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Point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) has a potentially vital role to play in emergency medicine (EM), whether it be in high-, medium-, or low-resourced settings. However, numerous barriers are present which impede EM PoCUS implementation nationally and globally: (i) lack of a national practice guideline or scope of practice for EM PoCUS, (ii) resistance from non-PoCUS users of ultrasound imaging (USI) and lack of awareness from those who undertake parallel or post-EM patient care, and (iii) heterogeneous pattern of resources available in different institutes and settings. When combined with the Indian Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, this has led to the majority of India's 1.4 billion citizens being unable to access EM PoCUS. In order to address these barriers (globally as well as with specific application to India), this article outlines the three core principles of EM PoCUS: (i) the remit of the EM PoCUS USI must be well defined a priori, (ii) the standard of EM PoCUS USI must be the same as that of non-PoCUS users of USI, and (iii) the imaging performed should align with subsequent clinical decision-making and resource availability. These principles are contextualized using an integrated PoCUS framework approach which is designed to provide a robust foundation for consolidation and expansion across different PoCUS specialisms and health-care settings. Thus, a range of mechanisms (from optimization of clinical practice through to PoCUS educational reform) are presented to address such barriers. For India, these are combined with specific mechanisms to address the PCPNDT Act, to provide the basis for influencing national legislation and instigating an addendum to the Act. By mapping to the recent Lancet Commission publication on transforming access to diagnostics, this provides a global and cross-discipline perspective for the recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is not known how well physiotherapists identify psychosocial factors in people with musculoskeletal pain, when using clinical judgement. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the research related to physiotherapist ability in identifying psychosocial factors and to subsequently identify gaps in the literature to help direct future research. Data Sources: Searches using relevant key words, were conducted of Medline, Cinahl, the Cochrane Library, PEDro, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. All primary quantitative and qualitative research from the year 2000 onwards, which met the search criteria, were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: A data extraction tool was used to tabulate data regarding demographics, study design and key findings of the included papers. The Mixed Methods Appraisals Tool (MMAT) was utilised to help examine the quality of included studies. Results: Overall, the quality of the included studies was moderate. The total number of studies which met the inclusion criteria was relatively small (n = 20). The most common method for determining ability was comparison of physiotherapist estimations with validated screening tools or questionnaires. Physiotherapist estimates of psychosocial factors were poor and in the qualitative research, the lack of clinician confidence in psychosocial assessment was evident. Conclusion: The available research suggests that physiotherapists lack confidence and ability in identifying psychosocial factors. More rigorous, mixed‐methods research is warranted to capture the complexity of the research question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelvic health and pelvic floor dysfunction have wide-reaching implications across a range of patient groups. Placing ultrasound imaging into the hands of assessing and treating clinicians (i.e. point of care ultrasound, PoCUS) can provide a step change in clinical effectiveness and efficiency. Pelvic floor dysfunction is managed by one or more members of a multi-disciplinary team that includes physiotherapists. Physiotherapists' involvement includes diagnosis, patient education, identifying shared treatment goals, using rehabilitative strategies and empowering patients through self-management. Drawing upon existing publications in this area and applying framework principles, the authors propose a clinical and sonographic scope of practice for physiotherapists as part of supporting the consolidation and expansion of pelvic health PoCUS. Education and governance considerations are detailed to ensure the robust and safe use of this modality. Alongside empowering the use of ultrasound imaging by clinicians such as physiotherapists in the UK and internationally, we provide clarity to other members of the care pathway and ultrasound imaging professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are widely held premises that suicide is almost exclusively the result of mental illness and there is "strong evidence for successfully detecting and managing suicidality in healthcare" (Hogan and Grumet, 2016). In this context, 'zero-suicide' policies have emerged, and suicide risk assessment tools have become a normative component of psychiatric practice. This essay discusses how suicide evolved from a moral to a medical problem and how, in an effort to reduce suicide, a paternalistic healthcare response emerged to predict those at high risk. The evidence for the premises is critiqued and shown to be problematic; and it is found that strong paternalistic interventions are being used more often than acknowledged. Using a Principles approach, the ethics of overriding autonomy in suicide prevention is considered. Ethical concerns are identified with the current approach which are potentially amplified by the use of these risk assessments. Furthermore, it is identified that the widespread use of risk