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The prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) in modern society is growing rapidly, but due to the lack of paraclinical criteria, its differential diagnosis with other mental disorders is somewhat challenging. In this regard, the relevance of proteomic studies is increasing due to the development of methods for processing large data arrays; this contributes to the discovery of protein patterns of pathological processes and the creation of new methods of diagnosis and treatment. It seems promising to search for proteins involved in the pathogenesis of BD in an easily accessible material-blood serum. Sera from BD patients and healthy individuals were purified via affinity chromatography to isolate 14 major proteins and separated using 1D SDS-PAGE. After trypsinolysis, the proteins in the samples were identified via HPLC/mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric data were processed using the OMSSA and X!Tandem search algorithms using the UniProtKB database, and the results were analyzed using PeptideShaker. Differences in proteomes were assessed via an unlabeled NSAF-based analysis using a two-tailed Bonferroni-adjusted t -test. When comparing the blood serum proteomes of BD patients and healthy individuals, 10 proteins showed significant differences in NSAF values. Of these, four proteins were predominantly present in BD patients with the maximum NSAF value: 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 7; transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3; and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein. Further exploration of the role of these proteins in BD is warranted; conducting such studies will help develop new paraclinical criteria and discover new targets for BD drug therapy.

Catalytic antibodies, or abzymes, are capable of not only binding but also hydrolyzing various proteins. Previously, an increase in the level of myelin basic protein (MBP)-hydrolyzing activity of antibodies was shown in patients with a number of neurological and mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Furthermore, antipsychotic therapy is known to induce a change in cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia, which affects regulation of the immune response and inflammatory status. This study investigated the influence of typical and atypical antipsychotics on catalytic antibody activity and the 10 major pro- and anti-inflammatory serum cytokine levels. The study included 40 patients with schizophrenia: 15 treated with first-generation antipsychotics and 25 treated with atypical antipsychotics for 6 weeks. It was found that treatment with atypical antipsychotics changed the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Antipsychotic therapy also caused a significant decrease in MBP-hydrolyzing activity in patients with schizophrenia ( p = 0.0002), and associations of catalytic activity with interleukins were observed.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as membrane structures of cellular origin participating in intercellular communication are involved in the molecular mechanisms of the development of various variants of polyneuropathy. Taking into account the increasing role of the protein corona of EVs and protein-protein interactions on the surface of EVs in the pathogenesis of various diseases, we focused our attention in this review on the role of intravesicular proteins and the protein corona of EVs in the development of chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathy (CIPN). It has been shown that EVs are effectively internalized by the mechanisms of endocytosis and macropinocytosis by neurocytes and glial cells, carry markers of insulin resistance, functionally active proteins (receptors, cytokines, enzymes), and may be involved in the pathogenesis of CIPN. The mechanisms of CIPN associated with the EVs protein corona can be related with the accumulation of heavy chains of circulating IgG in it. G-class immunoglobulins in EVs are likely to have myelin hydrolyzing, superoxide dismutase, and oxidoreductase enzymatic activities. Moreover, circulating IgG-loaded EVs are a place for complement activation that can lead to membrane attack complex deposition in neuroglia and neurons. The mechanisms of CIPN development that are not associated with IgG in the EVs protein corona are somehow related to the fact that many anticancer drugs induce apoptosis of tumor cells, neurons, and neuroglial cells by various mechanisms. This process may be accompanied by the secretion of EVs with modified cargo (HSPs, 20S proteasomes, miRNAs)., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Numerous studies indicate the involvemen of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. It has been shown that the serum pool of antibodies in patients with schizophrenia contains catalytically active antibodies (abzymes) that have a wide range of activities, including redox properties. In the present work, the effects of IgGs-having oxidoreductase activities-isolated from the serum of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals were studied in vitro. The IgGs were purified by affinity chromatography followed by an SDS-PAGE analysis of homogeneity in a 4-18% gradient gel. The catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities of the IgGs were measured spectrophotometrically using a kinetic module. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were cultured with IgG at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/mL for 24 h. In a parallel experiment, tert -butyl hydroperoxide was used as an oxidative stressor. The number of dead cells after incubation was determined with fluorescent dyes, propidium iodide and Hoechst, by high-throughput screening on the CellInsight CX7 platform. A cytotoxic effect of the IgG from the schizophrenia patients on SH-SY5Y cells was detected after 24 h incubation. A correlation was found between the SOD activity of the IgGs and IgG-induced cell death. Under the induced oxidative stress, the cytotoxic effect of the IgG from the patients with schizophrenia on the SH-SY5Y cell line was five times stronger. Meanwhile, the IgG from the healthy individuals exerted a cytoprotective effect on the cultured cells, accompanied by high catalase activity. Thus, the observed influence on cell viability depends on the catalytic properties of the abzymes.

