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2. Upper airway gene expression shows a more robust adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children

Author

Mick, Eran, Tsitsiklis, Alexandra, Spottiswoode, Natasha, Caldera, Saharai, Serpa, Paula Hayakawa, Detweiler, Angela M, Neff, Norma, Pisco, Angela Oliveira, Li, Lucy M, Retallack, Hanna, Ratnasiri, Kalani, Williamson, Kayla M, Soesanto, Victoria, Simões, Eric AF, Smith, Christiana, Abuogi, Lisa, Kistler, Amy, Wagner, Brandie D, DeRisi, Joseph L, Ambroggio, Lilliam, Mourani, Peter M, and Langelier, Charles R

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Lung, Pneumonia, Prevention, Pediatric, Pneumonia & Influenza, Vaccine Related, Biodefense, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Inflammatory and immune system, Infection, Respiratory, Good Health and Well Being, Adaptive Immunity, Adult, Aged, COVID-19, Child, Gene Expression, Humans, Nasopharynx, SARS-CoV-2, Young Adult
Abstract

Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately causes severe disease in older adults whereas disease burden in children is lower. To investigate whether differences in the upper airway immune response may contribute to this disparity, we compare nasopharyngeal gene expression in 83 children (40-years-old; 45 with SARS-CoV-2, 28 with other respiratory viruses, 81 with no virus). Expression of interferon-stimulated genes is robustly activated in both children and adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to the respective non-viral groups, with only subtle distinctions. Children, however, demonstrate markedly greater upregulation of pathways related to B cell and T cell activation and proinflammatory cytokine signaling, including response to TNF and production of IFNγ, IL-2 and IL-4. Cell type deconvolution confirms greater recruitment of B cells, and to a lesser degree macrophages, to the upper airway of children. Only children exhibit a decrease in proportions of ciliated cells, among the primary targets of SARS-CoV-2, upon infection. These findings demonstrate that children elicit a more robust innate and especially adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the upper airway that likely contributes to their protection from severe disease in the lower airway.

