. Levels of mRNA for B2R were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and Qualitative while receptor binding sites were measured on tissue sections with the radioligands 125I-HPP-Hoe 140 (B2R). B2R was expressed in all studied tissues (hypothalamus, paratrigeminal nucleus, nucleus of solitary tract, spinal cord, aorta and liver) and treatment capsaicin neonates when compared to controls, did not affect its level of expression. Capsaicin had no significant effect on the expression of B2R in some tissues on binding sites. The synthesis of B2R kinin receptor is not associated with sensory C-fibre and tissues showed no significant difference indicating that B2R was regulated by distinct mechanisms. Las cininas son péptidos vaso activos que participan de mecanismos de dolor e inflamación, con la promoción de reflejos cardiovasculares defensivos producidos por estímulos nocivos. Estos péptidos señalizan por medio de la activación de dos receptores transmembrana acoplados a proteína G llamados receptores B1 y B2 (B1R y B2R). El B2R es constitutivo en tejidos saludables y en animales. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en tomar las medidas de la expresión del gen y la proteína del receptor B2R de cinina en tejidos centrales y periféricos aislados de ratones control y ratones pre tratados con capsaicina en el segundo día de vida (50 mg/kg, s.c.) o con dos semanas antes del sacrificio (125 mg/kg por tres días, s.c.). El mismo tratamiento fue hecho con solución salina en los animales control. Fueron medidos niveles de mRNA para B2R por RT-PCR en forma cuantitativa y cualitativa, en cuanto los sitios de unión del receptor fueron medidos en secciones de tejido con radioligante 125I-HPP-Hoe 140 (B2R). B2R fue expresado en todos los tejidos estudiados (hipotálamo, núcleo paratrigeminal, núcleo del tracto solitario, médula espinal, aorta e hígado). El tratamiento con capsaicina en ratones neonatos comparados con controles no presentaron afectación del nivel de expresión. Por otro lado, la capsaicina no tuvo efecto significante en la expresión de los sitios de unión de B2R en los tejidos. La síntesis del receptor B2R de cininas no está asociado con fibras C sensoriales así como los tejidos no mostraron diferencias significativas indicando que B2R es regulado por mecanismos distintos.

Kinins are vasoactive peptides that promote pain and inflammation, yet centrally believed to participate to cardiovascular defensive reflexes produced by noxious stimuli. These peptides signal through the activation of two transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors named B1 and B2 receptors (B1R and B2R). The B2R is constitutive in healthy tissues and animals. The aim of the study was to measure the gene and protein expression of B2R kinin receptors in central and peripheral tissues isolated from control rats and rats were pre-treated with capsaicin on the second day of life (50 mg/kg, s.c.) or two weeks prior to sacrifice (125 mg/kg over three days, s.c.). The same treatment with saline was made in control animals. Levels of mRNA for B2R were measured by quantitative RT-PCR and Qualitative while receptor binding sites were measured on tissue sections with the radioligands 125I-HPP-Hoe 140 (B2R). B2R was expressed in all studied tissues (hypothalamus, paratrigeminal nucleus, nucleus of solitary tract, spinal cord, aorta and liver) and treatment capsaicin neonates when compared to controls, did not affect its level of expression. Capsaicin had no significant effect on the expression of B2R in some tissues on binding sites. The synthesis of B2R kinin receptor is not associated with sensory C-fibre and tissues showed no significant difference indicating that B2R was regulated by distinct mechanisms.