assessments in health settings is equivalent to screening without regard to the ethical principles of screening. The essay concludes that this is unethical; that we should abandon the use of standardized suicide risk assessments and 'zero-suicide' policy; and that this may improve outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To appreciate the importance of understanding people's lived experiences to make sense of the complexities of mental health nursing • To recognise the potential benefits and risks of using stories and anecdotes to teach nursing students • To reflect on the techniques nurse educators and healthcare professionals could use to engage students with learning Over the past few years, there has been a move towards incorporating 'lived experience' stories and anecdotes in the education of mental health nurses. This typically involves a service user sharing their experiences of their mental health condition, the care they have received and the effects this had on them. In this article, the authors propose that the use of lived experience stories about, and delivered by, nurse educators and healthcare professionals themselves can also be an important component of nurse education. Often nurse educators tend to use such stories and anecdotes in response to students' requests for clarification or examples, but the authors suggest that there should be a shift towards using them as a foundation for their teaching sessions. This approach could support students to engage with the emotional, ethical and spiritual aspects of the issues being discussed, rather than focusing solely on the intellectual aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journal of Maps, 17 (1), 1 - 8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1875063 4 Chelli, A., Bordoni, M., Cappadonia, C., Pepe, G., Rotigliano, E., & Smith, M. (2021). Best Map Award For 2021 the "Best Map"' was judged by the formal awards panel comprised of myself, Dr Dick Berg, Dr Bernhard Jenny, Mr Mike Shand, and Professor Nigel Walford (and this section reflects our combined comments). Journal of Maps, 17 (1), 145 - 153. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1996475 2 Brandolini, P., Del Monte, M., Faccini, F., Cattoor, B., Zwoli'nski, Z., & Smith, M. (2021). Journal of Maps, 14 (2), 257 - 268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1456490 9 Fioraso, G., Monegato, G., Balestro, G., Hajdas, I., & Baggio, P. (2021). [Extracted from the article]

If I was to try to define what a university is I for i - in the briefest of statements - then it would be I the pursuit of knowledge i This easily covers research (the pursuit of I new i knowledge) and education (instructing I others i in the pursuit of knowledge). Yes, it benefits others, but because universities now use publications as a measure of academic success, it benefits the individual. OA journals were perhaps not inevitable, but their popularity has coincided with the adoption of top-down metrics by universities where all outputs are counted and bigger is better - more citations, more downloads, more likes, more shares. It is beyond the scope of this editorial to talk in detail about these barriers to data lodgement; however, the last point brings us back full circle to the altruistic goals of academic research and questions how the "third leg" of revenue generation - commercial exploitation - fits in to the university model. [Extracted from the article]

Soil erosion, rapid geomorphological change and vegetation degradation are major threats to the human and natural environment. Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) can be used as tools to provide detailed and accurate estimations of landscape change. The effect of flight strategy on the accuracy of UAS image data products, typically a digital surface model (DSM) and orthophoto, is unknown. Herein different flying altitudes (126-235 m) and area coverage orientations (N-S and SW-NE) are assessed in a semi-arid and medium-relief area where terraced and abandoned agricultural fields are heavily damaged by piping and gully erosion. The assessment was with respect to cell size, vertical and horizontal accuracy, absolute difference of DSM, and registration of recognizable landscape features. The results show increasing cell size (5-9 cm) with increasing altitude, and differences between elevation values (10-20 cm) for different flight directions. Vertical accuracy ranged 4-7 cm but showed no clear relationship with flight strategy, whilst horizontal error was stable (2-4 cm) for the different orthophotos. In all data sets, geomorphological features such as piping channels, rills and gullies and vegetation patches could be labeled by a technician. Finally, the datasets have been released in a public repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few genomes of the HF1-group of viruses are currently available, and further examples would enhance the understanding of their evolution, improve their gene annotation, and assist in understanding gene function and regulation. Two novel HF1-group haloviruses, Serpecor1 and Hardycor2, were recovered from widely separated hypersaline lakes in Australia. Both are myoviruses with linear dsDNA genomes and infect the haloarchaeon Halorubrum coriense. Both genomes possess long, terminal direct repeat (TDR) sequences (320 bp for Serpecor1 and 306 bp for Hardycor2). The Serpecor1 genome is 74,196 bp in length, 57.0% G+C, and has 126 annotated coding sequences (CDS). Hardycor2 has a genome of 77,342 bp, 55.6% G+C, and 125 annotated CDS. They show high nucleotide sequence similarity to each other (78%) and with HF1 (>75%), and carry similar intergenic repeat (IR) sequences to those originally described in HF1 and HF2. Hardycor2 carries a DNA methyltransferase gene in the same genomic neighborhood as the methyltransferase genes of HF1, HF2 and HRTV-5, but