Published
2022

6. Contributors

Author

Abzug, Mark J., primary, Adderson, Elisabeth E., additional, Agarwal, Aastha, additional, Agwu, Allison L., additional, Albenberg, Lindsey, additional, Albert, Jonathan, additional, Alby, Kevin, additional, Aldrovandi, Grace M., additional, Allen, Upton D., additional, Alvarez-Hernndez, Gerardo, additional, Ampofo, Krow, additional, Anderson, Evan J., additional, Appiah, Grace D., additional, Ardura, Monica I., additional, Arnon, Stephen S., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Arvin, Ann M., additional, Ashkenazi, Shai, additional, Ashkenazi-Hoffnung, Liat, additional, Asturias, Edwin J., additional, Aukstuolis, Kestutis, additional, Badalyan, Vahe, additional, Baker, Carol J., additional, Balakrishnan, Karthik, additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bechtel, Kirsten, additional, Benitz, William E., additional, Berkovich, Rachel, additional, Berman, David M., additional, Bialek, Stephanie R., additional, Bijker, Else M., additional, Bizzarro, Matthew J., additional, Bloch, Karen C., additional, Bocchini, Joseph A., additional, Boyce, Thomas G., additional, Bradley, John S., additional, Bratcher, Denise F., additional, Braverman, Paula K., additional, Brook, Itzhak, additional, Brown, Kevin Edward, additional, Bryant, Kristina P., additional, Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F., additional, Caete-Gibas, Connie F., additional, Cantey, Joseph B., additional, Cantey, Paul, additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Caserta, Mary T., additional, Castagnini, Luis A., additional, Cataldi, Jessica R., additional, Chadwick, Ellen Gould, additional, Chancey, Rebecca J., additional, Cherry, Cara C., additional, Chiang, Silvia S., additional, Choi, Mary, additional, Christenson, John C., additional, Coffin, Susan E., additional, Cohn, Amanda, additional, Contopoulos-Ioannidis, Despina G., additional, Conway, James H., additional, Cortese, Margaret M., additional, Creech, C. Buddy, additional, Crews, Jonathan D., additional, Curtis, Donna, additional, Curtis, Nigel, additional, Danziger-Isakov, Lara A., additional, Darville, Toni, additional, Dasch, Gregory A., additional, Daskalaki, Irini, additional, Davies, H. Dele, additional, Dawood, Fatimah S., additional, Day, J. Christopher, additional, Teresa de la Morena, M., additional, DeMuri, Gregory P., additional, Despommier, Dickson D., additional, Dodson, Daniel S., additional, Dolgner, Stephen J., additional, Dunn, Clinton, additional, Dyal, Jonathan, additional, Edwards, Kathryn M., additional, Edwards, Morven S., additional, Eichenfield, Dawn Z., additional, Eichenfield, Lawrence F., additional, Elston, Dirk M., additional, Emerson, Beth, additional, Enane, Leslie A., additional, Ephros, Moshe, additional, Erdem, Guliz, additional, Eremeeva, Marina E., additional, Esposito, Douglas H., additional, Farley, Monica M., additional, Feingold, Anat R., additional, Feja, Kristina N., additional, Finn, Adam, additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Fisher, Brian T., additional, Fisher, Randall G., additional, Flynn, Patricia Michele, additional, Foster, Monique A., additional, Fox, LeAnne M., additional, Frank, Michael M., additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Frenck, Robert W., additional, Gaensbauer, James, additional, Gans, Hayley A., additional, Gauthier, Gregory M., additional, Gavigan, Patrick, additional, Gerber, Jeffrey S., additional, Gernez, Yael, additional, Gigliotti, Francis, additional, Gilger, Mark A., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Gould, Jane M., additional, Graziano, James, additional, Green, Amanda M., additional, Green, Michael, additional, Griffin, Daniel, additional, Griffin, Patricia M., additional, Griffith, David C., additional, Gupta, Piyush, additional, Gutelius, Bruce J., additional, Gutman, Julie R., additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamdy, Rana F., additional, Han, Jin-Young, additional, Handy, Lori K., additional, Hanisch, Benjamin, additional, Harper, Marvin B., additional, Harris, Aaron M., additional, Harrison, Christopher J., additional, Haslam, David B., additional, Haston, Julia C., additional, Hawkes, Sarah.J., additional, Heald-Sargent, Taylor, additional, Hendley, J. Owen, additional, Hersh, Adam L., additional, Hilinski, Joseph A., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hong, David K., additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Hsu, Katherine K., additional, Huang, Felicia Scaggs, additional, Hunstad, David A., additional, Hunt, W. Garrett, additional, Hwang, Loris Y., additional, Ilboudo, Christelle M., additional, Jaggi, Preeti, additional, Jean, Sophonie, additional, Jhaveri, Ravi, additional, Jirk-Pomajbkov, Kateina, additional, Kadry, Nadia A., additional, Kamb, Mary L., additional, Kapadia, Ronak K., additional, Katz, Ben Z., additional, Katz, Sophie E., additional, Kaur, Ishminder, additional, Kersh, Gilbert J., additional, Khan, Muhammad Ali, additional, Khurana, Ananta, additional, Kimberlin, David W., additional, Klein, Bruce, additional, Kobayashi, Miwako, additional, Kociolek, Larry K., additional, Koh, Andrew Y., additional, Kotloff, Karen L., additional, Kroger, Andrew T., additional, Kronman, Matthew P., additional, Lalor, Leah, additional, Lauren, Christine T., additional, Leber, Amy, additional, Leshem, Eyal, additional, Lewis, David B., additional, Livingston, Robyn A., additional, Llata, Eloisa, additional, Lloyd, Kevin, additional, Loh, Katrina, additional, Long, Sarah S., additional, Lopman, Benjamin A., additional, Lucero, Yalda C., additional, Lugo, Debra