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1. Measurement and Modeling of Polarized Atmosphere at the South Pole with SPT-3G

Author: Coerver, A., Zebrowski, J. A., Takakura, S., Holzapfel, W. L., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Ahmed, Z., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Balkenhol, L., Barron, D., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chokshi, A., Chou, T. -L., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fichman, K., Foster, A., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Ge, F., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Hood, J. C., Hryciuk, A., Huang, N., Keruzore, F., Khalife, A. R., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kornoelje, K., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Levy, K., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Martsen, E. S., Menanteau, F., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Phadke, K. A., Pollak, A. W., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Schiappucci, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Vitrier, A., Wan, Y., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the detection and characterization of fluctuations in linearly polarized emission from the atmosphere above the South Pole. These measurements make use of Austral winter survey data from the SPT-3G receiver on the South Pole Telescope in three frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. We use the cross-correlation between detectors to produce an unbiased estimate of the power in Stokes I, Q, and U parameters on large angular scales. Our results are consistent with the polarized signal being produced by the combination of Rayleigh scattering of thermal radiation from the ground and thermal emission from a population of horizontally aligned ice crystals with an anisotropic distribution described by Kolmogorov turbulence. The signal is most significant at large angular scales, high observing frequency, and low elevation angle. Polarized atmospheric emission has the potential to significantly impact observations on the large angular scales being targeted by searches for inflationary B-mode CMB polarization. We present the distribution of measured angular power spectrum amplitudes in Stokes Q and I for 4 years of winter observations, which can be used to simulate the impact of atmospheric polarization and intensity fluctuations at the South Pole on a specified experiment and observation strategy. For the SPT-3G data, downweighting the small fraction of significantly contaminated observations is an effective mitigation strategy. In addition, we present a strategy for further improving sensitivity on large angular scales where maps made in the 220 GHz band are used to measure and subtract the polarized atmosphere signal from the 150 GHz band maps. In observations with the SPT-3G instrument at the South Pole, the polarized atmospheric signal is a well-understood and sub-dominant contribution to the measured noise after implementing the mitigation strategies described here., Comment: 32 pages, 28 figures
Published: 2024

2. Mass calibration of DES Year-3 clusters via SPT-3G CMB cluster lensing

Author: Ansarinejad, B., Raghunathan, S., Abbott, T. M. C., Ade, P. A. R., Aguena, M., Alves, O., Anderson, A. J., Andrade-Oliveira, F., Archipley, M., Balkenhol, L., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bertin, E., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Bouchet, F. R., Brooks, D., Bryant, L., Burke, D. L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Coerver, A., Costanzi, M., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., da Costa, L. N., Daley, C., Davis, T. M., de Haan, T., Desai, S., De Vicente, J., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Doel, P., Doussot, A., Doux, C., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Ferrero, I., Fichman, K., Foster, A., Frieman, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., García-Bellido, J., Gardner, R. W., Gaztanaga, E., Ge, F., Giannini, G., Goeckner-Wald, N., Grandis, S., Gruendl, R. A., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Hinton, S. R., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hood, J. C., Huang, N., James, D. J., Kéruzoré, F., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Lee, S., Levy, K., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Marshall, J. L., Mena-Fernández, J., Menanteau, F., Miquel, R., Millea, M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Ogando, R. L. C., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Palmese, A., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pereira, M. E. S., Pieres, A., Malagón, A. A. Plazas, Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Rahimi, M., Reichardt, C. L., Reil, K., Romer, A. K., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sanchez, E., Cid, D. Sanchez, Schiappucci, E., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suchyta, E., Suzuki, A., Swanson, M. E. C., Tandoi, C., Tarle, G., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Weaverdyck, N., Whitehorn, N., Wiseman., P., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Young, M. R., and Zebrowski, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We measure the stacked lensing signal in the direction of galaxy clusters in the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) redMaPPer sample, using cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature data from SPT-3G, the third-generation CMB camera on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). We estimate the lensing signal using temperature maps constructed from the initial 2 years of data from the SPT-3G 'Main' survey, covering 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky. We then use this signal as a proxy for the mean cluster mass of the DES sample. In this work, we employ three versions of the redMaPPer catalogue: a Flux-Limited sample containing 8865 clusters, a Volume-Limited sample with 5391 clusters, and a Volume&Redshift-Limited sample with 4450 clusters. For the three samples, we find the mean cluster masses to be ${M}_{200{\rm{m}}}=1.66\pm0.13$ [stat.]$\pm0.03$ [sys.], $1.97\pm0.18$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.], and $2.11\pm0.20$ [stat.]$\pm0.05$ [sys.]$\times{10}^{14}\ {\rm{M}}_{\odot }$, respectively. This is a factor of $\sim2$ improvement relative to the precision of measurements with previous generations of SPT surveys and the most constraining cluster mass measurements using CMB cluster lensing to date. Overall, we find no significant tensions between our results and masses given by redMaPPer mass-richness scaling relations of previous works, which were calibrated using CMB cluster lensing, optical weak lensing, and velocity dispersion measurements from various combinations of DES, SDSS and Planck data. We then divide our sample into 3 redshift and 3 richness bins, finding no significant tensions with optical weak-lensing calibrated masses in these bins. We forecast a $5.7\%$ constraint on the mean cluster mass of the DES Y3 sample with the complete SPT-3G surveys when using both temperature and polarization data and including an additional $\sim1400$ deg$^2$ of observations from the 'Extended' SPT-3G survey., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in JCAP. Minor changes and corrections have been made relative to v1
Published: 2024

3. Testing the $\mathbf{\Lambda}$CDM Cosmological Model with Forthcoming Measurements of the Cosmic Microwave Background with SPT-3G

Author: Prabhu, K., Raghunathan, S., Millea, M., Lynch, G., Ade, P. A. R., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Balkenhol, L., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Coerver, A., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fichman, K., Foster, A., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Ge, F., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Hryciuk, A., Huang, N., Kéruzoré, F., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kornoelje, K., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Levy, K., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Menanteau, F., Montgomery, J., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Phadke, K. A., Quan, W., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Schiappucci, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vitrier, A., Vieira, J. D., Wan, Y., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Young, M. R., and Zebrowski, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We forecast constraints on cosmological parameters enabled by three surveys conducted with SPT-3G, the third-generation camera on the South Pole Telescope. The surveys cover separate regions of 1500, 2650, and 6000 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ to different depths, in total observing 25% of the sky. These regions will be measured to white noise levels of roughly 2.5, 9, and 12 $\mu{\rm K-arcmin}$, respectively, in CMB temperature units at 150 GHz by the end of 2024. The survey also includes measurements at 95 and 220 GHz, which have noise levels a factor of ~1.2 and 3.5 times higher than 150 GHz, respectively, with each band having a polarization noise level ~$\sqrt{\text{2}}$ times higher than the temperature noise. We use a novel approach to obtain the covariance matrices for jointly and optimally estimated gravitational lensing potential bandpowers and unlensed CMB temperature and polarization bandpowers. We demonstrate the ability to test the $\Lambda{\rm CDM}$ model via the consistency of cosmological parameters constrained independently from SPT-3G and Planck data, and consider the improvement in constraints on $\Lambda{\rm CDM}$ extension parameters from a joint analysis of SPT-3G and Planck data. The $\Lambda{\rm CDM}$ cosmological parameters are typically constrained with uncertainties up to ~2 times smaller with SPT-3G data, compared to Planck, with the two data sets measuring significantly different angular scales and polarization levels, providing additional tests of the standard cosmological model., Comment: 26 pages; 13 figures; Accepted for publication in ApJ; Minor edits have been made
Published: 2024

4. First Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization Using the non-Gaussianity of the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich Effect from the South Pole Telescope and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE Observations

Author: Raghunathan, S., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Balkenhol, L., Beall, J. A., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bock, J., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Citron, R., Coerver, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fichman, K., Foster, A., Galli, S., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Ge, F., George, E. M., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Gupta, N., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Hrubes, J. D., Hryciuk, A., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Kéruzoré, F., Khalife, A. R., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kornoelje, K., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Levy, K., Li, D., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Martsen, E. S., McMahon, J. J., Menanteau, F., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Moran, C. Corbett, Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Patil, S., Phadke, K. A., Prabhu, K., Pryke, C., Quan, W., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Schiappucci, E., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Viero, M. P., Wan, Y., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Young, M. R., Zebrowski, J. A., and Zemcov, M.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report results from an analysis aimed at detecting the trispectrum of the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel{'}dovich (kSZ) effect by combining data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) and {\it Herschel}-SPIRE experiments over a 100 ${\rm deg}^{2}$ field. The SPT observations combine data from the previous and current surveys, namely SPTpol and SPT-3G, to achieve depths of 4.5, 3, and 16 $\mu {\rm K-arcmin}$ in bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. For SPIRE, we include data from the 600 and 857 GHz bands. We reconstruct the velocity-induced large-scale correlation of the small-scale kSZ signal with a quadratic estimator that uses two cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps, constructed by optimally combining data from all the frequency bands. We reject the null hypothesis of a zero trispectrum at $10.3\sigma$ level. However, the measured trispectrum contains contributions from both the kSZ and other undesired components, such as CMB lensing and astrophysical foregrounds, with kSZ being sub-dominant. We use the \textsc{Agora} simulations to estimate the expected signal from CMB lensing and astrophysical foregrounds. After accounting for the contributions from CMB lensing and foreground signals, we do not detect an excess kSZ-only trispectrum and use this non-detection to set constraints on reionization. By applying a prior based on observations of the Gunn-Peterson trough, we obtain an upper limit on the duration of reionization of $\Delta z_{\rm re, 50} < 4.5$ (95\% C.L). We find these constraints are fairly robust to foregrounds assumptions. This trispectrum measurement is independent of, but consistent with, {\it Planck}'s optical depth measurement. This result is the first constraint on the epoch of reionization using the non-Gaussian nature of the kSZ signal., Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures (3 in main text and 2 in Appendix); Accepted for publication in PRL; Some texts have been moved to Appendix; Minor change in Fig. 2 to include nomalization; Data products and plotting scripts can be downloaded from https://github.com/sriniraghunathan/kSZ_4pt_SPT_SPIRE
Published: 2024