This study aimed to evaluate the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of IgG in patients with schizophrenia. After signing informed consent, we included 67 patients with schizophrenia (34 people with acute schizophrenia and 33 individuals were on outpatient treatment in therapeutic remission) and 14 healthy volunteers. IgGs from blood serum were isolated by affinity chromatography. SOD activity of antibodies was determined spectrophotometrically. We have shown for the first time that IgGs from patients with schizophrenia have SOD activity and this activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies. The maximum increase in SOD activity was registered in the group of patients in therapeutic remission compared with acute schizophrenia ( p = 0.005) and in healthy individuals ( p = 0.001). Based on the data of inhibitory analysis using a specific SOD inhibitor enzyme, triethylenetetramine (TETA), we can assume that the mechanism of the SOD activity of IgG is similar to the mechanism of classical enzyme catalysis. According to the kinetic analysis, the affinity of the IgGs to the substrate is higher than that of the classical SOD enzyme.

The pathogenesis of bipolar affective disorder is associated with immunological imbalances, a general pro-inflammatory status, neuroinflammation, and impaired white matter integrity. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the major proteins in the myelin sheath of brain oligodendrocytes. For the first time, we have shown that IgGs isolated from sera of bipolar patients can effectively hydrolyze human myelin basic protein (MBP), unlike other test proteins. Several stringent criteria were applied to assign the studied activity to serum IgG. The level of MBP-hydrolyzing activity of IgG from patients with bipolar disorder was statistically significantly 1.6-folds higher than that of healthy individuals. This article presents a detailed characterization of the catalytic properties of MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies in bipolar disorder, including the substrate specificity, inhibitory analysis, pH dependence of hydrolysis, and kinetic parameters of IgG-dependent MBP hydrolysis, providing the heterogeneity of polyclonal MBP-hydrolyzing IgGs and their difference from canonical proteases. The ability of serum IgG to hydrolyze MBP in bipolar disorder may become an additional link between the processes of myelin damage and inflammation.

Objective: To determine the serum concentrations of some proteins identified in the blood serum of patients with bipolar affective disorder (BD) and to evaluate the relationship of their concentrations with clinical characteristics of BD., Material and Methods: Protein concentrations of cadherin 5, coagulation factor XIII and ANKRD12 gene product in the blood serum of patients with BD and healthy individuals were determined using commercial ELISA kits. The severity of current depression and the main clinical manifestations of BD were assessed by SIGH-SAD and CGI upon admission to the hospital before the prescription of therapy. Data analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests., Results: Comparison between subgroups of BD patients, selected in accordance with the current affective episode (hypomanic, manic, depressive and mixed), and control group by the Kruskal-Wallis test has shown the significant difference in ANKRD12 protein product concentration ( p =0.0448). When comparing pairwise each subgroup with the control group, the significant difference in ANKRD12 product concentration was found only in the case of a subgroup of BD patients with current depressive episode (Mann-Whitney test, p= 0.006). Pairwise comparison of the ANKRD12 product concentrations in subgroups of BD patients with different disease duration (<5 years, 6-10 years, and >11 years) and in the control group by the Mann-Whitney test has revealed significant differences ( p= 0.04, p =0.01, p= 0.02, respectively), the maximum protein concentration was found in patients with disease duration >11 years. Significant negative correlation of cadherin 5 concentration with the severity of atypical depressive symptoms assessed by SIGH-SAD ( r =-0.69, p= 0.038) and the decrease in cadherin 5 concentration in BD patients with greater severity of the current depressive episode were revealed. Significant negative correlation was found between factor XIII concentration and CGI scores ( r =-0.62, p= 0.032)., Conclusion: The results indicate a possible link of the studied proteins with BD pathogenesis. Further study of these proteins may contribute to the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic techniques.