The objective was to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction TMD - in severe and moderate hemophiliac A and B patients and healthy men as control group. Hemophilia complication is chronic arthropathy that results from repeated joint bleeding, leading to limited movement. Limitation of jaw movement is present in patients with TMD. Hemophiliac patients were recruited in the Hemophilia outpatient clinic at Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). The control group was composed of voluntary subjects recruited among medical and dental students of UNIFESP. Both groups were screened for TMD symptoms according to the European Academy of Craniomandibular Disorders questionnaire. The Research Diagnostic Criteria further evaluated those considered positive for TMD. The results showed a similar prevalence of TMD in the hemophiliac group compared to the control group (n= 38, n= 79; p= 0.7). There were no significant differences in severity of sign and symptoms between the groups. In conclusion, patients with hemophilia do not have a higher prevalence of temporomandibular disorders, indicating absence of hemorrhage in temporomandibular joint. El objetivo fue investigar la prevalencia de trastornos temporomandibulares (TTM) entre pacientes hemofílicos A y B severos y moderados, y hombres sanos como grupo de control. Una complicación de la Hemofilia es la artropatía crónica como resultado de una hemorragia articular a repetición, limitando el movimiento en el tiempo. La limitación del movimiento de la mandíbula está presente en pacientes con TTM. Los pacientes hemofílicos fueron reclutados en la clínica de atención ambulatoria de hemofilia en Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP). El grupo control estaba compuesto por sujetos voluntarios reclutados entre los estudiantes de Medicina y Odontología de UNIFESP. Ambos grupos fueron evaluados por síntomas de TTM según cuestionario de trastornos craneomandibulares de la Academia Europea. Los criterios de diagnósticos de investigación evaluados se consideraron positivos para TTM. Los resultados mostraron una prevalencia similar de TTM en el grupo de hemofílicos en comparación con el grupo control (n= 38, n= 79; p= 0,7). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la gravedad de los signos y síntomas entre los grupos. En conclusión, los pacientes con hemofilia no tienen una mayor prevalencia de trastornos temporomandibulares, indicando la ausencia de hemorragia en la articulación temporomandibular.

The aim of the study was to determine and classify the shape of the mandibular fossa and the corresponding condyle in different types, relating them to sex and symmetry, in adult human skulls, from lateral, posterior and superior views. The sample included 50 human skulls from 23 to 82 years old, 32 males and 18 females. The condyle and silicone casting molds of the fossa were photographed to assess shape in the three views. Shapes were classified, validated by intra- and inter-rater analysis and frequency, sex distribution and symmetry verified. Shapes were classified as rounded, angled, flattened and mixed types in the lateral and posterior views; and as biconvex, flat-convex, biflattened and mixed in the superior view. Rounded condyle and fossa were more frequent in the lateral (57% and 66% respectively) and posterior (53% and 83%) views. In the superior view, mixed shape presented higher frequency in condyle (59%) while in fossa the biconvex shape (46%) was most common. There was no significant difference in shape distribution by sex. The same shape (symmetry) or otherwise (non-symmetry) in right and left side condyle and fossa were separately assessed and showed various combinations. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar y clasificar la forma de la fosa mandibular y cóndilo correspondiente en diferentes tipos, relacionándolos con el sexo y la simetría en cráneos humanos adultos en perspectivas laterales, posteriores y superiores. La muestra incluyó 50 cráneos humanos de 32 hombres y 18 mujeres entre 23 a 82 años. Fueron fotografiados el cóndilo y moldes de silicona de la fosa para evaluar la forma en los tres puntos. Se clasificaron las formas, validadas por el análisis intra e inter-evaluador, la frecuencia, distribución por sexo y simetría verificada. Las formas fueron clasificadas como redondeada, en ángulo, aplanada y mixtas en las vistas lateral y posterior; y como biconvexa, convexo-plana, y mixta en la vista superior. En las vistas laterales el cóndilo y la fosa redondeada fueron más frecuentes (57% y 66%, respectivamente), mientras que en la vista posterior (53% y 83%). En la vista superior, la forma mixta presentó mayor frecuencia en el cóndilo (59%), mientras que en la fosa la forma biconvexa (46%) fue más común. No hubo diferencia significativa en la distribución de laforma por sexo. La misma forma (simétrica o no-simétrica) en el cóndilo lateral derecho e izquierdo y la fosa fueron evaluadas por separado, y se observaron varias combinaciones.