5. Flaring Stars in a Non-targeted mm-wave Survey with SPT-3G

Author: Tandoi, C., Guns, S., Foster, A., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Balkenhol, L., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Coerver, A., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fichman, K., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Ge, F., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Huang, N., Kéruzoré, F., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kornoelje, K., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Levy, K., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Menanteau, F., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Moon, Y., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Phadke, K. A., Prabhu, K., Qu, Z., Quan, W., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Reuter, C., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Schiappucci, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Wan, Y., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Young, M. R., and Zebrowski, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present a flare star catalog from four years of non-targeted millimeter-wave survey data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The data were taken with the SPT-3G camera and cover a 1500-square-degree region of the sky from $20^{h}40^{m}0^{s}$ to $3^{h}20^{m}0^{s}$ in right ascension and $-42^{\circ}$ to $-70^{\circ}$ in declination. This region was observed on a nearly daily cadence from 2019-2022 and chosen to avoid the plane of the galaxy. A short-duration transient search of this survey yields 111 flaring events from 66 stars, increasing the number of both flaring events and detected flare stars by an order of magnitude from the previous SPT-3G data release. We provide cross-matching to Gaia DR3, as well as matches to X-ray point sources found in the second ROSAT all-sky survey. We have detected flaring stars across the main sequence, from early-type A stars to M dwarfs, as well as a large population of evolved stars. These stars are mostly nearby, spanning 10 to 1000 parsecs in distance. Most of the flare spectral indices are constant or gently rising as a function of frequency at 95/150/220 GHz. The timescale of these events can range from minutes to hours, and the peak $\nu L_{\nu}$ luminosities range from $10^{27}$ to $10^{31}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in the SPT-3G frequency bands.
Published: 2024

6. SPT Clusters with DES and HST Weak Lensing. II. Cosmological Constraints from the Abundance of Massive Halos

Author: Bocquet, S., Grandis, S., Bleem, L. E., Klein, M., Mohr, J. J., Schrabback, T., Abbott, T. M. C., Ade, P. A. R., Aguena, M., Alarcon, A., Allam, S., Allen, S. W., Alves, O., Amon, A., Anderson, A. J., Annis, J., Ansarinejad, B., Austermann, J. E., Avila, S., Bacon, D., Bayliss, M., Beall, J. A., Bechtol, K., Becker, M. R., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bernstein, G. M., Bhargava, S., Bianchini, F., Brodwin, M., Brooks, D., Bryant, L., Campos, A., Canning, R. E. A., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Cawthon, R., Chang, C. L., Chang, C., Chaubal, P., Chen, R., Chiang, H. C., Choi, A., Chou, T-L., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Cordero, J., Costanzi, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., da Costa, L. N., Pereira, M. E. S., Davis, C., Davis, T. M., DeRose, J., Desai, S., de Haan, T., Diehl, H. T., Dobbs, M. A., Dodelson, S., Doux, C., Drlica-Wagner, A., Eckert, K., Elvin-Poole, J., Everett, S., Everett, W., Ferrero, I., Ferté, A., Flores, A. M., Frieman, J., Gallicchio, J., García-Bellido, J., Gatti, M., George, E. M., Giannini, G., Gladders, M. D., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gupta, N., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Harrison, I., Hartley, W. G., Herner, K., Hinton, S. R., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Huff, E. M., Huterer, D., Irwin, K. D., James, D. J., Jarvis, M., Khullar, G., Kim, K., Knox, L., Kraft, R., Krause, E., Kuehn, K., Kuropatkin, N., Kéruzoré, F., Lahav, O., Lee, A. T., Leget, P. -F., Li, D., Lin, H., Lowitz, A., MacCrann, N., Mahler, G., Mantz, A., Marshall, J. L., McCullough, J., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Mena-Fernández, J., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Miquel, R., Montgomery, J., Myles, J., Natoli, T., Navarro-Alsina, A., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Ogando, R. L. C., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pandey, S., Paschos, P., Patil, S., Pieres, A., Malagón, A. A. Plazas, Porredon, A., Prat, J., Pryke, C., Raveri, M., Reichardt, C. L., Roberson, J., Rollins, R. P., Romero, C., Roodman, A., Ruhl, J. E., Rykoff, E. S., Saliwanchik, B. R., Salvati, L., Sánchez, C., Sanchez, E., Cid, D. Sanchez, Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Secco, L. F., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Sharon, K., Sheldon, E., Shin, T., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Somboonpanyakul, T., Sommer, M., Stalder, B., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Strazzullo, V., Suchyta, E., Tarle, G., To, C., Troxel, M. A., Tucker, C., Tutusaus, I., Varga, T. N., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, A., von der Linden, A., Wang, G., Weaverdyck, N., Weller, J., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yanny, B., Yefremenko, V., Yin, B., Young, M., Zebrowski, J. A., Zhang, Y., Zohren, H., and Zuntz, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present cosmological constraints from the abundance of galaxy clusters selected via the thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in South Pole Telescope (SPT) data with a simultaneous mass calibration using weak gravitational lensing data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The cluster sample is constructed from the combined SPT-SZ, SPTpol ECS, and SPTpol 500d surveys, and comprises 1,005 confirmed clusters in the redshift range $0.25-1.78$ over a total sky area of 5,200 deg$^2$. We use DES Year 3 weak-lensing data for 688 clusters with redshifts $z<0.95$ and HST weak-lensing data for 39 clusters with $0.6
Published: 2024

7. Monitoring TES Loop Gain in Frequency Multiplexed Readout

Author: de Haan, T., Adkins, T., Hazumi, M., Kaneko, D., Montgomery, J., Smecher, G., Suzuki, A., and Zhou, Y.
Published: 2024
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8. Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the 500-square-degree SPTpol Survey

Author: Bleem, L. E., Klein, M., Abbott, T. M. C., Ade, P. A. R., Aguena, M., Alves, O., Anderson, A. J., Andrade-Oliveira, F., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Ashby, M. L. N., Austermann, J. E., Bacon, D., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bocquet, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Calzadilla, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carretero, J., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Chou, T-L., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Costanzi, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., da Costa, L. N., de Haan, T., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Doel, P., Everett, W., Ferrero, I., Flaugher, B., Floyd, B., Friedel, D., Frieman, J., Gallicchio, J., Garc'ia-Bellido, J., Gatti, M., George, E. M., Giannini, G., Grandis, S., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gupta, N., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Hinton, S. R., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Mena-Fernández, J., James, D. J., Kéruzoré, F., Knox, L., Kuehn, K., Lahav, O., Lee, A. T., Lee, S., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Marshal, J. L., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Miquel, R., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Myles, J., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Ogando, R. L. C., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pereira, M. E. S., Pieres, A., Malag'on, A. A. Plazas, Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Rodr'iguez-Monroy, M., Romer, A. K., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Salvati, L., Sanchez, E., Saro, A., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Somboonpanyakul, T., Stalder, B., Stark, A. A., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., To, C., Tucker, C., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Vincenzi, M., Wang, G., Weller, J., Whitehorn, N., Wiseman, P., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Zebrowski, J. A., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: We present a catalog of 689 galaxy cluster candidates detected at significance $\xi>4$ via their thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in 95 and 150 GHz data from the 500-square-degree SPTpol survey. We use optical and infrared data from the Dark Energy Camera and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and \spitzer \ satellites, to confirm 544 of these candidates as clusters with $\sim94\%$ purity. The sample has an approximately redshift-independent mass threshold at redshift $z>0.25$ and spans $1.5 \times 10^{14} < M_{500c} < 9.1 \times 10^{14}$ $M_\odot/h_{70}$ \ and $0.031$. We use external radio data from the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS) to estimate contamination to the SZ signal from synchrotron sources. The contamination reduces the recovered $\xi$ by a median value of 0.032, or $\sim0.8\%$ of the $\xi=4$ threshold value, and $\sim7\%$ of candidates have a predicted contamination greater than $\Delta \xi = 1$. With the exception of a small number of systems $(<1\%)$, an analysis of clusters detected in single-frequency 95 and 150 GHz data shows no significant contamination of the SZ signal by emission from dusty or synchrotron sources. This cluster sample will be a key component in upcoming astrophysical and cosmological analyses of clusters. The SPTpol millimeter-wave maps and associated data products used to produce this sample are available at https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptpol_500d_clusters/index.html, and the NASA LAMBDA website. An interactive sky server with the SPTpol maps and Dark Energy Survey data release 2 images is also available at NCSA https://skyviewer.ncsa.illinois.edu., Comment: Matches version accepted by OJA. 19 pages + references, 14 figures, cluster candidate table provided in Appendix. Data products available at https://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptpol_500d_clusters/index.html and an interactive sky server at https://skyviewer.ncsa.illinois.edu
Published: 2023
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9. Monitoring TES Loop Gain in Frequency Multiplexed Readout