Myelin deficiency is commonly recognized as an important pathological feature of brain tissues in schizophrenia (SZ). In this pilot study, global myelin content abnormalities in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) of SZ patients were non-invasively investigated using a novel clinically-targeted quantitative myelin imaging technique, fast macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) mapping. MPF maps were obtained from 23 healthy subjects and 31 SZ patients using a clinical 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. Mean MPF in WM and GM was compared between the healthy control subjects and SZ patients with positive and negative leading symptoms using the multivariate analysis of covariance. The SZ patients had significantly reduced MPF in GM (p < 0.001) and WM (p = 0.02) with the corresponding relative decrease of 5% and 3%, respectively. The effect sizes for the myelin content loss in SZ relative to the control group were 1.0 and 1.5 for WM and GM, respectively. The SZ patients with leading negative symptoms had significantly lower MPF in GM (p < 0.001) and WM (p = 0.003) as compared to the controls and showed a significant MPF decrease in WM (p = 0.03) relative to the patients with leading positive symptoms. MPF in WM significantly negatively correlated with the disease duration in SZ patients (Pearson's r = -0.51; p = 0.004). This study demonstrates that chronic SZ is characterized by global microscopic brain hypomyelination of both WM and GM, which is associated with the disease duration and negative symptoms. Myelin deficiency in SZ can be detected and quantified by the fast MPF mapping method.

Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also reflected in the variety of oxidative stress-related mechanisms contributing to the phenotypic realization and manifestation of schizophrenia. At the molecular level, these mechanisms are supposed to include genetic causes that increase the susceptibility of individuals to oxidative stress and lead to gene expression dysregulation caused by abnormal regulation of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms favored by environmental insults. These changes form the basis of the prooxidant state and lead to altered redox signaling related to glutathione deficiency and impaired expression and function of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors (Nrf2, NF- κ B, FoxO, etc.). At the cellular level, these changes lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities that contribute to aberrant neuronal development, abnormal myelination, neurotransmitter anomalies, and dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Immune dysfunction also contributes to redox imbalance. At the whole-organism level, all these mechanisms ultimately contribute to the manifestation and development of schizophrenia. In this review, we consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms and new treatment perspectives associated with the correction of redox imbalance in schizophrenia. We suggest that not only antioxidants but also redox-regulated transcription factor-targeting drugs (including Nrf2 and FoxO activators or NF- κ B inhibitors) have great promise in schizophrenia. But it is necessary to develop the stratification criteria of schizophrenia patients based on oxidative stress-related markers for the administration of redox-correcting treatment., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this review., (Copyright © 2021 Evgeny A. Ermakov et al.)

The level hydrolysis of myelin basic protein (MBP) by IgG in patients with schizophrenia was studied depending on the clinical features and course of the disease. The patients were grouped according to type of schizophrenia and type of disease course. We found that IgGs isolated and purified from sera of schizophrenia patients' blood hydrolyses human MBP, and the level of this hydrolysis significantly exceeds that of healthy individuals. Detection of protease activity corresponding only to intact IgGs in polyacrylamide gel fragments, together with data of gel filtration of antibodies under conditions of "acid shock" (concordance of optical density profile of IgG with profile of MBP-hydrolyzing activity) and with the absence of any other proteins and bands in gradient SDS-PAGE and in PVDF membrane provides direct evidence that the IgGs from the schizophrenia patients have MBP-hydrolyzing activity. The antibodies-specific proteolytic activity of patients with acute schizophrenia (1.026 [0.205; 3.372] mg MBP/mg IgG/h) significantly exceeds the activity of IgG in patients in remission (0.656 [0.279; 0.873] mg MBP/mg IgG/h) and in healthy individuals (0.000 [0.00; 0.367] mg MBP/mg IgG/h). When comparing the specific activity in patients with different types of disease course, we have found that patients with a continuous course of paranoid schizophrenia (1.810 [0.746; 4.101 mg MBP/mg IgG/h]) had maximal activity values. It can be assumed that the increase in the activity of MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies is due to the activation of humoral immunity in acute schizophrenia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Daria A. Parshukova et al.)