The anatomy of mammal's lung air space constitutes the bronchial tree which disposition is associated to air flux dynamics. Casts obtained from human, pig and rat lungs were studied to analyze possible differences of the bronchial tree architecture in mammals with diverse dimensions and posture. Air spaces were filled with polymers through trachea followed by acid corrosion. Tracheal and main bronchial division's diameters were measured to relate with body mass using allometry. The results revealed a dichotomic bronchial branching pattern in the human casts and a monopodial pattern in animals. In allometric relationship trachea was larger in rats, then pigs and lastly in humans, differences were statistically significant, the same occurs in right bronchus, as in the left bronchus there was no difference between rat and pig. The linear relationship between the human tracheal diameters was 1.2 times larger than the pig and 6.7 times larger than the rat; the pig tracheal diameter was 5.6 times larger than the rat. Quadruped position of the pig and rat is linked to a horizontal air way while the erect position, biped in human, correspond to a vertical air way. A big mammal shows less respiratory frequency than small mammals. Mammals with small, medium and high body mass allied to diverse posture and habits was compared revealing morphological differences in the bronchial trees as different allometric correlations between quadruped animals and human biped. La anatomía de los espacios aéreos en los pulmones de mamíferos constituyen el árbol bronquial cuya disposición es asociada a la dinámica del flujo aéreo. Moldes obtenidos de los pulmones de humanos, cerdos y ratones fueron estudiados para analizar las posibles diferencias de las arquitecturas de los árboles bronquiales en mamíferos de diferentes dimensiones y posturas. Los espacios aéreos fueran llenados con polímeros por la tráquea y posterior corrosión con ácido. Los diámetros de la tráquea y de las principales divisiones de los bronquios fueron medidos y relacionados con las masas corporales por medio de alometría. Los resultados revelaron uno patrón dicotómico en los moldes de humanos y un patrón monopodial en los animales. La relación alométrica determinço que la tráquea es mayor en los ratones, seguidos de los cerdos y por último en los humanos, las diferencias fueran estadísticamente significativas. Lo mismo ocurrió en el bronquio derecho en cambio en el bronquio izquierdo no hubo diferencia entre el cerdo y el ratón. La relación linear entre los diámetros de la tráquea fue 1,2 mayor en el humano comparada con el cerdo y 6,7 mayor que el ratón, el diámetro de la tráquea del cerdo fue 5,6 mayor que el ratón. La posición cuadrúpede del cerdo y del ratón es vinculada a una vía aérea horizontal en cuanto a que la posición erecta en humanos corresponde a una vía aérea vertical. Los grandes mamíferos muestran menor frecuencia respiratoria que los pequeños mamíferos. Mamíferos con masas corporales pequeñas, medias y grandes con diversas posturas y hábitos fueron comparados mostrando diferencias morfológicas en los árboles bronquiales así como diferentes correlaciones alométricas entre animales cuadrúpedos y humanos bípedos.

Knowledge about human skull asymmetry in normal dry specimens is useful as a parameter for medical and dentistry practice. Skull base was investigated with the objective to validate the method of indirect measurement with digital pictures and to evaluate the degree of asymmetry from human skull base in different ages. We analyzed 176 normal identified human skulls, divided by age in the following groups: Fetuses, newborn, children and adults. Measures were taken from a central point: pharyngeal tubercle and 4 lateral points: foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, carotid canal and stylomastoid foramen using digital biometry after a comparative validation with directed method performed with caliper. Results were presented as asymmetry indexes and data were expressed as percentage. The digital method presented validity in relation to the direct method with caliper. The skulls in all age groups presented asymmetry. The smallest asymmetry index was 2.6% and the largest 6.6%. In the literature, there are no patterns for defined values of asymmetry in normal skulls. The asymmetry of the foramina related to midline was verified in the whole sample and was considered as normal corresponding to an average asymmetry index of 4%. In this study we also observed that in most of the measures there was prevalence of the right side over the left side. El conocimiento sobre asimetrías craneales a partir de especímenes secos es de gran utilidad en la determinación de parámetros relevantes para las prácticas médica y odontológica. Se estudió la base del cráneo con el objetivo de validar el método de mediciones indirectas con fotografías digitales y evaluar el grado de asimetría en diferentes edades. Se analizaron 176 cráneos humanos identificados, agrupándolos por edad en fetos, recién nacidos, niños y adultos. Las mediciones fueron realizadas a partir de un punto central: el tubérculo faríngeo y de cuatro puntos laterales: foramen oval, foramen espinoso, canal carotideo y foramen estilomastoideo, usando biometría digital, luego de una validación por criterio concurrente respecto de mediciones directas con caliper. Los resultados son presentados como índices de asimetría y los datos son expresados en porcentajes. El método digital evidencia validez concurrente en relación al método directo con caliper. Los cráneos en todos los grupos étareos presentaron asimetrías. El índice de asimetría menor correspondió a 2,6%, mientras que el mayor a 6,6%. En la literatura no se reportan parámetros para definir valores de asimetrías en cráneos normales. La asimetría de la foramina respecto de la línea mediana se verificó en toda la muestra y fue considerada como normal, correspondiendo a un índice de asimetría promedio del 4%. En este estudio se observó también que en la mayoría de las medidas hubo predominancia del lado derecho sobre el lado izquierdo.