is in the opposite orientation, and the inferred proteins are only distantly related. Comparative genomics allowed us to identify the candidate genes mediating cell attachment. The genomes of Serpecor1 and Hardycor2 encode numerous small proteins carrying one or more CxxC motifs, a signature feature of zinc-finger domain proteins that are known to participate in diverse biomolecular interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If I was to try to define what a university is I for i - in the briefest of statements - then it would be I the pursuit of knowledge i . Yes, it benefits others, but because universities now use publications as a measure of academic success, it benefits the individual. OA journals were perhaps not inevitable, but their popularity has coincided with the adoption of top-down metrics by universities where all outputs are counted and bigger is better - more citations, more downloads, more likes, more shares. It is beyond the scope of this editorial to talk in detail about these barriers to data lodgement; however, the last point brings us back full circle to the altruistic goals of academic research and questions how the "third leg" of revenue generation - commercial exploitation - fits in to the university model. [Extracted from the article]

For 2018 the "Best Map" was judged by the formal awards panel comprised of myself, Dr Dick Berg, Professor Keith Clarke, Dr Bernhard Jenny, and Mr Mike Shand (and this section reflects our combined comments). [Extracted from the article]

In such cases, it is likely that direct evidence of termites - ranging from remains of galleries, fecal pellets, fragments of termite cuticle or termite corpses to clay aggregates - will be apparent in micromorphological examination of sediments. DIRECT EVIDENCE OF TERMITES Williams et al. (2020) agree that I prolonged i termite activity is required to form stone lines. Termite activity is ubiquitous in Australia's seasonally wet tropics, and some degree of termite disturbance is inevitable in archaeological sites across this region. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights • We introduce a spatial queueing link model to consider the effects of spatial queueing and blocking back. • We develop a novel equilibrium model with capacity constraints, queueing delays and blocking back. • The modelling framework is further integrated in a traffic assignment and control problem. • We prove existence of equilibrium results under a variety of scenarios and compare different control policies. • With blocking back, existence of an equilibrium depends on the adopted merge models. Abstract This paper introduces a steady-state, fixed (or inelastic) demand equilibrium model with explicit link-exit capacities, explicit bottleneck or queueing delays and explicit bounds on queue storage capacities. The model is a quasi-dynamic model. The link model at the heart of this quasi-dynamic equilibrium model is a spatial queueing model, which takes account of the space taken up by queues both when there is no blocking back and also when there is blocking back. The paper shows that if this quasi-dynamic model is utilised then for any feasible demand there is an equilibrium solution, provided (i) queue storage capacities are large or (ii) prices are used to help impose capacity restrictions; the prices either remove queueing delays entirely or just reduce spatial queues sufficiently to ensure that blocking back does not occur at equilibrium. Similar results, but now involving the P 0 control policy (introduced in Smith (1979a, 1987)) and two new variations of this policy (i.e., the spatial P 0 control policy, and the biased spatial P 0 control policy) are obtained. In these results, the control policies allow green-times to vary in response to prices as well as spatial queueing delays. These three policies are also tested on a small simple network. In these tests, the biased spatial version of P 0 is much the best in reducing equilibrium delays (on this simple network). The paper further illustrates how the spatial queueing model works on simple networks with different merge models; it is demonstrated that equilibrium may be prevented by certain (fixed ratio) merge models. It is also shown in this case that equilibrium may be imposed on just the controlled area itself by a variety of (merge model, gating strategy) combinations. Opportunities for developing such combined gating and merging control strategies are finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Urban green infrastructure (UGI) and nature-based solutions are increasingly recognized as instruments to address urban sustainability challenges, yet rely on a good understanding of complex social-ecological system (SES) to function adequately. Adaptive co-management (ACM), engaging a broad variety of stakeholders in collaborative learning, is an effective strategy to improve the resilience of a SES. However, ACM studies have been criticized for neglecting the urban context, while also offering little clarity on process objectives and outcomes. To address these knowledge gaps, while also drawing attention to the important issue of socially inclusive UGI development, we present a guiding framework and approach to encourage the ACM of UGI featuring two main components. Firstly, a Learning Alliance (LA) serves as an instrument for collaborative learning and experimentation across different scales. To facilitate upscaling, we propose to establish a complementary Urban Learning Lab (ULL) to facilitate a regular exchange between the LA and legitimate peripheral networks and stakeholders in the city region. Secondly, a stepwise approach to SES analysis serves to engage a representative group of stakeholders in the LAs and ULLs, and support the processes of setting LA objectives and monitoring of adaptive capacity. We illustrate our approach to the ACM