This work is the first to demonstrate that class G immunoglobulins (IgGs) in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals have the ability to catalyze the dismutation reaction of the superoxide anion radical. Thus, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity is an intrinsic property of antibodies, which is confirmed by a number of stringent criteria. SOD activity of IgGs in patients with multiple sclerosis statistically significantly exceeds such activity in healthy individuals by 2-4 times. Moreover, the maximum activity has been registered in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. The kinetic characteristics of the SOD reaction of IgGs are several orders of magnitude lower than those for the SOD enzyme but do not differ between patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals. Consequently, abzymes with SOD activity have a lower catalysis rate than that of the enzymes and form a stronger complex with the substrates. Inhibitory analysis showed that this activity is inhibited by classical metal-dependent SOD inhibitors. The activity of IgGs was inhibited by classical metal-dependent inhibitors EDTA and TETA (triethylenetetramine). Also, high catalase activity of IgGs was detected in these patients. We suggest that these abzymes help protect the body from oxidative stress., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Liudmila P. Smirnova et al.)

Several different theories of schizophrenia (SCZ) were discussed; the causes of this disease are not yet clear. Using ELISA, it was shown that titers of autoantibodies against myelin basic protein (MBP) in SCZ patients are ~1.8-fold higher than in healthy individuals but 5.0-fold lower than in patients with multiple sclerosis. Several rigid criteria were checked to show that the MBP-hydrolyzing activity is an intrinsic property of SCZ IgGs. Approximately 82% electrophoretically homogeneous SCZ IgGs purified using several affinity sorbents including Sepharose with immobilized MBP hydrolyze specifically only MBP but not many other tested proteins. The average relative activity of IgGs from patients with negative symptoms was 2.5-fold higher than that of patients with positive symptoms of SCZ, and it increases with the duration of this pathology. It was shown that abzymes are the earliest statistically significant markers of many autoimmune pathologies. Our findings surmise that the immune systems of individual SCZ patients can generate a variety of anti-MBP abzymes with different catalytic properties, which can attack MBP of the myelin-proteolipid shell of axons. Therefore, autoimmune processes together with other mechanisms can play an important role in SCZ pathogenesis. MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies were previously detected in the blood of 80% to 90% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In addition, some similar neuropsychiatric indicators of disease common to SLE, MS, and SCZ were described in the literature. Thus, the destruction of the myelin sheath and the production of MBP-hydrolyzing antibodies can be a common phenomenon for some different diseases., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

We present first evidence showing that some electrophoretically homogeneous IgGs from the sera of patients with schizophrenia (36.4%) and their Fab and F(ab)2 fragments as well as from healthy donors (33.3%) possess catalase activity. The relative catalase activity of IgGs from the sera of individual schizophrenia patients (and healthy donors) significantly varied from patient to patient, but the activity of IgGs from healthy donors is on average 15.8-fold lower than that for schizophrenia patients. After extensive dialysis of purified IgGs against EDTA chelating metal ions, the relative catalase activity of IgGs decreases on average approximately 2.5-3.7-fold; all IgGs possess metal-dependent and independent catalase activity. The addition of external Me2+ ions to dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs leads to a significant increase in their activity. The best activator of dialyzed and non-dialyzed IgGs is Co2+, the activation by Cu2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+ ions were rare and always lower than by Co2+. Every IgG preparation demonstrates several individual sets of very well expressed pH optima in the pH range from 4.0 to 9.5. These data speak for the individual repertoire of catalase IgGs in every person and an extreme diversity of abzymes in their pH optima and activation by different metal ions. It is known that antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases represent critical defense mechanisms preventing oxidative modifications of DNA, proteins, and lipids. Catalase activity of human IgGs could probably also play a major role in the protection of organisms from oxidative stress and toxic compounds.