This article analyzes the performance of diagnostic tests for sex determination by examining human skulls, using the Baudoin condylar index. For this study, 215 skulls were examined, and the maximum dimensions (length and width) of the right and left occipital condyles, were noted. With these data, we calculated the Baudoin condylar index and determined the level of agreement between the values for the left and the right side, the sensitivity of the method, the accuracy of the tests and the positive predictive value for each sex. The level of agreement in the diagnosis based on both sides was 65.58% (of which 83.09% were of women, and 63.88% were of men). The overall accuracy was 41.39%, and a greater sensitivity was seen in women (52.1% right side and 64.78% left). The positive predictive value was higher in male skulls (77.6% right side, left side 76.68%). These results question the usefulness of the Baudoin condylar index for the diagnosis of sex and discuss the usefulness of their applicability in forensic and anthropological practice. El presente artículo analiza el rendimiento de la prueba diagnóstica para la determinación del sexo en cráneos humanos, del índice condíleo de Baudoin, para ello se analizaron 215 cráneos, determinándose las dimensiones máximas (largo y ancho) de los cóndilos occipitales derecho e izquierdo. Con estos datos se calculó el índice de Baudoin y se determinó el nivel de concordancia entre los lados derecho e izquierdo, la sensibilidad del método, su exactitud, el valor predictivo positivo para cada sexo. El nivel de acuerdo en el diagnóstico a ambos lados fue de 65,58 % (mujeres 83,09%; hombres 63,88%), estos valores disminuyeron al analizarse sólo los correctamente diagnosticados. La exactitud general fue 41,39% con una mayor sensibilidad en mujeres (52,1% lado derecho; y 64,78% izquierdo). El valor predictivo positivo fue mayor en cráneos de hombres (77,6% lado derecho; 76,68% lado izquierdo). Estos resultados cuestionan la utilidad del índice de Baudoin para el diagnóstico del sexo y discuten su aplicabilidad en la práctica forense y antropológica.

Del cráneo humano se obtienen datos métricos para el diagnóstico de sexo, edad y afinidad racial. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar, por medio de dimensiones lineales faciales y craneales, una función discriminante e identificar aquellas dimensiones más útiles, para predecir el color de piel a partir de cráneos. Se analizaron 208 cráneos de la colección de la Universidade Federal de São Paulo, pertenecientes a individuos con afinidad racial para blanco, negro y mulato, de acuerdo al registro. Se determinaron las siguientes dimensiones: Biéurica, Glabela-Opistocráneo, Basion- Bregma, Nasion- Prostion, Bicigomática, ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme y la distancia Nasion-Espinal. Se realizó un análisis estadístico con ANOVA de un factor, test de Bonferroni y Schaffe y se calculó la función discriminante. Sólo el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme presentó diferencias estadísticas en los grupos según color de piel. Al análisis por sexo, al grupo de cráneos masculinos se agregó la longitud Nasión Prostión. La función discriminante construida con el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme, sólo permitió clasificar correctamente el 53,8% de los cráneos. La función discriminante calculada en esta muestra tiene una limitada utilidad y se hace necesario el análisis de otras dimensiones para población brasilera. Starting from human skulls, metric data are obtained for the sex diagnosis, age and racial affinity. The purpose of this study was to determine, by means of facial and cranial lineal dimensions, a discriminant function and to identify those more useful dimensions to predict the skin color starting from skulls. 208 skulls of the collection of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo were analyzed, belonging to individuals with racial affinity for white, black and mulatto, according to the registration. The following dimensions were determined: Right Eurion- left Eurion, Glabella-Opisthocranion, Basion - Bregma, Nasion - Prosthion, Bizigomatic, Maximum width of the Piriform Aperture and the Nasion-Spinal distance. It was carried out a statistical analysis with ANOVA one way, Bonferroni and Schaffe test and the discriminant function was calculated. The maximum width of the piriform aperture only presented statistical differences in the groups according to skin color. To the analysis for sex, to the group of males skulls the Nasion Prostión dimension was added. The discriminant function built with the maximum width of the piriform aperture, only allowed to classify 53,8% of the skulls correctly. The discriminant function calculated in this sample has a limited utility and it becomes necessary the analysis of other dimensions for Brazilian population.