J., additional, Lujn-Zilbermann, Jorge, additional, Maldonado, Yvonne A., additional, Manaloor, John J., additional, Manthiram, Kalpana, additional, Martin, Stacey W., additional, Mathew, Roshni, additional, Mazzulli, Tony, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth J., additional, McGann, Kathleen A., additional, McNamara, Lucy A., additional, Meislich, Debrah, additional, Meissner, H. Cody, additional, Mejias, Asuncion, additional, Mertsola, Jussi, additional, Messacar, Kevin, additional, Mhaissen, Mohammad Nael, additional, Michaels, Marian G., additional, Miller, Melissa B., additional, Miller-Handley, Hilary, additional, Mintz, Eric, additional, Mohan, Parvathi, additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Montoya, Jose G., additional, Moorman, Anne C., additional, Moro, Pedro L., additional, Moscicki, Anna-Barbara, additional, Muller, William J., additional, Myers, Angela L., additional, Nadel, Simon, additional, Nayak, Jennifer Lynn, additional, Neely, Michael Noel, additional, Neil, Karen P., additional, Nelson, Christina A., additional, Nelson, Noele P., additional, Nichols, Megin, additional, Nicholson, William, additional, Nopper, Amy Jo, additional, Norton, Laura E., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, Olarte, Liset, additional, Onarecker, Timothy R., additional, Orenstein, Walter A., additional, ORyan, Miguel, additional, Otto, William R., additional, Ouellette, Christopher P., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Palazzi, Debra L., additional, Panuganti, Suresh Kumar, additional, Pappas, Diane E., additional, Paret, Michal, additional, Pastula, Daniel M., additional, Patterson, Thomas F., additional, Petersen, Brett W., additional, Petrosyan, Mikael, additional, Pickering, Larry K., additional, Pindyck, Talia, additional, Pinninti, Swetha, additional, Pittet, Laure F., additional, Planet, Paul J., additional, Pollard, Andrew J., additional, Posfay-Barbe, Klara M., additional, Poulsen, Casper S., additional, Poutanen, Susan M., additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Prasanphanich, Nina Salinger, additional, Pritt, Bobbi S., additional, Prober, Charles G., additional, Puar, Neha, additional, Quilter, Laura A.S., additional, Ramilo, Octavio, additional, Rao, Suchitra, additional, Ratner, Adam J., additional, Rawstron, Sarah A., additional, Read, Jennifer S., additional, Relich, Ryan F., additional, Reller, Megan E., additional, Robinson, Candice L., additional, Romero, Jos R., additional, Rosen, David A., additional, Ross, Shannon A., additional, Rours, G. Ingrid J.G., additional, Rowe, Peter C., additional, Rowley, Anne H., additional, Rubin, Lorry G., additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Sacharok, Alexandra, additional, Sandora, Thomas J., additional, Sapp, Sarah G.H., additional, Sardana, Kabir, additional, Sauberan, Jason B., additional, Schaffzin, Joshua K., additional, Schillie, Sarah, additional, Schuster, Jennifer E., additional, Schwartz, Kevin L., additional, Sederdahl, Bethany K., additional, Serpa-Alvarez, Jose, additional, Shah, Kara N., additional, Shah, Samir S., additional, Shaikh, Nader, additional, Shane, Andi L., additional, Shapiro, Eugene D., additional, Shaw, Jana, additional, Shetty, Avinash K., additional, Shope, Timothy R., additional, Dairiki Shortliffe, Linda M., additional, Shulman, Stanford T., additional, Shust, Gail F., additional, Siberry, George Kelly, additional, Siegel, Jane D., additional, Siegel, Robert David, additional, Simonsen, Kari A., additional, Singh, Upinder, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Smith, Lauren L., additional, Song, Eunkyung, additional, Souder, Emily, additional, Spearman, Paul, additional, St. Geme, Joseph W., additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Starke, Jeffrey R., additional, Statler, Victoria A., additional, Steinbach, William J., additional, Stensvold, Christen Rune, additional, Stokes, Erin K., additional, Stoner, Bradley P., additional, Storch, Gregory A., additional, Straily, Anne, additional, Sullivan, Kathleen E., additional, Swanson, Douglas S., additional, Tanz, Robert R., additional, Taormina, Gillian, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E., additional, Taveras, Jeanette, additional, Tebruegge, Marc, additional, Teshale, Eyasu H., additional, Thompson, George R., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Thomsen, Isaac, additional, Thomson, Richard B., additional, Thorell, Emily A., additional, Tien, Vivian, additional, Tobin, Nicole H., additional, Toltzis, Philip, additional, Treat, James, additional, Troy, Stephanie B., additional, Van Dvke, Russell B., additional, Vaz, Louise Elaine, additional, Vijayan, Vini, additional, Vodzak, Jennifer, additional, Wagner, Thor A., additional, Wald, Ellen R., additional, Wallihan, Rebecca, additional, Wang, Huanyu, additional, Wangu, Zoon, additional, Washam, Matthew, additional, Waters, Valerie, additional, Watson, Joshua R., additional, Weatherhead, Jill E., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Weng, Mark K., additional, Wiederhold, Nathan P., additional, Wiesenfeld, Harold C., additional, Williams, Cydni, additional, Williams, John V., additional, Willoughby, Rodney E., additional, Wittler, Robert R., additional, Wood, James B., additional, Woods, Charles Reece, additional, Workowski, Kimberly A., additional, Wright, Terry W., additional, Wu, Hsi-Yang, additional, Xu, Huan, additional, Yagupsky, Pablo, additional, Yi, Jumi, additional, Yoder, Jonathan, additional, Young, Edward J., additional, Zaenglein, Andrea L., additional, Zimmermann, Petra, additional, and Zong, Wenjing, additional