Objective: To study the correlations between the level of antibodies to native and denatured DNA and psychopathological symptoms and illness duration in patients with schizophrenia., Material and Methods: The level of antibodies to native (double-stranded) DNA and denatured (single-stranded) DNA was studied in the serum of 50 patients with schizophrenia, including 12 patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD). The control group consisted of 30 people., Results: A significant twofold increase in antibodies to native DNA was detected in patients with TD. There was no correlation of the amount of antibodies to double-stranded DNA with the duration of disease and leading symptoms both between the groups of patients as well as in comparison with controls. A significant decrease in antibody levels to the denatured (single-stranded) DNA was found in schizophrenic patients compared to the control group (p=0.009). A significant decrease in the concentration of antibodies to single-stranded DNA in patients with increasing duration of the disease, as well as in patients with leading negative symptoms was revealed., Conclusion: The results suggest that anti-DNAantibodies may not play a major role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Serum concentrations of oxidized and reduced glutathione were measured in 73 patients with schizophrenia at admission and in dynamics of therapy with traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs. The level of reduced glutathione in patients with schizophrenia with manifest clinical symptoms was lower than in normal subjects. Atypical neuroleptics produced virtually no effects on the glutathione system, while therapy with typical antipsychotics led to further decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione, thus aggravating the imbalance of metabolic processes typical of schizophrenia.

It is believed that damage to the membranes of brain cells of schizophrenia (SCZ) patients induces the formation of autoantigens and autoantibodies. Nevertheless, the importance of immunological changes leading to the loss of tolerance to self-antigens in the genesis of SCZ has not been established. The MALDI mass spectra of the IgG light chains of 20 healthy donors were relatively homogeneous and characterized by one peak with only one maximum. In contrast to the healthy donors, the MALDI mass spectra of IgG light chains corresponding to 20 SCZ patients demonstrated, similarly to 20 autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, two maxima of a comparable intensity. In addition, the MALDI spectra of the IgG light chains of five SLE and four SCZ patients contained a small additional brightly pronounced peak with remarkably lower molecular mass compared with the main one. DNase autoantibodies (abzymes) can be found in the blood of patients with several autoimmune diseases, while the blood of healthy donors or patients with diseases without a significant disturbance of the immune status does not contain DNase abzymes. Here, we present the first analysis of anti-DNA antibodies and DNase abzymes in the sera of SCZ patients. Several strict criteria have been applied to show that the DNase activity is an intrinsic property of IgGs from the sera of SCZ patients. The sera of approximately 30% of SCZ patients displayed a higher content of antibodies (compared with 37% of SLE) interacting with single- and double-stranded DNA compared with healthy donors. Antibodies with DNase activity were revealed in 80% of the patients. These data indicate that some SCZ patients may show signs of typical autoimmune processes to a certain extent., (© 2015 The Authors.)

Objective: To study correlations between parameters of lipid metabolism and ECG in patients with schizophrenia in light of therapy with atypical antipsychotics., Material and Methods: We examined 42 patients with paranoid schizophrenia. All patients received atypical neuroleptics - seroquel, zyprexa, and rispolept. A group of controls included 25 healthy people., Results: There was a significant increase (p=0.0002) in body mass (in average by 1.5 kg) in 88% patients. A significant increase in the concentration of serum triglycerides was identified as well. The concentration of VLDL in the patients with schizophrenia was 2 times higher compared to controls. After treatment, VLDL concentration increased even more considerably An increase in atherogenic index (AI) was up to 3.1 in patients with schizophrenia compared to 2.2 in controls. After treatment, Al increased up to 4 that demonstrated the high risk of development of atherosclerosis. A significant increase in QT interval in the ECG and heart rate (p=0.03) was revealed only in patients receiving rispolept. In patients receiving zyprexa and seroquel only heart rate was increased., Conclusion: The antipsychotics studied increase the risk of development of cardiovascular pathology.

Changes in the balance of pro and antioxidant systems were studied in persons in state of mental maladaptation, developed under the influence of emotional stress. Activation of lipid peroxidation has been revealed associated with increase of amount of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes and blood serum in persons surveyed. Activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes in persons in state of mental stress was increased and glutathione preductase, glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been reliably reduced as compared with group of healthy people. Comparative chemiluminiscent analysis of common antioxidant properties of serum of blood of studied groups has also revealed decrease of antioxidant properties of blood under influence of mental stress.