of UGI with a case study of LivadaLAB in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Applying the framework and approach, we demonstrate increased adaptive capacity of the SES around UGI as indicated by: 1) improved overall stakeholder salience, in particular for previously disempowered actor groups, 2) increased number and strength of connections between stakeholders, and 3) the consideration of a broader range of sustainable development objectives by stakeholders in their daily practice. Highlights • Learning Alliances are a suitable tool for adaptive co-management. • Urban Learning Labs facilitate the upscaling of co-produced knowledge. • Tools for stakeholder analysis can be used to analyse adaptive capacity. • The Stakeholder Monitoring Graph visualizes stakeholder empowerment over time. • The collaborative learning platforms resulted in double- and triple-loop learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The members of the NeT network have undertaken parallel round-robin activities measuring and predicting transient temperatures, fusion boundary development, weld residual stresses and structural distortions in a benchmark specimen manufactured from AISI 316L(N) plate with a central finite length slot filled with three superimposed TIG weld beads. This is a strongly three-dimensional configuration with many of the characteristics of a repair weld. The round robin finite element predictions of residual stresses and distortions are compared with an extensive database of residual stress and distortion measurements made using diverse techniques on multiple TG4 specimens. It is found that high solution accuracies can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The members of the NeT network have undertaken parallel round-robin activities measuring and predicting transient temperatures, fusion boundary development, weld residual stresses and structural distortions in a benchmark specimen manufactured from AISI 316L(N) austenitic stainless plate with a central finite length slot filled with three superimposed TIG weld beads. This is a strongly 3-dimensional configuration with many of the characteristics of a repair weld. The round-robin finite element predictions of transient temperatures and the extent and shape of the melted zone are compared with thermocouple measurements made during welding, and with the results of destructive metallography. It is found that the majority of thermal simulations achieve high accuracy at weld mid-length, where quasi-steady state conditions apply, and slightly reduced but still acceptable accuracy at the bead ends, where thermal conditions are much more 3-dimensional. With two exceptions, variability in thermal solutions can be discounted as a cause of variation in subsequent mechanical simulations. The two outlier simulations allow investigation of sensitivity to final pass heat input and bead length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NeT TG4 benchmark specimen consists of a three-pass type 316L Tungsten Inert Gas slot weld in a AISI type 316L(N) plate. Phase one of the finite element simulation round robin performed on TG4 by the NeT network made the assumption that weld metal exhibits the same mechanical behaviour as parent material. A comprehensive series of material characterisation tests on weld metal was performed by NeT participants, and these allowed the derivation of several sets of mixed isotropic-kinematic material model parameters specifically for weld metal. The derived models have been used to improve the predicted stresses in the TG4 benchmark specimen. This paper first reviews the weld metal materials testing programme, and then discusses the optimum material hardening model fitting strategy to use for austenitic weld metal. The derived material models are tested by using them to predict residual stresses in the TG4 benchmark, and validating the predictions against the extensive database of measured residual stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction and measurement of residual stresses in welds is an important part of assuring their short and long-term structural performance in high value, safety critical engineering components and structures. However, both measurements and predictions of weld residual stresses often exhibit high levels of variability that are not widely appreciated. The mission of the European Network on Neutron Techniques Standardization for Structural Integrity (NeT) is to develop experimental and numerical techniques and standards for the reliable characterisation of residual stresses in structural welds. The NeT Task Group 4 project examined residual stresses in a three-pass slot-welded plate specimen fabricated from AISI 316L(N) austenitic stainless steel plate. Several nominally identical specimens were fabricated under closely controlled conditions, with detailed records kept of the manufacturing history, weld process parameters, transient temperatures during welding, and the resulting geometric distortions. Comprehensive stress-strain material property characterisation was then undertaken, extending to the isothermal cyclic tests necessary to calibrate the mixed isotropic-kinematic material hardening models required for accurate weld residual stress prediction. Parallel residual stress measurement and simulation round robins were performed by a large number of participants from around the world. Residual stresses were measured using neutron and high energy synchrotron diffraction, surface X-ray diffraction, surface and deep hole drilling, the contour method, and ultrasonics. Neutron diffraction measurements were made at eight different instruments. The diffraction measurements database alone is large enough to generate reliable mean profiles, to identify clear outliers, and to establish that there is no statistically significant difference in the residual stress field