Published
2023
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11. Development and implementation of an interdisciplinary model for the management of breastfeeding in women with HIV in the United States: experience from the Children’s Hospital Colorado Immunodeficiency Program

Author

Abuogi, Lisa, primary, Smith, Christiana, additional, Kinzie, Kay, additional, Barr, Emily, additional, Bonham, Adrianne, additional, Johnson, R.L., additional, Dinnebeil, Megan, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth, additional, and Weinberg, Adriana, additional

Published
2023
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13. The Emergence of Zoonotic Onchocerca lupi Infection in the United States – A Case-Series

Author

Cantey, Paul T., Weeks, Jessica, Edwards, Morven, Rao, Suchitra, Ostovar, G. Amin, Dehority, Walter, Alzona, Maria, Swoboda, Sara, Christiaens, Brooke, Ballan, Wassim, Hartley, John, Terranella, Andrew, Weatherhead, Jill, Dunn, James J., Marx, Douglas P., Hicks, M. John, Rauch, Ronald A., Smith, Christiana, Dishop, Megan K., Handler, Michael H., Dudley, Roy W. R., Chundu, Kote, Hobohm, Dan, Feiz-Erfan, Iman, Hakes, Joseph, Berry, Ryan S., Stepensaski, Shelly, Greenfield, Benjamin, Shroeder, Laura, Bishop, Henry, de Almeida, Marcos, Mathison, Blaine, and Eberhard, Mark

Published
2016

17. A Small Learning Community's Impact on Students' Success Assessed by State Test Scores in Reading and Math

Author

Smith, Christiana Helen Croson

Abstract

Drastic reform measures have taken place at Howard High School of Technology to incorporate a 10th grade small learning community. Due to the costs and resources associated with implementing small learning communities, it is important to examine if the 10th graders' achievement on the state tests in reading and math were significantly different after the implementation of this structure. This study can assist school administrators and district officials in making decisions regarding the implementation of small learning communities in their schools. Small learning communities stem from the distributed leadership theory, which provides teachers with opportunities to lead and make decisions in the school. The purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental study was to examine the possible impact of a small learning community on 10th graders' state test scores in reading and math. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the students' 9th grade spring DCAS scores from the 2010-2011 school year to their 10th grade spring scores in the 2011-2012 school year. There was a positive significant difference from 9th grade to 10 th grade for students in both reading and math. The Collective Efficacy Scale is a 1-shot cross sectional survey given to teachers who were a part of the 2011-2012 10th grade small learning community. The results showed there was an average range of collective efficacy within the 10th grade small learning community teachers. The results of the study indicate that the school should continue to implement this model and the district should consider expanding the model into other parts of the school and district. This study will impact social change by informing educators of the possible positive impact of small learning communities on students' achievement. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2013

18. Congenital malformations and preeclampsia associated with integrase inhibitor use in pregnancy: A single-center analysis.

Author

Smith, Christiana, Fought, Angela J., Sung, Joyce F., McKinney, Jennifer R., Metz, Torri D., Fetters, Kirk B., Lazarus, Sarah, Capraro, Shannon, Barr, Emily, Glenny, Carrie, Buehler, Jenna, and Weinberg, Adriana

Subjects
*HUMAN abnormalities, *PREECLAMPSIA, *INTEGRASE inhibitors, *PREGNANCY outcomes, *PREGNANCY, *HIV-positive women
Abstract