Author: de Haan, T., Adkins, T., Hazumi, M., Kaneko, D., Montgomery, J., Smecher, G., Suzuki, A., and Zhou, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a method for precise monitoring of the loop gain of transition edge sensors (TES) under electrothermal feedback. The measurement is implemented on the ICE DfMux electronics and operates simultaneously with Digital Active Nulling (DAN). It uses one additional bias sinusoid per TES and does not require any additional readout channels. The loop gain monitor is being implemented on the Simons Array and is an integral part of the baseline calibration strategy for the upcoming LiteBIRD satellite.
Published: 2023
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10. RF-ICE: large-scale gigahertz readout of frequency-multiplexed microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Author: Rouble, M., Smecher, G., Anderson, A., Barry, P. S., Dibert, K., Dobbs, M., Karkare, K. S., and Montgomery, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present RF-ICE, a novel readout platform for microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), optimized for use on millimeter-wavelength telescopes. The RF-ICE system extends ICE, a versatile, mature signal processing platform currently in use on telescopes around the world, into a new operational domain with MKIDs biased with gigahertz carriers. The system couples the FPGA-based ICE motherboard with a radio-frequency digitization daughterboard to enable direct digital synthesis from 0 to 6 GHz without the need for external mixing. The system operates two independent readout modules, each with 1024 frequency-multiplexed readout channels spaced across 500 MHz of carrier bandwidth. The system, which is under active development, is in operation with prototype detector wafers and will be deployed for the upcoming SPT-SLIM and SPT-3G+ experiments., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, appearing in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022
Published: 2023
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11. A Measurement of Gravitational Lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background Using SPT-3G 2018 Data

Author: Pan, Z., Bianchini, F., Wu, W. L. K., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Chichura, P. M., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Coerver, A., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K. R., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fichman, K., Foster, A., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Ge, F., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Kéruzoré, F., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Levy, K., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Maniyar, A., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Raghunathan, S., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Takakura, S., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Trendafilova, C., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., Young, M. R., and Zebrowski, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a measurement of gravitational lensing over 1500 deg$^2$ of the Southern sky using SPT-3G temperature data at 95 and 150 GHz taken in 2018. The lensing amplitude relative to a fiducial Planck 2018 $\Lambda$CDM cosmology is found to be $1.020\pm0.060$, excluding instrumental and astrophysical systematic uncertainties. We conduct extensive systematic and null tests to check the robustness of the lensing measurements, and report a minimum-variance combined lensing power spectrum over angular multipoles of $50
Published: 2023
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12. Fabrication Development for SPT-SLIM, a Superconducting Spectrometer for Line Intensity Mapping

Author: Cecil, T., Albert, C., Anderson, A. J., Barry, P. S., Benson, B., Cotter, C., Chang, C., Dobbs, M., Dibert, K., Gualtieri, R., Karkare, K. S., Lisovenko, M., Marrone, D. P., Montgomery, J., Pan, Z., Robson, G., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Wang, G., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) is a new observational technique that uses low-resolution observations of line emission to efficiently trace the large-scale structure of the Universe out to high redshift. Common mm/sub-mm emission lines are accessible from ground-based observatories, and the requirements on the detectors for LIM at mm-wavelengths are well matched to the capabilities of large-format arrays of superconducting sensors. We describe the development of an R = 300 on-chip superconducting filter-bank spectrometer covering the 120--180 GHz band optimized for future mm-LIM experiments, focusing on SPT-SLIM, a pathfinder LIM instrument for the South Pole Telescope. Radiation is coupled from the telescope optical system to the spectrometer chip via an array of feedhorn-coupled orthomode transducers. Superconducting microstrip transmission lines then carry the signal to an array of channelizing half-wavelength resonators, and the output of each spectral channel is sensed by a lumped element kinetic inductance detector (leKID). Key areas of development include incorporating new low-loss dielectrics to improve both the achievable spectral resolution and optical efficiency and development of a robust fabrication process to create a galvanic connection between ultra-pure superconducting thin-films to realize multi-material (hybrid) leKIDs. We provide an overview of the spectrometer design, fabrication process, and prototype devices., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, presented at 2022 Applied Superconductivity Conference
Published: 2023
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13. Measurement of the CMB temperature power spectrum and constraints on cosmology from the SPT-3G 2018 TT, TE, and EE dataset

Author: Balkenhol, L, Dutcher, D, Mancini, A Spurio, Doussot, A, Benabed, K, Galli, S, Ade, PAR, Anderson, AJ, Ansarinejad, B, Archipley, M, Bender, AN, Benson, BA, Bianchini, F, Bleem, LE, Bouchet, FR, Bryant, L, Camphuis, E, Carlstrom, JE, Cecil, TW, Chang, CL, Chaubal, P, Chichura, PM, Chou, T-L, Coerver, A, Crawford, TM, Cukierman, A, Daley, C, de Haan, T, Dibert, KR, Dobbs, MA, Everett, W, Feng, C, Ferguson, KR, Foster, A, Gambrel, AE, Gardner, RW, Goeckner-Wald, N, Gualtieri, R, Guidi, F, Guns, S, Halverson, NW, Hivon, E, Holder, GP, Holzapfel, WL, Hood, JC, Huang, N, Knox, L, Korman, M, Kuo, C-L, Lee, AT, Lowitz, AE, Lu, C, Millea, M, Montgomery, J, Nakato, Y, Natoli, T, Noble, GI, Novosad, V, Omori, Y, Padin, S, Pan, Z, Paschos, P, Prabhu, K, Quan, W, Rahimi, M, Rahlin, A, Reichardt, CL, Rouble, M, Ruhl, JE, Schiappucci, E, Smecher, G, Sobrin, JA, Stark, AA, Stephen, J, Suzuki, A, Tandoi, C, Thompson, KL, Thorne, B, Tucker, C, Umilta, C, Vieira, JD, Wang, G, Whitehorn, N, Wu, WLK, Yefremenko, V, Young, MR, and Zebrowski, JA
Subjects: Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences
Abstract: We present a sample-variance-limited measurement of the temperature power spectrum (TT) of the cosmic microwave background using observations of a ∼1500 deg2 field made by the SPT-3G in 2018. We report multifrequency power spectrum measurements at 95, 150, and 220 GHz covering the angular multipole range 750≤ℓ
Published: 2023

14. Simultaneous Millimeter-wave, Gamma-ray, and Optical Monitoring of the Blazar PKS 2326-502 During a Flaring State

Author: Hood II, J. C., Simpson, A., McDaniel, A., Foster, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ajello, M., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Chou, T-L., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Madejski, G., Malkan, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Montgomery, J., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Tucker, C., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Zebrowski, J. A., and Zhang, L.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract: Including millimeter-wave (mm-wave) data in multi-wavelength studies of the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN) can provide insights into AGN physics that are not easily accessible at other wavelengths. We demonstrate in this work the potential of cosmic microwave background (CMB) telescopes to provide long-term, high-cadence mm-wave AGN monitoring over large fractions of sky. We report on a pilot study using data from the SPTpol instrument on the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which was designed to observe the CMB at arcminute and larger angular scales. Between 2013 and 2016, SPTpol was used primarily to observe a single 500 deg^2 field, covering the entire field several times per day with detectors sensitive to radiation in bands centered at 95 and 150 GHz. We use SPT 150 GHz observations to create AGN light curves, and we compare these mm-wave light curves to those at other wavelengths, in particular gamma-ray and optical. In this Letter, we focus on a single source, PKS 2326-502, which has extensive, day-timescale monitoring data in gamma-ray, optical, and now mm-wave between 2013 and 2016. We find PKS 2326-502 to be in a flaring state in the first two years of this monitoring, and we present a search for evidence of correlated variability between mm-wave, optical R band, and gamma-ray observations. This pilot study is paving the way for AGN monitoring with current and upcoming CMB experiments such as SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, including multi-wavelength studies with facilities such as VRO-LSST., Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, accepted to Astrophysical Journal Letters
Published: 2023
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15. A Measurement of the CMB Temperature Power Spectrum and Constraints on Cosmology from the SPT-3G 2018 TT/TE/EE Data Set

Author: Balkenhol, L., Dutcher, D., Mancini, A. Spurio, Doussot, A., Benabed, K., Galli, S., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Ansarinejad, B., Archipley, M., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Coerver, A., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Huang, N., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nakato, Y., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahimi, M., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Schiappucci, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Young, M. R., and Zebrowski, J. A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a sample-variance-limited measurement of the temperature power spectrum ($TT$) of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) using observations of a $\sim\! 1500 \,\mathrm{deg}^2$ field made by SPT-3G in 2018. We report multifrequency power spectrum measurements at 95, 150, and 220GHz covering the angular multipole range $750 \leq \ell < 3000$. We combine this $TT$ measurement with the published polarization power spectrum measurements from the 2018 observing season and update their associated covariance matrix to complete the SPT-3G 2018 $TT/TE/EE$ data set. This is the first analysis to present cosmological constraints from SPT $TT$, $TE$, and $EE$ power spectrum measurements jointly. We blind the cosmological results and subject the data set to a series of consistency tests at the power spectrum and parameter level. We find excellent agreement between frequencies and spectrum types and our results are robust to the modeling of astrophysical foregrounds. We report results for $\Lambda$CDM and a series of extensions, drawing on the following parameters: the amplitude of the gravitational lensing effect on primary power spectra $A_\mathrm{L}$, the effective number of neutrino species $N_{\mathrm{eff}}$, the primordial helium abundance $Y_{\mathrm{P}}$, and the baryon clumping factor due to primordial magnetic fields $b$. We find that the SPT-3G 2018 $T/TE/EE$ data are well fit by $\Lambda$CDM with a probability-to-exceed of $15\%$. For $\Lambda$CDM, we constrain the expansion rate today to $H_0 = 68.3 \pm 1.5\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ and the combined structure growth parameter to $S_8 = 0.797 \pm 0.042$. The SPT-based results are effectively independent of Planck, and the cosmological parameter constraints from either data set are within $<1\,\sigma$ of each other. (abridged), Comment: 35 Pages, 17 Figures, 11 Tables
Published: 2022
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16. Simultaneous Millimeter-wave, Gamma-Ray, and Optical Monitoring of the Blazar PKS 2326-502 during a Flaring State

