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1. Reading Skills--What Reading Skills? The Implications of Normatively Derived Reading Skills, in Certain Occupations, for Reading Standards.

Author

Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

The Generic Skills project is a research study being conducted in Canada to determine those overt and covert behaviors which are fundamental to the performance of many tasks and sub-tasks performed in a wide range of occupations. Data aimed at determining the needs for adult education and training have been obtained in two surveys. In the first, 340 workers and their 340 supervisors in 27 different occupations answered questions related to mathematics and communications skills. In the second survey, 490 workers and 480 supervisors in 37 occupations, 18 of which were repeated from the first survey, completed questions related to mathematics, communications, interpersonal, and reasoning skills. From the data, certain core skill requirements for work performance appear evident. All occupations require reading and listening at least the literal level of comprehension--reading forms and writing words/phrases on forms. Most of the skills of one-to-one conversation are common requirements and all occupations require instructional communication, the ability to demonstrate and instruct. Complete data are presented in tabular form and conclusions and implications are discussed. (TO)

Published
1974

2. Generic Skills in the Reasoning and Interpersonal Domains.

Author

Training Research and Development Station, Prince Albert (Saskatchewan). and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

Generic skills are those overt and covert behaviors which are fundamental to the performance of many tasks and sub tasks carried out in a wide range of occupations and which are basic to job specific skills. Generally included in the term are: mathematics, communication, reasoning, interpersonal and manipulative skills. Excluded from generic skills are job specific skills obtainable as part of occupational orientation. In February, 1973, the Training Research and Development Station commenced a three phase pilot study directed to the formulation of generic skills. Phase one, March to July, 1973, examined mathematics and communication skills based on data obtained from 27 occupations. Phase two, May to September, 1973, examined reasoning and interpersonal skills using data from 35 occupations. Phase three, still in the planning stage, deals with the formulation of manipulative skills. The following sequential steps were identified for the formulation of generic skills for each of these phases: (1) taxonomy of skills, (2) data collection instruments, (3) data collection, (4) data analysis, (5) develop specifications and (6) dissemination. The intent of this report is to summarize the curriculum development which has been achieved for the mathematics and communications skills and outline the results which have been achieved to date in the reasoning and interpersonal skills. (MW)

Published
1974

3. Generic Skills Handbook of Occupational Information.

Author

Training Research and Development Station, Prince Albert (Saskatchewan)., Kawula, Walter J., and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

Generic skills were identified in five categories: mathematical skills, communication skills, reasoning skills, interpersonal skills, and manipulative skills. Workers and supervisors having 82 different occupational titles were then asked to indicate whether they used each of the 191 skills in their work. Results are tabulated to indicate how many of the 10 respondents in each occupational category stated that they needed a particular skill. From this basic data occupational profiles were generated in matrix form. These profiles are presented in this handbook, together with matrices indicating the needs of workers in various skill clusters. Potential uses of the handbook in developing basic training sequences and in career counselling are described. (SD)

Published
1975

4. Generic Skills Research and Development.

Author

Training Research and Development Station, Prince Albert (Saskatchewan). and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

The Generic Skills Study was authorized by the Canadian Department of Manpower and Immigration in order to (1) develop a simple and coherent system for the identification of skills used by workers in any occupation, (2) collect and analyze skills from a variety of occupations as a basis for developing occupational training specifications, and (3) develop training packages for generic skills. Generic skills were identified in five categories: mathematical skills, communication skills, reasoning skills, interpersonal skills, and manipulative skills. Workers and supervisors having 82 different occupational titles were then asked to indicate whether they used each of the 191 skills in their work. Results are tabulated to indicate how many of the 10 respondents in each occupational category stated that they needed a particular skill. From these basic data occupational profiles were generated in matrix form. This volume provides a description of the research procedures, copies of the research instruments, discussion of results, specifications for development of training packages, and a sample training package. (SD)

Published
1975

5. Generic Skills. Secondary School Vocational Model for Craft Trades. Based on Data on the Use of 588 Tool Skills from 1600 Workers and Supervisors in 131 Occupations.

Author

Canadian Commission of Employment and Immigration, Ottawa (Ontario). and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

This pamphlet provides a hierarchy of skills, from those most often used in the craft trades to those less frequently used, indicating the extent to which these skills are used by workers in 24 different occupational groups. The pamphlet also provides a secondary school vocational model for craft trades along with lists of the identified skills. This model contains a recommended sequence of study in which students learn those skills extensively used by most craft trades before making occupational decisions. It makes broad occupational family selections and finally narrows to single occupational decisions. While learning the skills commonly used by a variety of trades, the students use this skill information to help make and refine occupational decisions. The model includes lists of clusters of skills, including core skills needed by all, skill clusters, occupational family clusters, and specialized occupational skills. The skills were identified through a questionnaire that measured the use of 588 tools, including portable hand tools, powered hand tools, test and diagnostic tools, shop machinery and equipment, wheeled vehicles, heavy mobile equipment, and associated safety processes. The questionnaire was administered to 1600 tradespersons, trades supervisors, technicians, technologists, and trades helpers to determine which skills were used in work performance. A total of 131 occupations, mostly craft trades, were involved in this survey. (KC)