Del cráneo humano se obtienen datos métricos para el diagnóstico de sexo, edad y afinidad racial. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar, por medio de dimensiones lineales faciales y craneales, una función discriminante e identificar aquellas dimensiones más útiles, para predecir el color de piel a partir de cráneos. Se analizaron 208 cráneos de la colección de la Universidade Federal de São Paulo, pertenecientes a individuos con afinidad racial para blanco, negro y mulato, de acuerdo al registro. Se determinaron las siguientes dimensiones: Biéurica, Glabela-Opistocráneo, Basion- Bregma, Nasion- Prostion, Bicigomática, ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme y la distancia Nasion-Espinal. Se realizó un análisis estadístico con ANOVA de un factor, test de Bonferroni y Schaffe y se calculó la función discriminante. Sólo el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme presentó diferencias estadísticas en los grupos según color de piel. Al análisis por sexo, al grupo de cráneos masculinos se agregó la longitud Nasión ­ Prostión. La función discriminante construida con el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme, sólo permitió clasificar correctamente el 53,8% de los cráneos. La función discriminante calculada en esta muestra tiene una limitada utilidad y se hace necesario el análisis de otras dimensiones para población brasilera.

The sex determination of human skeletons is important in forensic and anthropological research. It can be carried out through qualitative or quantitative analysis of morphological parameters of dimorphism. The shape of the piriform aperture is one of the classic indicators of sexual dimorphism since it describes differences between males and females according to strong population-specific behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism in the size of the piriform aperture and its relationship with individual skin color. We used 90 human skulls from the Collection of the Federal Universidad de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), with registered data on sex, age and skin color (classified as white, black and brown). The dimensions studied were: height, upper width and lower width of piriform aperture. All dimensions were greater in males than females, however, only the piriform aperture height was found to be significant with p

The sex determination of human skeletons is important in forensic and anthropological research. It can be carried out through qualitative or quantitative analysis of morphological parameters of dimorphism. The shape of the piriform aperture is one of the classic indicators of sexual dimorphism since it describes differences between males and females according to strong population-specific behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism in the size of the piriform aperture and its relationship with individual skin color. We used 90 human skulls from the Collection of the Federal Universidad de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), with registered data on sex, age and skin color (classified as white, black and brown). The dimensions studied were: height, upper width and lower width of piriform aperture. All dimensions were greater in males than females, however, only the piriform aperture height was found to be significant with p

This study assesses the quality, as a diagnostic test, of the main indicators of morphological sexual dimorphism through direct anthropometry, biostatistics tools and clinical epidemiology. This study used 284 skulls of adult Brazilians, of which 187 were male and 97 female. A study of the cross-evaluation of the diagnostic test was performed; it was a qualitative approach based on visual examination of 16 traditional indicators of morphological sexual dimorphism, where each indicator determined the level of accuracy, sensitivity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and odds ratio. All indicators studied had high levels of accuracy (84.75­72.89%). The best indicators were found in traits whose formation is related to the insertion and action of major muscle groups. In 14 of the 16 indicators, intraobserver error was

The sex determination from human skulls can be made by means of morphologic and morphometric methods have been broadly studied. These methods contribute with objective data; however, they present interpopulational variability. The purpose of this article is to determine sexual dimorphism using lineal dimensions in a sample of human skulls collection belonging to the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), calculating the discriminant function. To complete the selection approaches, 226 skulls were analyzed. Mensurements were carried out among the following reference points of the skull: right Eurion- left Eurion (Eu - Eu), Glabella-Opisthocranion (Gla - Op), Basion - Bregma (Ba-Br), Nasion - Prosthion (Na-Pr), Bizigomatic (Zi-Zi), Maximal width of the piriform aperture (MWPA), and Nasion - Spinal (Na-ANS). Descriptive and inferential statistics (student's t-test proved p

In 1817, the denominated conduct of Serres was described as a formation that was highly prevalent in children's jaws, but considered as an anatomical variation in adults. In this study we analyze the presence of the denominated Serres'- conduct in 324 jaws belonging to the collection of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), with sex and age registration, 68 subadults of age between 0 and 2 years and 256 adults of age between 18 and 100 years. We found that the prevalence was in order to 100% in the subadults group and 42.6% in the adults group. In adults, the prevalence of this anatomical structure was greater in women than in men, with a difference statistically significant for the variable sex (Chi2 = 0.0148; I.C 95%=0.29-0.91; O.R. =0.51). According to the age, the biggest prevalence was in the fourth decade of the life, not being of any statistical significance for this variable. Based on the opposing evidence, this article discusses the character of anatomical variation of this formation and based on the anatomical terminology, intending to denominate the paramandibular canal.