Author: Hood, JC, Simpson, A, McDaniel, A, Foster, A, Ade, PAR, Ajello, M, Anderson, AJ, Austermann, JE, Beall, JA, Bender, AN, Benson, BA, Bianchini, F, Bleem, LE, Carlstrom, JE, Chang, CL, Chaubal, P, Chiang, HC, Chou, T-L, Citron, R, Moran, C Corbett, Crawford, TM, Crites, AT, de Haan, T, Dobbs, MA, Everett, W, Gallicchio, J, George, EM, Gupta, N, Halverson, NW, Hilton, GC, Holder, GP, Holzapfel, WL, Hrubes, JD, Huang, N, Hubmayr, J, Irwin, KD, Knox, L, Lee, AT, Li, D, Lowitz, A, Madejski, G, Malkan, M, McMahon, JJ, Meyer, SS, Montgomery, J, Natoli, T, Nibarger, JP, Noble, G, Novosad, V, Omori, Y, Padin, S, Patil, S, Pryke, C, Reichardt, CL, Ruhl, JE, Saliwanchik, BR, Schaffer, KK, Sievers, C, Smecher, G, Stark, AA, Tucker, C, Veach, T, Vieira, JD, Wang, G, Whitehorn, N, Wu, WLK, Yefremenko, V, Zebrowski, JA, and Zhang, L
Subjects: Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics
Abstract: Abstract Including millimeter-wave data in multiwavelength studies of the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN) can provide insights into AGN physics that are not easily accessible at other wavelengths. We demonstrate in this work the potential of cosmic microwave background (CMB) telescopes to provide long-term, high-cadence millimeter-wave AGN monitoring over large fractions of sky. We report on a pilot study using data from the SPTpol instrument on the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which was designed to observe the CMB at arcminute and larger angular scales. Between 2013 and 2016, SPTpol was used primarily to observe a single 500 deg2 field, covering the entire field several times per day with detectors sensitive to radiation in bands centered at 95 and 150 GHz. We use SPT 150 GHz observations to create AGN light curves, and we compare these millimeter-wave light curves to those at other wavelengths, in particular γ-ray and optical. In this Letter, we focus on a single source, PKS 2326-502, which has extensive, day-timescale monitoring data in gamma-ray, optical, and now millimeter-wave between 2013 and 2016. We find PKS 2326-502 to be in a flaring state in the first 2 yr of this monitoring, and we present a search for evidence of correlated variability between millimeter-wave, optical R-band, and γ-ray observations. This pilot study is paving the way for AGN monitoring with current and upcoming CMB experiments such as SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, including multiwavelength studies with facilities such as Vera C. Rubin Observatories Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.
Published: 2023

17. SPT-3G+: Mapping the High-Frequency Cosmic Microwave Background Using Kinetic Inductance Detectors

Author: Anderson, A. J., Barry, P., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Crawford, T. M., Dibert, K. R., Dobbs, M. A., Fichman, K., Halverson, N. W., Holzapfel, W. L., Hryciuk, A., Karkare, K. S., Li, J., Lisovenko, M., Marrone, D., McMahon, J., Montgomery, J., Natoli, T., Pan, Z., Raghunathan, S., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Vieira, J. D., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the design and science goals of SPT-3G+, a new camera for the South Pole Telescope, which will consist of a dense array of 34100 kinetic inductance detectors measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at 220 GHz, 285 GHz, and 345 GHz. The SPT-3G+ dataset will enable new constraints on the process of reionization, including measurements of the patchy kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and improved constraints on the optical depth due to reionization. At the same time, it will serve as a pathfinder for the detection of Rayleigh scattering, which could allow future CMB surveys to constrain cosmological parameters better than from the primary CMB alone. In addition, the combined, multi-band SPT-3G and SPT-3G+ survey data will have several synergies that enhance the original SPT-3G survey, including: extending the redshift-reach of SZ cluster surveys to $z > 2$; understanding the relationship between magnetic fields and star formation in our Galaxy; improved characterization of the impact of dust on inflationary B-mode searches; and characterizing astrophysical transients at the boundary between mm and sub-mm wavelengths. Finally, the modular design of the SPT-3G+ camera allows it to serve as an on-sky demonstrator for new detector technologies employing microwave readout, such as the on-chip spectrometers that we expect to deploy during the SPT-3G+ survey. In this paper, we describe the science goals of the project and the key technology developments that enable its powerful yet compact design., Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, to appear in the proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022
Published: 2022

18. A measurement of the mean central optical depth of galaxy clusters via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect with SPT-3G and DES

Author: Schiappucci, E., Bianchini, F., Aguena, M., Archipley, M., Balkenhol, L., Bleem, L. E., Chaubal, P., Crawford, T. M., Grandis, S., Omori, Y., Reichardt, C. L., Rozo, E., Rykoff, E. S., To, C., Abbott, T. M. C., Ade, P. A. R., Alves, O., Anderson, A. J., Andrade-Oliveira, F., Annis, J., Avva, J. S., Bacon, D., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bernstein, G. M., Bertin, E., Bocquet, S., Bouchet, F. R., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Costanzi, M., Cukierman, A., da Costa, L. N., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dibert, K. R., Diehl, H. T., Dobbs, M. A., Doel, P., Doux, C., Dutcher, D., Everett, S., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Ferrero, I., Ferté, A., Flaugher, B., Foster, A., Frieman, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., García-Bellido, J., Gardner, R. W., Gatti, M., Giannantonio, T., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gruen, D., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Hinton, S. R., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hood, J. C., Huang, N., James, D. J., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kuehn, K., Kuo, C. -L., Lahav, O., Lee, A. T., Lidman, C., Lima, M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., March, M., Mena-Fernández, J., Menanteau, F., Millea, M., Miquel, R., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Muir, J., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Ogando, R. L. C., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paz-Chinchón, F., Pereira, M. E. S., Pieres, A., Malagón, A. A. Plazas, Prabhu, K., Prat, J., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Raveri, M., Rodriguez-Monroy, M., Romer, A. K., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Schubnell, M., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Sobrin, J. A., Suchyta, E., Suzuki, A., Tarle, G., Thomas, D., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Vincenzi, M., Wang, G., Weaverdyck, N., Weller, J., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We infer the mean optical depth of a sample of optically-selected galaxy clusters from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) via the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect. The pairwise kSZ signal between pairs of clusters drawn from the DES Year-3 cluster catalog is detected at $4.1 \sigma$ in cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps from two years of observations with the SPT-3G camera on the South Pole Telescope. After cuts, there are 24,580 clusters in the $\sim 1,400$ deg$^2$ of the southern sky observed by both experiments. We infer the mean optical depth of the cluster sample with two techniques. The optical depth inferred from the pairwise kSZ signal is $\bar{\tau}_e = (2.97 \pm 0.73) \times 10^{-3}$, while that inferred from the thermal SZ signal is $\bar{\tau}_e = (2.51 \pm 0.55^{\text{stat}} \pm 0.15^{\rm syst}) \times 10^{-3}$. The two measures agree at $0.6 \sigma$. We perform a suite of systematic checks to test the robustness of the analysis.
Published: 2022
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19. Searching for axion-like time-dependent cosmic birefringence with data from SPT-3G

Author: Ferguson, K. R., Anderson, A. J., Whitehorn, N., Ade, P. A. R., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Balkenhol, L., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Camphuis, E., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chichura, P. M., Chou, T. -L., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Dibert, K., Dobbs, M. A., Doussot, A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Foster, A., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guidi, F., Guns, S., Halverson, N. W., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Huang, N., Knox, L., Korman, M., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Natoli, T., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Schiappucci, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stephen, J., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Ultralight axionlike particles (ALPs) are compelling dark matter candidates because of their potential to resolve small-scale discrepancies between $\Lambda$CDM predictions and cosmological observations. Axion-photon coupling induces a polarization rotation in linearly polarized photons traveling through an ALP field; thus, as the local ALP dark matter field oscillates in time, distant static polarized sources will appear to oscillate with a frequency proportional to the ALP mass. We use observations of the cosmic microwave background from SPT-3G, the current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, to set upper limits on the value of the axion-photon coupling constant $g_{\phi\gamma}$ over the approximate mass range $10^{-22} - 10^{-19}$ eV, corresponding to oscillation periods from 12 hours to 100 days. For periods between 1 and 100 days ($4.7 \times 10^{-22} \text{ eV} \leq m_\phi \leq 4.7 \times 10^{-20} \text{ eV}$), where the limit is approximately constant, we set a median 95% C.L. upper limit on the amplitude of on-sky polarization rotation of 0.071 deg. Assuming that dark matter comprises a single ALP species with a local dark matter density of $0.3\text{ GeV/cm}^3$, this corresponds to $g_{\phi\gamma} < 1.18 \times 10^{-12}\text{ GeV}^{-1} \times \left( \frac{m_{\phi}}{1.0 \times 10^{-21} \text{ eV}} \right)$. These new limits represent an improvement over the previous strongest limits set using the same effect by a factor of ~3.8., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Physical Review D
Published: 2022
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20. Asteroid Measurements at Millimeter Wavelengths with the South Pole Telescope

Author: Chichura, P. M., Foster, A., Patel, C., Ossa-Jaen, N., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Beall, J. A., Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Chiang, H. C., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T-L., Citron, R., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Cukierman, A., Daley, C. M., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., George, E. M., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Lu, C., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Moran, C. Corbett, Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Patil, S., Pearson, J., Phadke, K. A., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Pryke, C., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Springmann, A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: We present the first measurements of asteroids in millimeter wavelength (mm) data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT), which is used primarily to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB). We analyze maps of two $\sim270$ deg$^2$ sky regions near the ecliptic plane, each observed with the SPTpol camera $\sim100$ times over one month. We subtract the mean of all maps of a given field, removing static sky signal, and then average the mean-subtracted maps at known asteroid locations. We detect three asteroids$\text{ -- }$(324) Bamberga, (13) Egeria, and (22) Kalliope$\text{ -- }$with signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) of 11.2, 10.4, and 6.1, respectively, at 2.0 mm (150 GHz); we also detect (324) Bamberga with S/N of 4.1 at 3.2 mm (95 GHz). We place constraints on these asteroids' effective emissivities, brightness temperatures, and light curve modulation amplitude. Our flux density measurements of (324) Bamberga and (13) Egeria roughly agree with predictions, while our measurements of (22) Kalliope suggest lower flux, corresponding to effective emissivities of $0.66 \pm 0.11$ at 2.0 mm and $<0.47$ at 3.2mm. We predict the asteroids detectable in other SPT datasets and find good agreement with detections of (772) Tanete and (1093) Freda in recent data from the SPT-3G camera, which has $\sim10 \times$ the mapping speed of SPTpol. This work is the first focused analysis of asteroids in data from CMB surveys, and it demonstrates we can repurpose historic and future datasets for asteroid studies. Future SPT measurements can help constrain the distribution of surface properties over a larger asteroid population., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2022
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21. Design of SPT-SLIM focal plane; a spectroscopic imaging array for the South Pole Telescope