Activity of erytrocyte glutationperoxidase (GP), glutationreductase (GR), glutationtransferase (GT), glucose-6-phosphatdehydrogenase (G6PDH), catalase and superoxiddysmutase (SOD), and also, the level of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant activity of blood serum were studied in patients with different types of multiple sclerosis. Investigation of peripherical blood was carried out on first day of treatment and after standard therapy of copaxone. All MS patients had high level of MDA and activity of GP in erythrocytes in comparison with a control group. Other antioxidant enzymes of erythrocytes and total antioxidant activity of blood serum exhibited weak positive dynamics in patients with a relapsing remittance of multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Decrease of activity of antioxidant system in patients with secondary progression multiple sclerosis (SPMS) was more pronounced and remained unchanged after the treatment. This is consistent with the more severe clinical course of thise disease.

Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities have been studied in peripherical blood erythrocytes of 49 premature newborns at 28-37 weeks gestation. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were lower in patients with bacterial infection of meninges. The standard therapy did not restore superoxide dismutase and catalase activities by the end of the neonatal period.

The activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the level of malonic dialdehyde were studied 53 prematures with hypoxia of the central nervous system. A low activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, which depended on a prematurity degree and on a content of malonic dialdehyde in the erythrocyte cell membranes, was found. A higher level of malonic dialdehyde in erythrocyte membranes was shown to be an unfavorable prognostication factor for the development of intraventricular hemorrhages in prematures.

Antioxidant enzymes (AOE) may be considered as possible regulatory factors of tumor cell proliferation. Enzyme levels were examined in Ehrlich's carcinoma in ascitic and solid forms differed in proliferative rate. Antioxidant enzyme activities depended on cancer tissue organization. Studies of enzyme activities at different phases of tumor growth showed reduction of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities at the logarithmic phase and an increase of the activities at the confluent phase. These data confirm the suggestion about a rise in intracellular content of oxygen radicals at logarithmic growth and possibility of active oxygen metabolite involvement in the regulation of cell proliferation.

129 children with exstrophy of the bladder underwent primary surgical reconstruction according to G. A. Bairov. Morphofunctional findings in these children gave grounds for determination of three degrees of the bladder congenital defects. 39 patients had defect of the 1st degree, 53 of the 2nd and 37 of the 3d degree. The results of plastic reconstruction of the bladder with local tissue support the validity of such procedure only for patients with the congenital defect degree I. For degree II the benefit is relative. In degree III plastic surgery in contraindicated.

The enzymes that utilize H2O2 and lipoperoxides as well as the enzymes of the bioregeneration system glutathione and NADP+ have been examined for activity in the superficial and deep regions of DMBA-induced rat fibrosarcoma and the adjoining skeletal muscle. The activities shown by catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were 2-3 times higher and reduced glutathione levels were lower in the superficial than in deep areas. The high antioxidant potential of the tumor superficial areas is proposed to be due to the oxygen-dependent mechanisms by which macrophages and neutrophils select tumor cell clones by the given sign.

Simultaneous estimation of glucocorticoid content was carried out in bronchial secretion products and in blood plasma of 95 children with chronic bronchopulmonary pathology. 11-hydroxycorticosteroids were found in bronchial secretion product; its concentration depended on the type, phase of the disease and the character of bronchial mucose impairment. The highest content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids was observed in purulent endo-bronchitis.

A spectrophotometric micromethod for determination of theophylline in the blood is proposed. Theophylline pharmacokinetics was studied by the method in 71 children with bronchial asthma. Doses and the number of administrations were selected individually for 45 patients under control of blood plasma theophylline concentration. Good clinical results were obtained.

The author studied dependence of cytotoxicity of peritoneal macrophages of Wistar rats on the production of active oxygen form (AOF) and activity of antioxidative enzymes in target cells. Low activity of glutathione-peroxidase and glutathione-reductase in K562 cells could be the cause of macrophage cytotoxicity realization along AOF-dependent way.