Published
1979

6. Generic Skills. Keys to Job Performance.

Author

Canadian Commission of Employment and Immigration, Ottawa (Ontario). and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

The generic skills studies in Canada have as their objectives the formulation of generic skills, the identification of their uses for certain occupational groups, and the preparation of specifications for instructional modules in an attempt to provide greater flexibility to workers, employers, and vocational training programs. Another objective of the studies is to determine skill transferability between occupations. Types of generic skills examined include academic skills, reasoning skills, interpersonal skills, manipulative skills, and science skills. Workers have been surveyed in 49 occupations; supervisors have been surveyed in 28 occupations. Occupational families surveyed include clerical and administration; technology, architecture and engineering; medicine and health; sales; service; machining and related occupations; fabricating assembly and repair; construction; motor transport; and farmers. Data from these surveys have been gathered into charts of generic skills in communications, mathematics, science, and reasoning according to occupational groups such as writing on forms, memos, and technical reports for each of the occupational families. Core clusters and non-core skills for these occupations were also discerned and listed, and chart of generic skill transferability between occupational families was created. (KC)

Published
1979

7. Generic Skills. Trade Families. Based on Data on the Use of 588 Tool Skills from 1600 Workers and Supervisors in 131 Occupations.

Author

Canadian Commission of Employment and Immigration, Ottawa (Ontario). and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

The Generic Skills studies were designed to provide training specifications that will enable graduates of trades training programs to compete for job placement in a range of occupations rather than in a single occupation. The studies identified a number of trade families, classified on the basis of skills used in work performance, and also identified the skill requirements for each of the trade families. Skills were identified through a questionnaire that measured the use of 588 trade tools, including portable hand tools power hand tools, test and diagnostic tools, shop machinery and equipment, wheeled vehicles, heavy mobile equipment, and associated safety processes. The questionnaire was administered to 1600 tradespersons, trades supervisors, technicians, technologists, and trades helpers, to determine which skills are used in work performance. A total of 131 occupations, mostly craft trades, were involved in the survey. The data were tabulated by occupation and by skill to determine which skills belonged to which occupations and which skills were required in all or most of the occupations. Commonality factors were determined for each pair of occupations identified and were used to formulate trade families. Lists of skills common to trade families were made up for mechanics, machinists, metal workers, woodworkers, and construction workers. In addition, a list of core skills common to all occupations was generated. (KC)

Published
1979

8. Generic Skills for Occupational Training.

Author

Saskatchewan NewStart, Inc., Prince Albert. and Smith, Arthur De W.

Abstract

Generic skills are those overt and covert behaviors which are fundamental to the performance of many tasks and subtasks carried out in a wide range of occupations and which are basic to both specialized applications and job specific skills. They consist of academic, reasoning, interpersonal and manipulation skills. The generic approach is important to occupational training because it is prescriptive, integrated with basic education, and economical. Generic skills are based upon the premise that every occupation requires a worker to function in relation to data, people, and things, in varying degrees. It is the relationship to data which is the focus of this study. Data has been gathered on 27 occupations in four geographical areas. After its analysis, specifications for the development of data skills training packages have been completed. The training packages consist of (1) a discrete curriculum package for each unit, with objectives, tests, and references, (2) an instructor's manual, (3) an answer book, and (4) individualized learning packages where needed. The packages are expected to be ready for pilot testing in January 1974. (Author/MS)

Published
1973

9. generic skills.

Author

Smith, Arthur De W., Kawula, Walter J., Tippett, Glen, Curtiss, Paul, and Depew, Jim

Subjects
ABILITY, MATHEMATICS, COMMUNICATION, REASONING, OCCUPATIONS
Abstract

This article presents a study which examined mathematics skills, communication skills, reasoning skills and interpersonal skills. Generic skills are those overt and covert behaviors which are fundamental to the performance of many tasks and sub tasks carried out in a wide range of occupations and which are basic to job specific skills. The original concepts and methodology for this study were invented and developed in January 1973, with the assistance and guidance of D. Stuart Conger, Vernon Mullen, Glen Tippett and James Williams. The Canadian Classification and Dictionary of Occupations (CCDO) was used as a basic data source to assist in the preliminary identification of generic skills and to select discrete occupations for analysis. A feasibility study was carried out in February, 1973. The results justified the concept and methodology, and approval was obtained to continue the experiment for the mathematics, communications, reasoning and interpersonal skills. A revised survey questionnaire which integrates the mathematic-communications, reasoning and interpersonal skills was developed and field tested during October to November 1973 with the assistance of James Depew, a development officer. Sidney Fine, of the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Washington, DC who developed the Data, People and Things classification system, used in the CCDO and in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles provided constructive suggestions and criticisms on the content, organization and wording of the questionnaire and also provided valuable suggestions for the data collection process.

Published
1974
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