Author: Barry, P. S., Anderson, A., Benson, B., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T., Chang, C., Dobbs, M., Hollister, M., Karkare, K. S., Keating, G. K., Marrone, D., McMahon, J., Montgomery, J., Pan, Z., Robson, G., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., and Smecher, G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SLIM) is a mm-wave line-intensity mapping (mm-LIM) experiment for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The goal of SPT-SLIM is to serve as a technical and scientific pathfinder for the demonstration of the suitability and in-field performance of multi-pixel superconducting filterbank spectrometers for future mm-LIM experiments. Scheduled to deploy in the 2023-24 austral summer, the SPT-SLIM focal plane will include 18 dual-polarization pixels, each coupled to an $R = \lambda/\Delta\lambda$ = 300 thin- film microstrip filterbank spectrometer that spans the 2 mm atmospheric window (120-180 GHz). Each individual spectral channel feeds a microstrip-coupled lumped-element kinetic inductance detector, which provides the highly multiplexed readout for the 10k detectors needed for SPT-SLIM. Here we present an overview of the preliminary design of key aspects of the SPT-SLIM the focal plane array, a description of the detector architecture and predicted performance, and initial test results that will be used to inform the final design of the SPT- SLIM spectrometer array., Comment: Submitted to special issue of JLTP (proceedings of LTD19)
Published: 2021
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22. SPT-SLIM: A Line Intensity Mapping Pathfinder for the South Pole Telescope

Author: Karkare, K. S., Anderson, A. J., Barry, P. S., Benson, B. A., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T., Chang, C. L., Dobbs, M. A., Hollister, M., Keating, G. K., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J., Montgomery, J., Pan, Z., Robson, G., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., and Smecher, G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The South Pole Telescope Summertime Line Intensity Mapper (SPT-SLIM) is a pathfinder experiment that will demonstrate the use of on-chip filter-bank spectrometers for mm-wave line intensity mapping (LIM). The SPT-SLIM focal plane consists of 18 dual-polarization R=300 filter-bank spectrometers covering 120-180 GHz, coupled to aluminum kinetic inductance detectors. A compact cryostat holds the detectors at 100 mK and performs observations without removing the SPT-3G receiver. SPT-SLIM will be deployed to the 10-m South Pole Telescope for observations during the 2023-24 austral summer. We discuss the overall instrument design, expected detector performance and sensitivity to the LIM signal from CO at 0.5 < z < 2. The technology and observational techniques demonstrated by SPT-SLIM will enable next-generation LIM experiments that constrain cosmology beyond the redshift reach of galaxy surveys., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics (Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors)
Published: 2021
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23. The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G

Author: Sobrin, J. A., Anderson, A. J., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Dutcher, D., Foster, A., Goeckner-Wald, N., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Rahlin, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful dataset for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, millimeter-wave bright galaxies, and a variety of transient phenomena. The SPT-3G instrument provides a significant improvement in mapping speed over its predecessors, SPT-SZ and SPTpol. The broadband optics design of the instrument achieves a 430 mm diameter image plane across observing bands of 95 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz, with 1.2 arcmin FWHM beam response at 150 GHz. In the receiver, this image plane is populated with 2690 dual-polarization, tri-chroic pixels (~16000 detectors) read out using a 68X digital frequency-domain multiplexing readout system. In 2018, SPT-3G began a multiyear survey of 1500 deg$^{2}$ of the southern sky. We summarize the unique optical, cryogenic, detector, and readout technologies employed in SPT-3G, and we report on the integrated performance of the instrument., Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS
Published: 2021
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24. Performance and characterization of the SPT-3G digital frequency-domain multiplexed readout system using an improved noise and crosstalk model

Author: Montgomery, J., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Elleflot, T., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Groh, J. C., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The third generation South Pole Telescope camera (SPT-3G) improves upon its predecessor (SPTpol) by an order of magnitude increase in detectors on the focal plane. The technology used to read out and control these detectors, digital frequency-domain multiplexing (DfMUX), is conceptually the same as used for SPTpol, but extended to accommodate more detectors. A nearly 5x expansion in the readout operating bandwidth has enabled the use of this large focal plane, and SPT-3G performance meets the forecasting targets relevant to its science objectives. However, the electrical dynamics of the higher-bandwidth readout differ from predictions based on models of the SPTpol system due to the higher frequencies used, and parasitic impedances associated with new cryogenic electronic architecture. To address this, we present an updated derivation for electrical crosstalk in higher-bandwidth DfMUX systems, and identify two previously uncharacterized contributions to readout noise, which become dominant at high bias frequency. The updated crosstalk and noise models successfully describe the measured crosstalk and readout noise performance of SPT-3G. These results also suggest specific changes to warm electronics component values, wire-harness properties, and SQUID parameters, to improve the readout system for future experiments using DfMUX, such as the LiteBIRD space telescope., Comment: Accepted to the Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems
Published: 2021
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25. Constraints on $\Lambda$CDM Extensions from the SPT-3G 2018 $EE$ and $TE$ Power Spectra

Author: Balkenhol, L., Dutcher, D., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present constraints on extensions to the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model from measurements of the $E$-mode polarization auto-power spectrum and the temperature-$E$-mode cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made using 2018 SPT-3G data. The extensions considered vary the primordial helium abundance, the effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom, the sum of neutrino masses, the relativistic energy density and mass of a sterile neutrino, and the mean spatial curvature. We do not find clear evidence for any of these extensions, from either the SPT-3G 2018 dataset alone or in combination with baryon acoustic oscillation and \textit{Planck} data. None of these model extensions significantly relax the tension between Hubble-constant, $H_0$, constraints from the CMB and from distance-ladder measurements using Cepheids and supernovae. The addition of the SPT-3G 2018 data to \textit{Planck} reduces the square-root of the determinants of the parameter covariance matrices by factors of $1.3 - 2.0$ across these models, signaling a substantial reduction in the allowed parameter volume. We also explore CMB-based constraints on $H_0$ from combined SPT, \textit{Planck}, and ACT DR4 datasets. While individual experiments see some indications of different $H_0$ values between the $TT$, $TE$, and $EE$ spectra, the combined $H_0$ constraints are consistent between the three spectra. For the full combined datasets, we report $H_0 = 67.49 \pm 0.53\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$, which is the tightest constraint on $H_0$ from CMB power spectra to date and in $4.1\,\sigma$ tension with the most precise distance-ladder-based measurement of $H_0$. The SPT-3G survey is planned to continue through at least 2023, with existing maps of combined 2019 and 2020 data already having $\sim3.5\times$ lower noise than the maps used in this analysis., Comment: Submitted to PRD; 19 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2021
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26. Detection of Galactic and Extragalactic Millimeter-Wavelength Transient Sources with SPT-3G

Author: Guns, S., Foster, A., Daley, C., Rahlin, A., Whitehorn, N., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Marrone, D. P., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Phadke, K. A., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., Young, M. R., and Zhang, L.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract: High-angular-resolution cosmic microwave background experiments provide a unique opportunity to conduct a survey of time-variable sources at millimeter wavelengths, a population which has primarily been understood through follow-up measurements of detections in other bands. Here we report the first results of an astronomical transient survey with the South Pole Telescope (SPT) using the SPT-3G camera to observe 1500 square degrees of the southern sky. The observations took place from March to November 2020 in three bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. This survey yielded the detection of fifteen transient events from sources not previously detected by the SPT. The majority are associated with variable stars of different types, expanding the number of such detected flares by more than a factor of two. The stellar flares are unpolarized and bright, in some cases exceeding 1 Jy, and have durations from a few minutes to several hours. Another population of detected events last for 2--3 weeks and appear to be extragalactic in origin. Though data availability at other wavelengths is limited, we find evidence for concurrent optical activity for two of the stellar flares. Future data from SPT-3G and forthcoming instruments will provide real-time detection of millimeter-wave transients on timescales of minutes to months., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures; accepted to ApJ 5/27
Published: 2021
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27. Optimal Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing Reconstruction and Parameter Estimation with SPTpol Data