in the specimens used for the non-destructive measurements. NeT Task Group 4 gives a unique insight into the real-world variability of diffraction-based residual stress measurements, and forms a reliable foundation against which to benchmark other measurement methods. NeT Task Group 4 is also a unique test bed for the development and validation of weld residual stress simulation techniques in austenitic stainless steel. Its combination of extensive materials characterisation, accurately characterized welding temperature transients, and reliable residual stress and distortion measurements is currently unrivalled. About thirty finite element simulations were submitted to the network over the course of the project, giving insights into the required accuracy of welding thermal solutions, the mechanical solution accuracy achievable using optimized material constitutive models, and the level of acceptable error in finite element residual stress simulation results for use in structural integrity assessments of high integrity engineering components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article begins by exploring the crisis of contemporary multilateralism in terms of three core elements: institutions, norms and negotiation. It then argues that in relation to these elements, the EU and the US occupy ambiguous positions and roles, and that these ambiguities, exacerbated by internal tensions and crises as well as external forces, pervade their changing roles in the multilateral system. The third part of the paper assesses the role of multilateralism in the development of transatlantic relations, drawing attention to the differentiation between ‘special relationships’, modes of transatlantic governance and broader multilateral mechanisms, and to the ways in which this reflects the underlying ambiguities in the roles of the EU and the US. The paper concludes that the consequent tension between differentiation and disintegration will be a core element of transatlantic relations for the foreseeable future, and that EU-US relations are thus weakening in a foundational aspect of world order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative article explores the current and emerging challenges facing the Defence Medical Services in delivering medical care in the face of the changing nature of conflict and the arenas in which they will be conducted. It is likely that there will be a need for the delivery of prolonged field care which will require innovation and research to face the potential challenges facing military pre-hospital care providers. Clinical interventions likely to improve measurable positive patient outcomes are discussed within the context of the current Defence Medical Services research strategy, evidence-based medicine, clinical capability gaps and further research opportunities. The potential benefit of exploiting physiological monitoring technologies to improve patient care and support remote clinical decision-making is presented as a proof of concept research programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An account of code-switching should be a direct consequence of an understanding of representation and processing in the individual mind, rather than a separate domain of its own. In the absence of such an account, most studies have developed hypotheses strictly within a specific research domain. This paper seeks to apply to code-switching a reasonably well-developed account of the multilingual mind, the MOGUL framework, within which more specific accounts can be developed. After briefly summarizing the framework, we describe representation and processing as realized in MOGUL, focusing on aspects having particular relevance to code-switching, including social factors involved in switching but as seen in terms of their place in a cognitive system. We then show how a promising approach to code-switching can be derived from this general framework. Some specific examples of code-switching are analyzed, though the primary goal is to show the merits of a broader perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerial image capture has become very common within the geosciences due to the increasing affordability of low-payload (<20 kg) unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for consumer markets. Their application to surveying has subsequently led to many studies being undertaken using UAV imagery and derived products as primary data sources. However, image quality and the principles of image capture are seldom given rigorous discussion. In this contribution we firstly revisit the underpinning concepts behind image capture, from which the requirements for acquiring sharp, well-exposed and suitable image data are derived. Secondly, the platform, camera, lens and imaging settings relevant to image quality planning are discussed, with worked examples to guide users through the process of considering the factors required for capturing high-quality imagery for geoscience investigations. Given a target feature size and ground sample distance based on mission objectives, the flight height and velocity should be calculated to ensure motion blur is kept to a minimum. We recommend using a camera with as large a sensor as is permissible for the aerial platform being used (to maximise sensor sensitivity), effective focal lengths of 24-35 mm (to minimise errors due to lens distortion) and optimising ISO (to ensure the shutter speed is fast enough to minimise motion blur). Finally, we give recommendations for the reporting of results by researchers in order to help improve the confidence in, and reusability of, surveys through providing open access imagery where possible, presenting example images and excerpts and detailing appropriate metadata to rigorously describe the image capture process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper (Smith & Baldwin, 