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases perinatal HIV transmission, but concerns exist regarding maternal and infant safety. We compared the incidence of congenital malformations and other adverse outcomes in pregnancies exposed to integrase inhibitor (INSTI) versus non-INSTI ART. Setting: Single-site review of all pregnancies among women living with HIV between 2008 and 2018. Methods: We used binomial family generalized estimating equations to model the relationship of congenital anomalies and pregnancy outcomes with exposure to INSTI or dolutegravir (DTG) versus non-INSTI ART. Results: Among 257 pregnancies, 77 women received ≥1 INSTI (54 DTG, 14 elvitegravir, 15 raltegravir), 167 received non-INSTI, and 3 had missing data. Fifty congenital anomalies were identified in 36 infants. Infants with first-trimester DTG or any first-trimester INSTI exposure had higher odds of congenital anomalies than infants with first-trimester non-INSTI exposure (OR = 2.55; 95%CI = 1.07–6.10; OR = 2.61; 95%CI = 1.15–5.94, respectively). Infants with INSTI exposure after the second trimester had no increased odds of anomalies. Women with INSTI exposure had higher odds of preeclampsia (OR = 4.73; 95%CI = 1.70–13.19). Among women who received INSTI, grade ≥3 laboratory abnormalities were noted in 2.6% while receiving the INSTI and 3.9% while not receiving the INSTI, versus 16.2% in women who received non-INSTI. There was no association between INSTI exposure and other pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion: In our cohort, first-trimester INSTI exposure was associated with increased rates of congenital anomalies and use of INSTI during pregnancy was associated with preeclampsia. These findings underscore the need for continued monitoring of the safety of INSTI in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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35. Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children

Author

Graff, Kelly, primary, Smith, Christiana, additional, Silveira, Lori, additional, Jung, Sarah, additional, Curran-Hays, Shane, additional, Jarjour, Jane, additional, Carpenter, Lauren, additional, Pickard, Kasey, additional, Mattiucci, Michael, additional, Fresia, JoEllen, additional, McFarland, Elizabeth J., additional, Dominguez, Samuel R., additional, and Abuogi, Lisa, additional

Published
2021
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36. Comparison of Upper Respiratory Viral Load Distributions in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Children Diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pediatric Hospital Testing Programs

Author

Kociolek, Larry K., primary, Muller, William J., additional, Yee, Rebecca, additional, Dien Bard, Jennifer, additional, Brown, Cameron A., additional, Revell, Paula A., additional, Wardell, Hanna, additional, Savage, Timothy J., additional, Jung, Sarah, additional, Dominguez, Samuel, additional, Parikh, Bijal A., additional, Jerris, Robert C., additional, Kehl, Sue C., additional, Campigotto, Aaron, additional, Bender, Jeffrey M., additional, Zheng, Xiaotian, additional, Muscat, Emily, additional, Linam, Matthew, additional, Abuogi, Lisa, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Graff, Kelly, additional, Hernandez-Leyva, Ariel, additional, Williams, David, additional, and Pollock, Nira R., additional

Published
2020
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37. Child HIV Exposure and CMV Seroprevalence in Botswana: No Associations With 24-Month Growth and Neurodevelopment

Author

Moraka, Natasha O, primary, Moyo, Sikhulile, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Ibrahim, Maryanne, additional, Mayondi, Gloria, additional, Leidner, Jean, additional, Powis, Kathleen M, additional, Cassidy, Adam R, additional, Kammerer, Betsy, additional, Ajibola, Gbolahan, additional, Williams, Paige L, additional, Weinberg, Adriana, additional, Musonda, Rosemary, additional, Shapiro, Roger, additional, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, additional, and Lockman, Shahin, additional

Published
2020
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38. Disseminated Histoplasmosis as an AIDS-Defining Illness Presenting as Fever of Unknown Origin in an 11-Year-Old Female

Author

Kalata, Kathryn E., Osborne, Christina, Willis, Amy, Navarro, Kacey, Fenton, Laura Z., and Smith, Christiana

Subjects
Article Subject
Abstract

A previously healthy 11-year-old female, who emigrated from Central America four years prior, was admitted with eight days of fever, night sweats, and anorexia. Past medical history included severe bronchiolitis, varicella, and hepatitis A as a child. Upon admission, her physical exam was significant for nontender cervical lymphadenopathy, intermittent erythematous papules on the upper extremities, and mild abdominal tenderness. Initial laboratory studies revealed leukopenia, anemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and antibodies to HIV-1 in the patient’s serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Computed tomography scan was remarkable for many small nodules throughout the lungs and widespread lymphadenopathy. Additional testing confirmed the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS with a CD4 count of 52 cells/mm3, complicated by disseminated histoplasmosis. This case is significant because it represents a late presentation of vertically transmitted HIV with disseminated histoplasmosis in a nonendemic region as the AIDS-defining illness. This highlights the importance of maintaining a broad differential for opportunistic infections, especially among those who have spent a significant amount of time in a country where unusual pathogens may be more common. This case also considers the utility of antigen testing as a sensitive diagnostic test in immunocompromised patients.