Author: Millea, M, Daley, CM, Chou, T-L, Anderes, E, Ade, PAR, Anderson, AJ, Austermann, JE, Avva, JS, Beall, JA, Bender, AN, Benson, BA, Bianchini, F, Bleem, LE, Carlstrom, JE, Chang, CL, Chaubal, P, Chiang, HC, Citron, R, Moran, C Corbett, Crawford, TM, Crites, AT, de Haan, T, Dobbs, MA, Everett, W, Gallicchio, J, George, EM, Goeckner-Wald, N, Guns, S, Gupta, N, Halverson, NW, Henning, JW, Hilton, GC, Holder, GP, Holzapfel, WL, Hrubes, JD, Huang, N, Hubmayr, J, Irwin, KD, Knox, L, Lee, AT, Li, D, Lowitz, A, McMahon, JJ, Meyer, SS, Mocanu, LM, Montgomery, J, Natoli, T, Nibarger, JP, Noble, G, Novosad, V, Omori, Y, Padin, S, Patil, S, Pryke, C, Reichardt, CL, Ruhl, JE, Saliwanchik, BR, Schaffer, KK, Sievers, C, Smecher, G, Stark, AA, Thorne, B, Tucker, C, Veach, T, Vieira, JD, Wang, G, Whitehorn, N, Wu, WLK, and Yefremenko, V
Subjects: Space Sciences, Particle and High Energy Physics, Astronomical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics, Space sciences
Abstract: We perform the first simultaneous Bayesian parameter inference and optimal reconstruction of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), using 100 deg2 of polarization observations from the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. These data reach noise levels as low as 5.8 µK arcmin in polarization, which are low enough that the typically used quadratic estimator (QE) technique for analyzing CMB lensing is significantly suboptimal. Conversely, the Bayesian procedure extracts all lensing information from the data and is optimal at any noise level. We infer the amplitude of the gravitational lensing potential to be A f =0.949\,\pm \,0.122 using the Bayesian pipeline, consistent with our QE pipeline result, but with 17% smaller error bars. The Bayesian analysis also provides a simple way to account for systematic uncertainties, performing a similar job as frequentist "bias hardening"or linear bias correction, and reducing the systematic uncertainty on A f due to polarization calibration from almost half of the statistical error to effectively zero. Finally, we jointly constrain A f along with A L, the amplitude of lensing-like effects on the CMB power spectra, demonstrating that the Bayesian method can be used to easily infer parameters both from an optimal lensing reconstruction and from the delensed CMB, while exactly accounting for the correlation between the two. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the Bayesian approach on real data, and pave the way for future analysis of deep CMB polarization measurements with SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, where improvements relative to the QE can reach 1.5 times tighter constraints on A f and seven times lower effective lensing reconstruction noise.
Published: 2021

28. Overview of the Medium and High Frequency Telescopes of the LiteBIRD satellite mission

Author: Montier, L., Mot, B., de Bernardis, P., Maffei, B., Pisano, G., Columbro, F., Gudmundsson, J. E., Henrot-Versillé, S., Lamagna, L., Montgomery, J., Prouvé, T., Russell, M., Savini, G., Stever, S., Thompson, K. L., Tsujimoto, M., Tucker, C., Westbrook, B., Ade, P. A. R., Adler, A., Allys, E., Arnold, K., Auguste, D., Aumont, J., Aurlien, R., Austermann, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Banerji, R., Barreiro, R. B., Basak, S., Beall, J., Beck, D., Beckman, S., Bermejo, J., Bersanelli, M., Bonis, J., Borrill, J., Boulanger, F., Bounissou, S., Brilenkov, M., Brown, M., Bucher, M., Calabrese, E., Campeti, P., Carones, A., Casas, F. J., Challinor, A., Chan, V., Cheung, K., Chinone, Y., Cliche, J. F., Colombo, L., Cubas, J., Cukierman, A., Curtis, D., D'Alessandro, G., Dachlythra, N., De Petris, M., Dickinson, C., Diego-Palazuelos, P., Dobbs, M., Dotani, T., Duband, L., Duff, S., Duval, J. M., Ebisawa, K., Elleflot, T., Eriksen, H. K., Errard, J., Essinger-Hileman, T., Finelli, F., Flauger, R., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galloway, M., Ganga, K., Gao, J. R., Genova-Santos, R., Gerbino, M., Gervasi, M., Ghigna, T., Gjerløw, E., Gradziel, M. L., Grain, J., Grupp, F., Gruppuso, A., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Hargrave, P., Hasebe, T., Hasegawa, M., Hattori, M., Hazumi, M., Herman, D., Herranz, D., Hill, C. A., Hilton, G., Hirota, Y., Hivon, E., Hlozek, R. A., Hoshino, Y., de la Hoz, E., Hubmayr, J., Ichiki, K., Iida, T., Imada, H., Ishimura, K., Ishino, H., Jaehnig, G., Kaga, T., Kashima, S., Katayama, N., Kato, A., Kawasaki, T., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kogiso, N., Kogut, A., Kohri, K., Komatsu, E., Komatsu, K., Konishi, K., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuo, C. L., Kushino, A., Lanen, J. V., Lattanzi, M., Lee, A. T., Leloup, C., Levrier, F., Linder, E., Louis, T., Luzzi, G., Maciaszek, T., Maino, D., Maki, M., Mandelli, S., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matsumura, T., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Minami, Y., Mitsuda, K., Morgante, G., Murata, Y., Murphy, J. A., Nagai, M., Nagano, Y., Nagasaki, T., Nagata, R., Nakamura, S., Namikawa, T., Natoli, P., Nerval, S., Nishibori, T., Nishino, H., O'Sullivan, C., Ogawa, H., Oguri, S., Ohsaki, H., Ohta, I. S., Okada, N., Pagano, L., Paiella, A., Paoletti, D., Patanchon, G., Peloton, J., Piacentini, F., Polenta, G., Poletti, D., Puglisi, G., Rambaud, D., Raum, C., Realini, S., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Ritacco, A., Roudil, G., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Sakurai, H., Sakurai, Y., Sandri, M., Sasaki, M., Scott, D., Seibert, J., Sekimoto, Y., Sherwin, B., Shinozaki, K., Shiraishi, M., Shirron, P., Signorelli, G., Smecher, G., Stompor, R., Sugai, H., Sugiyama, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, J., Svalheim, T. L., Switzer, E., Takaku, R., Takakura, H., Takakura, S., Takase, Y., Takeda, Y., Tartari, A., Taylor, E., Terao, Y., Thommesen, H., Thorne, B., Toda, T., Tomasi, M., Tominaga, M., Trappe, N., Tristram, M., Tsuji, M., Ullom, J., Vermeulen, G., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vissers, M., Vittorio, N., Wehus, I., Weller, J., Wilms, J., Winter, B., Wollack, E. J., Yamasaki, N. Y., Yoshida, T., Yumoto, J., Zannoni, M., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: LiteBIRD is a JAXA-led Strategic Large-Class mission designed to search for the existence of the primordial gravitational waves produced during the inflationary phase of the Universe, through the measurements of their imprint onto the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). These measurements, requiring unprecedented sensitivity, will be performed over the full sky, at large angular scales, and over 15 frequency bands from 34GHz to 448GHz. The LiteBIRD instruments consist of three telescopes, namely the Low-, Medium- and High-Frequency Telescope (respectively LFT, MFT and HFT). We present in this paper an overview of the design of the Medium-Frequency Telescope (89-224GHz) and the High-Frequency Telescope (166-448GHz), the so-called MHFT, under European responsibility, which are two cryogenic refractive telescopes cooled down to 5K. They include a continuous rotating half-wave plate as the first optical element, two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) lenses and more than three thousand transition-edge sensor (TES) detectors cooled to 100mK. We provide an overview of the concept design and the remaining specific challenges that we have to face in order to achieve the scientific goals of LiteBIRD., Comment: SPIE Conference
Published: 2021
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29. LiteBIRD: JAXA's new strategic L-class mission for all-sky surveys of cosmic microwave background polarization

Author: Hazumi, M., Ade, P. A. R., Adler, A., Allys, E., Arnold, K., Auguste, D., Aumont, J., Aurlien, R., Austermann, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Banjeri, R., Barreiro, R. B., Basak, S., Beall, J., Beck, D., Beckman, S., Bermejo, J., de Bernardis, P., Bersanelli, M., Bonis, J., Borrill, J., Boulanger, F., Bounissou, S., Brilenkov, M., Brown, M., Bucher, M., Calabrese, E., Campeti, P., Carones, A., Casas, F. J., Challinor, A., Chan, V., Cheung, K., Chinone, Y., Cliche, J. F., Colombo, L., Columbro, F., Cubas, J., Cukierman, A., Curtis, D., D'Alessandro, G., Dachlythra, N., De Petris, M., Dickinson, C., Diego-Palazuelos, P., Dobbs, M., Dotani, T., Duband, L., Duff, S., Duval, J. M., Ebisawa, K., Elleflot, T., Eriksen, H. K., Errard, J., Essinger-Hileman, T., Finelli, F., Flauger, R., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galloway, M., Ganga, K., Gao, J. R., Genova-Santos, R., Gerbino, M., Gervasi, M., Ghigna, T., Gjerløw, E., Gradziel, M. L., Grain, J., Grupp, F., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Hargrave, P., Hasebe, T., Hasegawa, M., Hattori, M., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herman, D., Herranz, D., Hill, C. A., Hilton, G., Hirota, Y., Hivon, E., Hlozek, R. A., Hoshino, Y., de la Hoz, E., Hubmayr, J., Ichiki, K., Iida, T., Imada, H., Ishimura, K., Ishino, H., Jaehnig, G., Kaga, T., Kashima, S., Katayama, N., Kato, A., Kawasaki, T., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kogiso, N., Kogut, A., Kohri, K., Komatsu, E., Komatsu, K., Konishi, K., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuo, C. L., Kushino, A., Lamagna, L., Lanen, J. V., Lattanzi, M., Lee, A. T., Leloup, C., Levrier, F., Linder, E., Louis, T., Luzzi, G., Maciaszek, T., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Maki, M., Mandelli, S., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matsumura, T., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Minami, Y., Mitsuda, K., Montgomery, J., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mot, B., Murata, Y., Murphy, J. A., Nagai, M., Nagano, Y., Nagasaki, T., Nagata, R., Nakamura, S., Namikawa, T., Natoli, P., Nerval, S., Nishibori, T., Nishino, H., Noviello, F., O'Sullivan, C., Ogawa, H., Oguri, S., Ohsaki, H., Ohta, I. S., Okada, N., Pagano, L., Paiella, A., Paoletti, D., Patanchon, G., Peloton, J., Piacentini, F., Pisano, G., Polenta, G., Poletti, D., Prouvé, T., Puglisi, G., Rambaud, D., Raum, C., Realini, S., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Ritacco, A., Roudil, G., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Russell, M., Sakurai, H., Sakurai, Y., Sandri, M., Sasaki, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seibert, J., Sekimoto, Y., Sherwin, B., Shinozaki, K., Shiraishi, M., Shirron, P., Signorelli, G., Smecher, G., Stever, S., Stompor, R., Sugai, H., Sugiyama, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, J., Svalheim, T. L., Switzer, E., Takaku, R., Takakura, H., Takakura, S., Takase, Y., Takeda, Y., Tartari, A., Taylor, E., Terao, Y., Thommesen, H., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Toda, T., Tomasi, M., Tominaga, M., Trappe, N., Tristram, M., Tsuji, M., Tsujimoto, M., Tucker, C., Ullom, J., Vermeulen, G., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vissers, M., Vittorio, N., Wehus, I., Weller, J., Westbrook, B., Wilms, J., Winter, B., Wollack, E. J., Yamasaki, N. Y., Yoshida, T., Yumoto, J., Zannoni, M., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: LiteBIRD, the Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B-mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection, is a space mission for primordial cosmology and fundamental physics. JAXA selected LiteBIRD in May 2019 as a strategic large-class (L-class) mission, with its expected launch in the late 2020s using JAXA's H3 rocket. LiteBIRD plans to map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization over the full sky with unprecedented precision. Its main scientific objective is to carry out a definitive search for the signal from cosmic inflation, either making a discovery or ruling out well-motivated inflationary models. The measurements of LiteBIRD will also provide us with an insight into the quantum nature of gravity and other new physics beyond the standard models of particle physics and cosmology. To this end, LiteBIRD will perform full-sky surveys for three years at the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point L2 for 15 frequency bands between 34 and 448 GHz with three telescopes, to achieve a total sensitivity of 2.16 micro K-arcmin with a typical angular resolution of 0.5 deg. at 100GHz. We provide an overview of the LiteBIRD project, including scientific objectives, mission requirements, top-level system requirements, operation concept, and expected scientific outcomes., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2021
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30. Concept Design of Low Frequency Telescope for CMB B-mode Polarization satellite LiteBIRD