The purpose of this study is to assess the presence of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum size. We analyzed 211 human skulls from the collection of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, with a record of sex and age determined using anteroposterior and transverse diameters of foramen magnum, and their differences by gender (p

The purpose of this study is to assess the presence of sexual dimorphism in the foramen magnum size. We analyzed 211 human skulls from the collection of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, with a record of sex and age determined using anteroposterior and transverse diameters of foramen magnum, and their differences by gender (p

In 1817, the denominated conduct of Serres was described as a formation that was highly prevalent in children's jaws, but considered as an anatomical variation in adults. In this study we analyze the presence of the denominated Serres'- conduct in 324 jaws belonging to the collection of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), with sex and age registration, 68 subadults of age between 0 and 2 years and 256 adults of age between 18 and 100 years. We found that the prevalence was in order to 100% in the subadults group and 42.6% in the adults group. In adults, the prevalence of this anatomical structure was greater in women than in men, with a difference statistically significant for the variable sex (Chi2 = 0.0148; I.C 95%=0.29-0.91; O.R. =0.51). According to the age, the biggest prevalence was in the fourth decade of the life, not being of any statistical significance for this variable. Based on the opposing evidence, this article discusses the character of anatomical variation of this formation and based on the anatomical terminology, intending to denominate the paramandibular canal. El denominado conducto de Serres es una formación descrita en 1817, como altamente prevalente en mandíbulas de niños, pero considerado una variación anatómica en adultos. En este estudio analizamos la presencia del denominado conducto de Serres en 324 mandíbulas pertenecientes a la colección de la Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, con registro de sexo y edad, 68 de subadultos de entre 0 y 2 años y 256 de adultos de entre 18 y 100 años. Nosotros encontramos un 100% de prevalencia en el grupo de subadultos y un 42.6% en el grupo de adultos. En adultos, la prevalencia de esta estructura anatómica fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa para la variable sexo (Chi²= 0.0148; I.C 95%=0.29-0.91; O.R.=0.51). De acuerdo a la edad, la mayor prevalencia se encontró en la 4ª década de la vida, no encontrándose significancia estadística para esta variable. En base a la evidencia encontrada, en este artículo se discute el carácter de variación anatómica de esta formación y basado en la terminología anatómica se propone denominarla canal paramandibular.

The sex determination from human skulls can be made by means of morphologic and morphometric methods have been broadly studied. These methods contribute with objective data; however, they present interpopulational variability. The purpose of this article is to determine sexual dimorphism using lineal dimensions in a sample of human skulls collection belonging to the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), calculating the discriminant function. To complete the selection approaches, 226 skulls were analyzed. Mensurements were carried out among the following reference points of the skull: right Eurion- left Eurion (Eu - Eu), Glabella-Opisthocranion (Gla - Op), Basion - Bregma (Ba-Br), Nasion - Prosthion (Na-Pr), Bizigomatic (Zi-Zi), Maximal width of the piriform aperture (MWPA), and Nasion - Spinal (Na-ANS). Descriptive and inferential statistics (student's t-test proved p

Numerous studies have shown that skeletal characteristics vary among different populations. Several authors suggest that it is possible to determine sex through the anatomical evaluation of children mandible, however there are few morphometrical studies conducted with such specimens. The purpose of this study was to analyze several mandibular dimensions and identify the ones that could be useful to perform sex differentiation in a sample of Brazilian young children. For this study we used 32 children dry mandibles of known sex, age ranging from 0 to 1 year old. The mandibles pertain to the collection of the Skull Museum of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP). The parameters included bicondilar width, bigonial width, minimum width and height of the mandibular ramus, gonion-gnation length, height of the mandibular symphysis and transverse and anteroposterior condylar dimensions. The SPSS program was used to carry on the discriminant function analysis and the T test (p