2015), we explained the basic concepts of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWeq) principle needed for meaningful understanding and for good teaching, emphasizing distinctions that are sometimes ignored at the cost of coherent understanding, and identifying nine shortcomings of most available Hardy-Weinberg activities and problem sets. In the present paper, we provide a 5E lesson plan based on that analysis and designed to avoid the shortcomings identified, including providing original data and focusing on understanding and topics that are interesting and meaningful to young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lipohypertrophy (LH) is one of the most common complications of insulin therapy. We conducted a prospective study in 18 UK centres to assess the impact of a targeted LH intervention on a range of clinical, biological and socio-economic parameters.Methods: Seventy-five insulin-injecting patients were recruited randomly and were followed prospectively for 3-6months, with results compared to baseline values. Interventions included the use of an intensive education program and a switch to a 4mm pen needle.Results: At all injection sites LH decreased significantly by the end of the study, either disappearing completely or shrinking by approximately 50% from its original diameter. Injections into LH decreased by more than 75% by the end. Most patients were not correctly rotating injection sites at the beginning but by the end most were, by a 5-fold margin. Only 1/3 of our subjects used the 4mm needle at the beginning of the study, however, virtually all did by study end. The mean HbA1c improved by more than 4mmol/L and there were significantly lower levels of unexpected hypoglycaemia and glucose variability. Total daily doses of insulin dropped by an average of 5.6 IU by study end.Conclusions: We believe the impressive clinical improvements seen with training to prevent LH can be achieved by wide adoption of the interventions outlined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonly used evolution assessments often ask about the evolution of blindness in cavefish or salamanders, running speed in cheetahs, and/or the long necks of giraffes. Explaining the loss of function in cave animals, however, is more difficult than explaining evolution involving gains of function resulting from natural selection. In fact, the evolution of cavefish blindness is not yet well understood by scientists. This article presents the three current hypotheses for explaining the evolution of blindness in Mexican tetras (Astyanax mexicanus), related to the Next Generation Science Standards and the Advanced Placement curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron beam (EB) welding can efficiently join large-scale components using one single autogenous pass, but it still faces challenges associated with weld-induced distortion and stress. This study investigates EB welding in a low-alloy steel thick-section shell-flange structure for a small modular reactor. A 3D thermal-metallurgical-mechanical model is developed to assess the weld-induced distortion and stress, as well as the strategy to mitigate them. When no restraint is imposed on the circumferential weld plane, an opening and sliding gap develops during the EB welding, which can cause weld defects and even process failure. Restraint through tack welds can effectively mitigate the gapping distortion, but it generates high transient tensile stress in the tack weld. Circumferentially continuous tack weld is preferential over circumferentially discrete tack welds to minimise the tensile stress. The final residual stress is insensitive to the tack-weld restraint, and the stress distribution in the steady-state welding region is broadly similar to that found in plate butt welds. However, concentration of residual stresses with high triaxiality occurs in the weld stop region, with high tensile stresses generated just behind the beam stop location, which cannot be diminished by overlap welding or change of weld stop position. The mechanisms responsible for the distortion and the transient and residual stresses are analysed. This study could provide rational basis for designing weld restraint to control distortion and guiding stress mitigation strategy for crack-susceptible region in EB weldments. [Display omitted] • Thermal-metallurgical-mechanical model is developed to investigate electron beam (EB) welding of large shell-flange structure. • Opening and sliding gap occurs on unrestrained EB weld plane, while high tensile transient stress is generated in tack weld that imposes restraint. • Circumferentially continuous tack weld is preferential over discrete tack welds to mitigate gapping distortion and minimise tensile stress. • Significant residual stresses with high triaxiality develop in EB weld stop region and the stress concentration cannot be diminished by overlap welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of manganese (Mn2+) can persist after drainage in soil following wetland rice production, leading to toxicity in subsequent legume crops. To evaluate Mn2+ concentration causing adverse impacts on crop establishment and growth, a controlled environment experiment using hydroponics was designed. Germination and growth of field pea, faba bean and mung bean were evaluated over 21 d with an increase in Mn2+ (0 − 50 mg Mn2+L−1). Germination of all crops was impacted significantly with an increase in concentration of Mn2+. Leaf chlorophyll content as well as all plant growth parameters assessed (dry weight, height) were negatively impacted (p < 0.05) by increasing concentrations of Mn2+. Field peas and faba beans proved more sensitive to Mn2+ than did mung beans at concentrations of 5 − 10 mg L−1. Field pea and faba bean specifically exhibited reduced height (30 − 60% and 4 − 41%, respectively), root length (12 − 30% and 