Author: Sekimoto, Y., Ade, P. A. R., Adler, A., Allys, E., Arnold, K., Auguste, D., Aumont, J., Aurlien, R., Austermann, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Banerji, R., Barreiro, R. B., Basak, S., Beall, J., Beck, D., Beckman, S., Bermejo, J., de Bernardis, P., Bersanelli, M., Bonis, J., Borrill, J., Boulanger, F., Bounissou, S., Brilenkov, M., Brown, M., Bucher, M., Calabrese, E., Campeti, P., Carones, A., Casas, F. J., Challinor, A., Chan, V., Cheung, K., Chinone, Y., Cliche, J. F., Colombo, L., Columbro, F., Cubas, J., Cukierman, A., Curtis, D., D'Alessandro, G., Dachlythra, N., De Petris, M., Dickinson, C., Diego-Palazuelos, P., Dobbs, M., Dotani, T., Duband, L., Duff, S., Duval, J. M., Ebisawa, K., Elleflot, T., Eriksen, H. K., Errard, J., Essinger-Hileman, T., Finelli, F., Flauger, R., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galloway, M., Ganga, K., Gao, J. R., Genova-Santos, R., Gerbino, M., Gervasi, M., Ghigna, T., Gjerløw, E., Gradziel, M. L., Grain, J., Grupp, F., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Hargrave, P., Hasebe, T., Hasegawa, M., Hattori, M., Hazumi, M., Henrot-Versillé, S., Herman, D., Herranz, D., Hill, C. A., Hilton, G., Hirota, Y., Hivon, E., Hlozek, R. A., Hoshino, Y., de la Hoz, E., Hubmayr, J., Ichiki, K., iida, T., Imada, H., Ishimura, K., Ishino, H., Jaehnig, G., Kaga, T., Kashima, S., Katayama, N., Kato, A., Kawasaki, T., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kogiso, N., Kogut, A., Kohri, K., Komatsu, E., Komatsu, K., Konishi, K., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuo, C. L., Kushino, A., Lamagna, L., Lanen, J. V., Lattanzi, M., Lee, A. T., Leloup, C., Levrier, F., Linder, E., Louis, T., Luzzi, G., Maciaszek, T., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Maki, M., Mandelli, S., Martinez-Gonzalez, E., Masi, S., Matsumura, T., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Minanmi, Y., Mitsuda, K., Montgomery, J., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mot, B., Murata, Y., Murphy, J. A., Nagai, M., Nagano, Y., Nagasaki, T., Nagata, R., Nakamura, S., Namikawa, T., Natoli, P., Nerval, S., Nishibori, T., Nishino, H., O'Sullivan, C., Ogawa, H., Oguri, S., Ohsaki, H., Ohta, I. S., Okada, N., Pagano, L., Paiella, A., Paoletti, D., Patanchon, G., Peloton, J., Piacentini, F., Pisano, G., Polenta, G., Poletti, D., Prouvé, T., Puglisi, G., Rambaud, D., Raum, C., Realini, S., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Ritacco, A., Roudil, G., Rubino-Martin, J. A., Russell, M., Sakurai, H., Sakurai, Y., Sandri, M., Sasaki, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seibert, J., Sherwin, B., Shinozaki, K., Shiraishi, M., Shirron, P., Signorelli, G., Smecher, G., Stever, S., Stompor, R., Sugai, H., Sugiyama, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, J., Svalheim, T. L., Switzer, E., Takaku, R., Takakura, H., Takakura, S., Takase, Y., Takeda, Y., Tartari, A., Taylor, E., Terao, Y., Thommesen, H., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Toda, T., Tomasi, M., Tominaga, M., Trappe, N., Tristram, M., Tsuji, M., Tsujimoto, M., Tucker, C., Ullom, J., Vermeulen, G., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vissers, M., Vittorio, N., Wehus, I., Weller, J., Westbrook, B., Wilms, J., Winter, B., Wollack, E. J., Yamasaki, N. Y., Yoshida, T., Yumoto, J., Zannoni, M., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: LiteBIRD has been selected as JAXA's strategic large mission in the 2020s, to observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) $B$-mode polarization over the full sky at large angular scales. The challenges of LiteBIRD are the wide field-of-view (FoV) and broadband capabilities of millimeter-wave polarization measurements, which are derived from the system requirements. The possible paths of stray light increase with a wider FoV and the far sidelobe knowledge of $-56$ dB is a challenging optical requirement. A crossed-Dragone configuration was chosen for the low frequency telescope (LFT : 34--161 GHz), one of LiteBIRD's onboard telescopes. It has a wide field-of-view ($18^\circ \times 9^\circ$) with an aperture of 400 mm in diameter, corresponding to an angular resolution of about 30 arcminutes around 100 GHz. The focal ratio f/3.0 and the crossing angle of the optical axes of 90$^\circ$ are chosen after an extensive study of the stray light. The primary and secondary reflectors have rectangular shapes with serrations to reduce the diffraction pattern from the edges of the mirrors. The reflectors and structure are made of aluminum to proportionally contract from warm down to the operating temperature at $5\,$K. A 1/4 scaled model of the LFT has been developed to validate the wide field-of-view design and to demonstrate the reduced far sidelobes. A polarization modulation unit (PMU), realized with a half-wave plate (HWP) is placed in front of the aperture stop, the entrance pupil of this system. A large focal plane with approximately 1000 AlMn TES detectors and frequency multiplexing SQUID amplifiers is cooled to 100 mK. The lens and sinuous antennas have broadband capability. Performance specifications of the LFT and an outline of the proposed verification plan are presented., Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2021
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31. Measurements of the E-Mode Polarization and Temperature-E-Mode Correlation of the CMB from SPT-3G 2018 Data

Author: Dutcher, D., Balkenhol, L., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Goeckner-Wald, N., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Raghunathan, S., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present measurements of the $E$-mode ($EE$) polarization power spectrum and temperature-$E$-mode ($TE$) cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background using data collected by SPT-3G, the latest instrument installed on the South Pole Telescope. This analysis uses observations of a 1500 deg$^2$ region at 95, 150, and 220 GHz taken over a four month period in 2018. We report binned values of the $EE$ and $TE$ power spectra over the angular multipole range $300 \le \ell < 3000$, using the multifrequency data to construct six semi-independent estimates of each power spectrum and their minimum-variance combination. These measurements improve upon the previous results of SPTpol across the multipole ranges $300 \le \ell \le 1400$ for $EE$ and $300 \le \ell \le 1700$ for $TE$, resulting in constraints on cosmological parameters comparable to those from other current leading ground-based experiments. We find that the SPT-3G dataset is well-fit by a $\Lambda$CDM cosmological model with parameter constraints consistent with those from Planck and SPTpol data. From SPT-3G data alone, we find $H_0 = 68.8 \pm 1.5 \mathrm{km\,s^{-1}\,Mpc^{-1}}$ and $\sigma_8 = 0.789 \pm 0.016$, with a gravitational lensing amplitude consistent with the $\Lambda$CDM prediction ($A_L = 0.98 \pm 0.12$). We combine the SPT-3G and the Planck datasets and obtain joint constraints on the $\Lambda$CDM model. The volume of the 68% confidence region in six-dimensional $\Lambda$CDM parameter space is reduced by a factor of 1.5 compared to Planck-only constraints, with only slight shifts in central values. We note that the results presented here are obtained from data collected during just half of a typical observing season with only part of the focal plane operable, and that the active detector count has since nearly doubled for observations made with SPT-3G after 2018.
Published: 2021
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32. Optimal CMB Lensing Reconstruction and Parameter Estimation with SPTpol Data