Numerous studies have shown that skeletal characteristics vary among different populations. Several authors suggest that it is possible to determine sex through the anatomical evaluation of children mandible, however there are few morphometrical studies conducted with such specimens. The purpose of this study was to analyze several mandibular dimensions and identify the ones that could be useful to perform sex differentiation in a sample of Brazilian young children. For this study we used 32 children dry mandibles of known sex, age ranging from 0 to 1 year old. The mandibles pertain to the collection of the Skull Museum of the Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP). The parameters included bicondilar width, bigonial width, minimum width and height of the mandibular ramus, gonion-gnation length, height of the mandibular symphysis and transverse and anteroposterior condylar dimensions. The SPSS program was used to carry on the discriminant function analysis and the T test (p

Loth & Henneberg (2001) indicated that it was possible determine the sex with a high degree of accuracy (81 %) in mandibles of children by observing the shape of the mandibular body. The purpose of this study was to evalúate in mandibles of Brazilians subadults the proposed method consistency; were used mandibles of 33 Brazilian children between 0 and 1 year of age, known sex, belonging to the coUection of skulls of the Federal University Sao Paulo (UNIFESP). We performed a blind test in two sessions by one observer based on the parameters descnbed by Loth & Henneberg. The results show between 57.5 and 60.5% of accuracy, being the most sensitive test for determining male (70%) than for females (38-46%). The results presented are lower than those reported by Loth & Henneberg and justify the need to assess the diagnostic methods of sex in subadults in specific populations. Loth & Henneberg (2001) indicaron que era posible la determinación del sexo con un alto nivel de exactitud (81%) en mandíbulas de niños, mediante la observación de la forma del cuerpo mandibular. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar en mandíbulas de subadultos brasileños, la consistencia del método propuesto. Para ello se utilizaron 33 mandíbulas de niños brasileños de entre 0 y 1 año de edad, de sexo conocido, pertenecientes a la colección de cráneos de la Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brasil. Se realizó un test ciego en dos sesiones por un sólo observador, en base al parámetro descrito por Loth & Henneberg. Los resultados obtenidos muestran entre un 57,5 y 60,5% de exactitud, siendo el test más sensible para la determinación del sexo masculino (70%), que para el sexo femenino (38-46%). Los resultados expuestos son inferiores a los reportados por Loth & Henneberg y justifican la necesidad de evaluar los métodos de diagnóstico de sexo en subadultos, en poblaciones específicas.

The morphology of the Sella Turcica is important both as a reference in cephalometric studies and in the pituitary gland, internal carotid artery and cavernous sinus surgical boarding. The present report describes a case of partial ossification of the sella turcica walls in a dry skull of 40-year-old Brazilian individual. We analyze the morphometric characteristics of the región. La morfología de la silla turca tiene importancia tanto como referencia en los estudios cefalomé trieos como en los abordajes quirúrgicos de la glándula hipófisis, carótida interna y seno cavernoso. En el presente reporte se describe un caso de osificación parcial de las paredes de la silla turca, en un cráneo seco de un individuo brasilero de 40 años. Se analizan las características morfométricas de la región.

In forensic medicine, diagnosis of sex is the first step in the identification of human skulls. A first approximation is carried out via the qualitative analysis of a series of morphological indicators of sexual dimorphism. Classical studies (Krogman & Iscan, 1986) described 14 indicators for the diagnosis of sex with an accuracy of 90%, and one of these indicators is the shape of the palate. This study analyzed the effect of the loss of teeth on the accuracy of the diagnosis of sex in Brazilians adult skulls, using the shape of the palate as an indicator. We used 98 skulls of adult Brazilians, comprising 35 females and 63 males with an average age of 39.3 years (SD 7.8). The skulls were classified into two groups, namely the fully edentulous maxilla and the partial edentulous maxilla. An inclusión criterion in the partial edentulous maxilla group was the presence of canine or their alveolus. The accuracy for the diagnosis of sex in the total sample was 75.5% (with a sensitivity of 88.8% for male skulls and 51.5% for female skulls), while it was slightly higher (76.9%) in the fully edentulous maxilla group with a sensitivity from 84% to 70% for both male and female skulls. However, the partial edentulous maxilla group presented lower valúes of accuracy of 74.5%, and a sensitivity of 90% for male skulls and 26% for female skulls. Thus, this work suggests that the accuracy of diagnosis of sex using the shape of the palate as an indicator of sexual dimorphism is not significantly affected by full edentulism; however, the presence of teeth favors the underestimation of the female skulls.