20 − 25%, respectively), and shoot weight (41 − 69% and 47 − 81%, respectively). Mung bean was less impacted in terms of plant height with 23% reduction at 25 mg Mn2+ L−1 and shoot dry weight reduced by 48% at 50 mg Mn2+ L−1. Total chlorophyll content of mung bean was severely affected (86% reduction at 50 mg Mn2+ L−1), with field pea least impacted. Our findings suggest that significant Mn2+ toxicity could potentially occur in terms of legume germination and overall growth if legume crops are sown into post-rice soils with ≥5 mg Mn2+L−1. Soil Mn2+ level must be considered when developing cropping strategies following flooded rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We thank them for their enthusiastic response to our invitation and for their varied and interesting contributions, which, as is fitting in view of the scope of Andy's work, cover professional, practical, and methodological aspects of biostatistics as applied to the pharmaceutical industry. It has been a pleasure for us to edit this special issue of I Pharmaceutical Statistics i in honour of Andy Grieve to celebrate his 70th birthday. The authors of the assembled papers have either collaborated with Andy as a colleague or co-author or have been influenced by his work. [Extracted from the article]

This study examined visual discrimination performance in a sample of older adults before, during and post treadmill walking at preferred walking speed and preferred walking speed +20%. Nine adults (6 females and 3 males) aged 60–77 years (mean age = 67.1 ± 5.7 years) undertook three trials each lasting 15 min, rest, walking at preferred speed and walking at preferred speed +20%. Pre, during and post each condition, participants undertook measures of visual–cognitive performance. There were no significant main effects or higher order interactions for condition (rest, vs. walking preferred speed, vs. walking preferred speed +20%) or time (pre, during, post) (all P > 0.05). There was a significant condition X time interaction for response time ( P = 0.014, partial ɳ 2 = 0.352). Post hoc analysis indicated that response times were significantly faster during exercise at preferred speed compared to pre exercise at preferred speed ( P = 0.042). Response times were significantly slower during walking at preferred speed +20% compared to pre exercise ( P = 0.002) and to post exercise ( P = 0.012). Response times were significantly faster during PSW compared to during rest ( P = 0.05), during PSW compared to during PSW20 ( P = 0.001) and significantly slower during PSW20 compared to during rest ( P = 0.001). Post PSW20 response times were significantly slower than post PSW ( P = 0.04). These results suggest that visual discrimination performance is facilitated when walking at preferred speeds but walking at 20% faster than preferred speed significantly impedes visual discrimination in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate if the effects of changes in physiological arousal on timing performance can be accurately predicted by the catastrophe model. Eighteen young adults (8 males, 10 females) volunteered to participate in the study following ethical approval. After familiarisation, coincidence anticipation was measured using the Bassin Anticipation Timer under four incremental exercise conditions: Increasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety, increasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety, decreasing exercise intensity and low cognitive anxiety and decreasing exercise intensity and high cognitive anxiety. Incremental exercise was performed on a treadmill at intensities of 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% heart rate reserve (HRR) respectively. Ratings of cognitive anxiety were taken at each intensity using the Mental Readiness Form 3 (MRF3) followed by performance of coincidence anticipation trials at speeds of 3 and 8 mph. Results indicated significant condition × intensity interactions for absolute error (AE;p= .0001) and MRF cognitive anxiety intensity scores (p= .05). Post hoc analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in AE across exercise intensities in low–cognitive anxiety conditions. In high–cognitive anxiety conditions, timing performance AE was significantly poorer and cognitive anxiety higher at 90% HRR, compared to the other exercise intensities. There was no difference in timing responses at 90% HRR during competitive trials, irrespective of whether exercise intensity was increasing or decreasing. This study suggests that anticipation timing performance is negatively affected when physiological arousal and cognitive anxiety are high. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the definition of maps which is a visualize geospatial data and mentions the articles published in the journal along with the most cited and downloaded for 2015 and also mentions the nomination for the journals best map award and an acknowledgement for the journal's reviewers.

A useful approach to answering the Next Generation Science Standards' call for teaching students to demonstrate understanding using mathematical representations is use of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (H-W eq). This article is focused on the meaning of H-W eq and its application, rather than mathematical manipulation. Typical textbook problems are critiqued, and a model problem is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the editor discusses miscellaneous topics related to the journal "Second Language Research." Topics discussed include departure of the editor at the beginning of 2015; development of the journal which was founded in 1985; history of the journal which was started by Albert Valdman of the Indiana University; and topics of the first issue such as interlanguage and contrastive generative grammar; and elicitation, lateralization and error analysis.