Published
2019
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39. Intestinal calcium transport and calcium extrusion processes at the basolateral membrane

Author

Wasserman, Robert H., Chandler, John S., Meyer, Sharon A., Smith, Christiana A., Brindak, Marie E., Fullmer, Curtis S., Penniston, John T., and Kumar, Rajiv

Subjects
Calcium -- Physiological aspects, Intestinal absorption -- Research, Biological transport -- Research, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

Calcium extrusion across the basolateral membrane of the small intestine is an active transport process that includes the operation of calcium pumps and the exocytosis of calcium-containing vessicles. Biochemical and immunological analysis of avian intestines showed that calcium pumps are associated with the basolateral membrane. Vitamin D enhances calcium extrusion rates significantly because it increases the pump units along the basolateral membrane.

Published
1992

40. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure but Not Early Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Increased Hospitalization and Decreased Memory T-Cell Responses to Tetanus Vaccine

Author

Smith, Christiana, primary, Moraka, Natasha O, primary, Ibrahim, Maryanne, primary, Moyo, Sikhulile, primary, Mayondi, Gloria, primary, Kammerer, Betsy, primary, Leidner, Jean, primary, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, primary, Li, Shaobing, primary, Shapiro, Roger, primary, Lockman, Shahin, primary, and Weinberg, Adriana, primary

Published
2019
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41. 2529. Child HIV Exposure and CMV Seroprevalence in Botswana: No Associations with 24-Month Growth and Neurodevelopment

Author

Moraka, Natasha Onalenna, primary, Moyo, Sikhulile, additional, Ibrahim, Maryanne, additional, Mayondi, Gloria, additional, Leidner, Jean, additional, Powis, Kathleen, additional, Cassidy, Adam R, additional, Kammerer, Betsy, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Weinberg, Adriana, additional, Musonda, Rosemary, additional, Shapiro, Roger, additional, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, additional, and Lockman, Shahin, additional

Published
2019
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42. Cytomegalovirus Viremia in HIV-1 Subtype C Positive Women at Delivery in Botswana and Adverse Birth/Infant Health Outcomes

Author

Moraka, Natasha O., primary, Moyo, Sikhulile, additional, Mayondi, Gloria, additional, Leidner, Jean, additional, Ibrahim, Maryanne, additional, Smith, Christiana, additional, Weinberg, Adriana, additional, Li, Shaobing, additional, Thami, Prisca K., additional, Kammerer, Betsy, additional, Ajibola, Gbolahan, additional, Musonda, Rosemary, additional, Shapiro, Roger, additional, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, additional, and Lockman, Shahin, additional

Published
2019
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43. Rates of Hospitalization and Infection-Related Hospitalization Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Exposed Uninfected Children Compared to HIV-Unexposed Uninfected Children in the United States, 2007–2016.

Author

Labuda, Sarah M, Huo, Yanling, Kacanek, Deborah, Patel, Kunjal, Huybrechts, Krista, Jao, Jennifer, Smith, Christiana, Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia, Scott, Gwendolyn, Burchett, Sandra, Kakkar, Fatima, Chadwick, Ellen G, Dyke, Russell B Van, and Study, Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort

Subjects
HOSPITAL care of children, HIV-positive persons, HOSPITAL care, LONGITUDINAL method, PUBLIC health surveillance, REGRESSION analysis, VERTICAL transmission (Communicable diseases)
Abstract

Background Studies from multiple countries have suggested impaired immunity in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–exposed uninfected children (HEU), with elevated rates of all-cause hospitalization and infections. We estimated and compared the incidence of all-cause hospitalization and infection-related hospitalization in the first 2 years of life among HEU and HIV-unexposed uninfected children (HUU) in the United States. Among HEU, we evaluated associations of maternal HIV disease–related factors during pregnancy with risk of child hospitalization. Methods HEU data from subjects enrolled in the Surveillance Monitoring for Antiretroviral Therapy Toxicities Study (SMARTT) cohort who were born during 2006–2017 were analyzed. HUU comparison data were obtained from the Medicaid Analytic Extract database, restricted to states participating in SMARTT. We compared rates of first hospitalization, total hospitalizations, first infection-related hospitalization, total infection-related hospitalizations, and mortality between HEU and HUU using Poisson regression. Among HEU, multivariable Poisson regression models were fitted to evaluate associations of maternal HIV factors with risk of hospitalization. Results A total of 2404 HEU and 3 605 864 HUU were included in the analysis. HEU children had approximately 2 times greater rates of first hospitalization, total hospitalizations, first infection-related hospitalization, and total infection-related hospitalizations compared with HUUs. There was no significant difference in mortality. Maternal HIV disease factors were not associated with the risk of child infection or hospitalization. Conclusions Compared with HUU, HEU children in the United States have higher rates of hospitalization and infection-related hospitalization in the first 2 years of life, consistent with studies in other countries. Closer monitoring of HEU infants for infection and further elucidation of immune mechanisms is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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44. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure but Not Early Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Increased Hospitalization and Decreased Memory T-Cell Responses to Tetanus Vaccine.