Palatal myoclonus is an extremely rare neurotological disorder presenting to an otolaryngologist. It presents as objective tinnitus which is due to rhythmic, involuntary movements of the soft palate causing distress to the patients. Different medical and surgical remedies have been attempted with variable success. Botulinum toxin has been reportedly used in few cases and has reproduced good results lasting for a few months with minimum morbidity. We report a case suffering from palatal myoclonus for about 15 years and injection of botulinum toxin into his tensor veli palatini muscle resolved his objectionable unilateral tinnitus. Optimum results obtained initially, waned off over the years, for which the dose had to be gradually increased to achieve the desired clinical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a dynamical assignment and control model which calculates stage green-times for a signal-controlled network. In the dynamical model route flows, bottleneck delays and stage green-times all change simultaneously over iterations. It is shown that if the initial problem is feasible and the P 0 policy is utilised to move stage green-times then convergence is certain in the vertical queueing case. The model makes some reasonable systematic allowance for travellers’ route choices by encouraging congestion-reducing route choices in the future; the model (in generating signal timings) maximises network capacity (taking account of route choices) when queueing is vertical. Blocking back however appears difficult to deal with (while retaining the convergence guarantee) and represents an area for further study. The model may be used to design fixed-time or time of day signal timings; it may also be used to pre-prepare timings for rapid implementation in case of a predictable incident; finally if computation speeds are high enough the method may possibly be used responsively, in real-time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a Balint group in Leeds which, so far as we are aware, is unique in the UK for being aimed at higher level trainees. The paper is written from the trainee's perspective. The experience has been so useful that the group has concluded that this should be an integral part of all higher training schemes. The paper discusses two cases we brought to the group which illustrate some of the challenges faced by trainees at this level of their training. It also aims to inform the reader of the need for such an experience for higher level trainees. The cases presented were experienced by the doctors involved as troubling and disturbing to their sense of self. The Balint group provides a safe environment for discussion of the most disturbing cases, especially those which involve a hard-to-bear countertransference, and as such, fosters ongoing personal development. Standard supervisory models are considered unable to provide such a space. The Leeds group, which is made up of trainees from all specialties, have rated the Balint experience as one of the most important in their professional lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel idealised dynamical model of day to day traffic re-routeing (as traffic seeks cheaper routes) and proves a stability result for this dynamical model. (The dynamical model is based on swapping flow between paired alternative segments (these were introduced by Bar-Gera (2010) ) rather than between routes.) It is shown that under certain conditions the dynamical system enters a given connected set of approximate equilibria in a finite number of days or steps. This proof allows for saturation flows which act as potentially active flow constraints. The dynamical system involving paired alternative segment swaps is then combined with a novel green-time-swapping rule; this rule swaps green-time toward more pressurised signal stages. It is shown that if (i) the delay formulae have a simple form and (ii) the “pressure” formula fits the special control policy P 0 (see Smith, 1979a,b), then the combined flow-swapping/green-time-swapping dynamical model also enters a given connected set of approximate consistent equilibria in a finite number of steps. Computational results confirm, in a simple network, the positive P 0 result and also show, on the other hand, that such good behaviour may not arise if the equi-saturation control policy is utilised. The dynamical models described here do not represent blocking back effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published ages of >50 ka for occupation at Madjedbebe (Malakunanja II) in Australia's north have kept the site prominent in discussions about the colonisation of Sahul. The site also contains one of the largest stone artefact assemblages in Sahul for this early period. However, the stone artefacts and other important archaeological components of the site have never been described in detail, leading to persistent doubts about its stratigraphic integrity. We report on our analysis of the stone artefacts and faunal and other materials recovered during the 1989 excavations, as well as the stratigraphy and depositional history recorded by the original excavators. We demonstrate that the technology and raw materials of the early assemblage are distinctive from those in the overlying layers. Silcrete and quartzite artefacts are common in the early assemblage, which also includes edge-ground axe fragments and ground haematite. The lower flaked stone assemblage is distinctive, comprising a mix of long convergent flakes, some radial flakes with faceted platforms, and many small thin silcrete flakes that we interpret as thinning flakes. Residue and use-wear analysis indicate occasional grinding of haematite and woodworking, as well as frequent abrading of platform edges on thinning flakes. We conclude that previous claims of extensive displacement of artefacts and post-depositional disturbance may have been overstated. The stone artefacts and stratigraphic details support previous claims for human occupation 50–60 ka and show that human occupation during this time differed from later periods. We discuss the implications of these new data for understanding the first human colonisation of Sahul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fight off invading genetic elements, prokaryotes have developed an elaborate defence system that is both adaptable and heritable--the CRISPR-Cas system (CRISPR is short for: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and Cas: CRISPR associated). Comprised of proteins and multiple small RNAs, this prokaryotic defence system is present in 90% of archaeal and 40% of bacterial species, and enables foreign intruders to be eliminated in a sequence-specific manner. There are three major types (I-III) and at least 14 subtypes of this system, with only some of the subtypes having been analysed in detail, and many aspects of the defence reaction remaining to be elucidated. Few archaeal examples have so far been analysed. Here we summarize the characteristics of the CRISPR-Cas system of Haloferax volcanii, an extremely halophilic archaeon originally isolated from the Dead Sea. It carries a single CRISPR-Cas system of type I-B, with a Cascade like complex composed of Cas proteins Cas5, Cas6b and Cas7. Cas6b is essential for CRISPR RNA (crRNA) maturation but is otherwise not required for the defence reaction. A systematic search revealed that six protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences are recognised by the Haloferax defence system. For successful invader recognition, a non-contiguous seed sequence of 10 base-pairs between the crRNA and the invader is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]