Author

Smith, Christiana, Moraka, Natasha O, Ibrahim, Maryanne, Moyo, Sikhulile, Mayondi, Gloria, Kammerer, Betsy, Leidner, Jean, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, Li, Shaobing, Shapiro, Roger, Lockman, Shahin, and Weinberg, Adriana

Subjects
*HIV, *CYTOMEGALOVIRUS diseases, *VACCINE effectiveness, *HIV infections, *IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, *CRYING
Abstract

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed, uninfected (HEU) infants experience high rates of infectious morbidity. We hypothesized that early cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was associated with increased hospitalization rates and decreased vaccine responses in HEU compared with HIV-unexposed (HUU) infants. Methods Among infants enrolled in the Tshipidi study in Botswana, we determined CMV infection status by 6 months of age and compared hospitalization rates and responses to tetanus and Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccines among HEU and HUU vaccinees. Results Fifteen of 226 (6.6%) HEU infants and 17 (19.3%) of 88 HUU infants were CMV-infected by 6 months. The HEU infants were approximately 3 times as likely to be hospitalized compared with HUU infants (P =.02). The HEU peripheral blood cells produced less interleukin (IL)-2 (P =.004), but similar amounts of interferon-γ, after stimulation with tetanus toxoid. Antitetanus immunoglobulin G titers were similar between groups. Cellular responses to purified protein derivative stimulation did not differ between groups. Maternal receipt of 3-drug antiretroviral therapy compared with zidovudine was associated with increased IL-2 expression after tetanus toxoid stimulation. The infants' CMV infection status was not associated with clinical or vaccine response outcomes. Conclusions We observed that increased rates of hospitalization and decreased memory T-cell responses to tetanus vaccine were associated with HIV exposure and incomplete treatment of maternal HIV infection, but not early CMV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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45. On the Third Realm - The Government and Aesthetic Education: Opportunity in Adversity?

Author

Smith, Ralph A. and Smith, Christiana M.

Abstract

Delineates Monroe C. Beardsley's concept of "aesthetic welfare" which treats the arts as a form of social wealth to which all citizens should have equal opportunity of access. Discusses the government's role in funding the arts and the involvement of the government and the arts bureaucracy in the schools. (SJL)

Published
1980

46. Aesthetic Value and Education.

Author

Smith, Ralph A. and Smith, Christiana M.

Abstract

The central concern of this article is the place of aesthetic value in education. (MM)

Published
1979

47. On the Third Realm--Once More, the Case for Liberal Education.

Author

Smith, Ralph A and Smith, Christiana M.

Abstract

Discusses points of similarity between aesthetic education and liberal arts education and then examines why public opinion toward liberal arts education has changed since the 1950s. Factors which might lead to the renewed appreciation for the liberal arts and, therefore, aesthetic education, are examined. (AM)

Published
1982

48. 2572. Decreased T-Cell Response, but Appropriate Antibody Production to Tetanus Vaccine Among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants in Botswana

Author

Smith, Christiana, primary, Moraka, Natasha, additional, Ibrahim, Maryanne, additional, Moyo, Sikhulile, additional, Mayondi, Gloria, additional, Kammerer, Betsy, additional, Leidner, Jean, additional, Gaseitsiwe, Simani, additional, Shapiro, Roger, additional, Lockman, Shahin, additional, and Weinberg, Adriana, additional

Published
2018
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50. Net profit from clicks and bricks

Author

Calkins, John, Farello, Michael, and Smith, Christiana

Subjects
Commerce -- Management, Electronic commerce -- Management, Business, Business, general
Abstract

Issues concerning the business advantage enjoyed by traditional companies compared with virtual internet firms are discussed.

Published
2000

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