Author: Millea, M., Daley, C. M., Chou, T-L., Anderes, E., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Goeckner-Wald, N., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We perform the first simultaneous Bayesian parameter inference and optimal reconstruction of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), using 100 deg$^2$ of polarization observations from the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. These data reach noise levels as low as 5.8 $\mu$K-arcmin in polarization, which are low enough that the typically used quadratic estimator (QE) technique for analyzing CMB lensing is significantly sub-optimal. Conversely, the Bayesian procedure extracts all lensing information from the data and is optimal at any noise level. We infer the amplitude of the gravitational lensing potential to be $A_\phi\,{=}\,0.949\,{\pm}\,0.122$ using the Bayesian pipeline, consistent with our QE pipeline result, but with 17\% smaller error bars. The Bayesian analysis also provides a simple way to account for systematic uncertainties, performing a similar job as frequentist "bias hardening," and reducing the systematic uncertainty on $A_\phi$ due to polarization calibration from almost half of the statistical error to effectively zero. Finally, we jointly constrain $A_\phi$ along with $A_{\rm L}$, the amplitude of lensing-like effects on the CMB power spectra, demonstrating that the Bayesian method can be used to easily infer parameters both from an optimal lensing reconstruction and from the delensed CMB, while exactly accounting for the correlation between the two. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the Bayesian approach on real data, and pave the way for future analysis of deep CMB polarization measurements with SPT-3G, Simons Observatory, and CMB-S4, where improvements relative to the QE can reach 1.5 times tighter constraints on $A_\phi$ and 7 times lower effective lensing reconstruction noise., Comment: 27 pages, 14 figures, accompanying software package available at https://cosmicmar.com/CMBLensing.jl
Published: 2020
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33. A Demonstration of Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves with Delensing

Author: BICEP/Keck, Collaborations, SPTpol, Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bischoff, C. A., Bleem, L. E., Bock, J. J., Boenish, H., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cheshire IV, J. R., Chiang, H. C., Chou, T-L., Citron, R., Connors, J., Moran, C. Corbett, Cornelison, J., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Dierickx, M., Dobbs, M. A., Duband, L., Everett, W., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J. P., Fliescher, S., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Germaine, T. St., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D. C., Grayson, J., Gupta, N., Hall, G., Halpern, M., Halverson, N. W., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Henning, J. W., Hildebrandt, S. R., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K. D., Kang, J., Karkare, K. S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S. A., Knox, L., Kovac, J. M., Kuo, C. L., Lau, K., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Manzotti, A., McMahon, J. J., Megerian, K. G., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Moncelsi, L., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Namikawa, T., Natoli, T., Netterfield, C. B., Nguyen, H. T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., O'Brient, R., Ogburn IV, R. W., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Palladino, S., Patil, S., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reichardt, C. L., Reintsema, C. D., Richter, S., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Schillaci, A., Schmitt, B. L., Schwarz, R., Sheehy, C. D., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Soliman, A., Stark, A. A., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R. V., Teply, G. P., Thompson, K. L., Tolan, J. E., Tucker, C., Turner, A. D., Umiltà, C., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Vieregg, A. G., Wandui, A., Wang, G., Weber, A. C., Whitehorn, N., Wiebe, D. V., Willmert, J., Wong, C. L., Wu, W. L. K., Yang, H., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., and Zhang, C.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r$, derived from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization $B$-modes with "delensing," whereby the uncertainty on $r$ contributed by the sample variance of the gravitational lensing $B$-modes is reduced by cross-correlating against a lensing $B$-mode template. This template is constructed by combining an estimate of the polarized CMB with a tracer of the projected large-scale structure. The large-scale-structure tracer used is a map of the cosmic infrared background derived from Planck satellite data, while the polarized CMB map comes from a combination of South Pole Telescope, BICEP/Keck, and Planck data. We expand the BICEP/Keck likelihood analysis framework to accept a lensing template and apply it to the BICEP/Keck data set collected through 2014 using the same parametric foreground modelling as in the previous analysis. From simulations, we find that the uncertainty on $r$ is reduced by $\sim10\%$, from $\sigma(r)$= 0.024 to 0.022, which can be compared with a $\sim26\%$ reduction obtained when using a perfect lensing template. Applying the technique to the real data, the constraint on $r$ is improved from $r_{0.05} < 0.090$ to $r_{0.05} < 0.082$ (95\% C.L.). This is the first demonstration of improvement in an $r$ constraint through delensing., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures; match published version
Published: 2020
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34. Searching for Anisotropic Cosmic Birefringence with Polarization Data from SPTpol

Author: Bianchini, F., Wu, W. L. K., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Balkenhol, L., Baxter, E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Chou, T. L., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Manzotti, A., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Sievers, C., Simard, G., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: We present a search for anisotropic cosmic birefringence in 500 deg$^2$ of southern sky observed at 150 GHz with the SPTpol camera on the South Pole Telescope. We reconstruct a map of cosmic polarization rotation anisotropies using higher-order correlations between the observed cosmic microwave background (CMB) $E$ and $B$ fields. We then measure the angular power spectrum of this map, which is found to be consistent with zero. The non-detection is translated into an upper limit on the amplitude of the scale-invariant cosmic rotation power spectrum, $L(L+1)C_L^{\alpha\alpha}/2\pi < 0.10 \times 10^{-4}$ rad$^2$ (0.033 deg$^2$, 95% C.L.). This upper limit can be used to place constraints on the strength of primordial magnetic fields, $B_{1 \rm Mpc} < 17 {\rm nG} $ (95% C.L.), and on the coupling constant of the Chern-Simons electromagnetic term $g_{a\gamma} < 4.0 \times 10^{-2}/H_I $ (95% C.L.), where $H_I$ is the inflationary Hubble scale. For the first time, we also cross-correlate the CMB temperature fluctuations with the reconstructed rotation angle map, a signal expected to be non-vanishing in certain theoretical scenarios, and find no detectable signal. We perform a suite of systematics and consistency checks and find no evidence for contamination., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures - new subsection on non-Gaussian foregrounds, conclusions unchanged - updated to match published version on PRD
Published: 2020
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35. An Improved Measurement of the Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies from the SPT-SZ + SPTpol Surveys

Author: Reichardt, C. L., Patil, S., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Baxter, E., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Chou, T. L., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Luong-Van, D., McMahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pryke, C., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Spieler, H. G., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Williamson, R., Wu, W. L. K., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report new measurements of millimeter-wave power spectra in the angular multipole range $2000 \le \ell \le 11,000$ (angular scales $5^\prime \gtrsim \theta \gtrsim 1^\prime$). By adding 95 and 150\,GHz data from the low-noise 500 deg$^2$ SPTpol survey to the SPT-SZ three-frequency 2540 deg$^2$ survey, we substantially reduce the uncertainties in these bands. These power spectra include contributions from the primary cosmic microwave background, cosmic infrared background, radio galaxies, and thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effects. The data favor a thermal SZ (tSZ) power at 143\,GHz of $D^{\rm tSZ}_{3000} = 3.42 \pm 0.54~ \mu {\rm K}^2$ and a kinematic SZ (kSZ) power of $D^{\rm kSZ}_{3000} = 3.0 \pm 1.0~ \mu {\rm K}^2$. This is the first measurement of kSZ power at $\ge 3\,\sigma$. We study the implications of the measured kSZ power for the epoch of reionization, finding the duration of reionization to be $\Delta z_{re} = 1.0^{+1.6}_{-0.7}$ ($\Delta z_{re}< 4.1$ at 95% confidence), when combined with our previously published tSZ bispectrum measurement., Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 16 pages. (revised portions of the introduction and description of bandpower estimation)
Published: 2020
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36. Updated design of the CMB polarization experiment satellite LiteBIRD

Author: Sugai, H., Ade, P. A. R., Akiba, Y., Alonso, D., Arnold, K., Aumont, J., Austermann, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Banerji, R., Barreiro, R. B., Basak, S., Beall, J., Beckman, S., Bersanelli, M., Borrill, J., Boulanger, F., Brown, M. L., Bucher, M., Buzzelli, A., Calabrese, E., Casas, F. J., Challinor, A., Chan, V., Chinone, Y., Cliche, J. -F., Columbro, F., Cukierman, A., Curtis, D., Danto, P., de Bernardis, P., de Haan, T., De Petris, M., Dickinson, C., Dobbs, M., Dotani, T., Duband, L., Ducout, A., Duff, S., Duivenvoorden, A., Duval, J. -M., Ebisawa, K., Elleflot, T., Enokida, H., Eriksen, H. K., Errard, J., Essinger-Hileman, T., Finelli, F., Flauger, R., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Ganga, K., Gao, J. -R., Génova-Santos, R., Ghigna, T., Gomez, A., Gradziel, M. L., Grain, J., Grupp, F., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., Halverson, N. W., Hargrave, P., Hasebe, T., Hasegawa, M., Hattori, M., Hazumi, M., Henrot-Versille, S., Herranz, D., Hill, C., Hilton, G., Hirota, Y., Hivon, E., Hlozek, R., Hoang, D. -T., Hubmayr, J., Ichiki, K., Iida, T., Imada, H., Ishimura, K., Ishino, H., Jaehnig, G. C., Jones, M., Kaga, T., Kashima, S., Kataoka, Y., Katayama, N., Kawasaki, T., Keskitalo, R., Kibayashi, A., Kikuchi, T., Kimura, K., Kisner, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kogiso, N., Kogut, A., Kohri, K., Komatsu, E., Komatsu, K., Konishi, K., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kuo, C. L., Kurinsky, N., Kushino, A., Kuwata-Gonokami, M., Lamagna, L., Lattanzi, M., Lee, A. T., Linder, E., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Maki, M., Mangilli, A., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Mathon, R., Matsumura, T., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Minami, Y., Mistuda, K., Molinari, D., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mot, B., Murata, Y., Murphy, J. A., Nagai, M., Nagata, R., Nakamura, S., Namikawa, T., Natoli, P., Nerva, S., Nishibori, T., Nishino, H., Nomura, Y., Noviello, F., O'Sullivan, C., Ochi, H., Ogawa, H., Ohsaki, H., Ohta, I., Okada, N., Pagano, L., Paiella, A., Paoletti, D., Patanchon, G., Piacentini, F., Pisano, G., Polenta, G., Poletti, D., Prouvé, T., Puglisi, G., Rambaud, D., Raum, C., Realini, S., Remazeilles, M., Roudil, G., Rubiño-Martín, J. A., Russell, M., Sakurai, H., Sakurai, Y., Sandri, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Sekimoto, Y., Sherwin, B. D., Shinozaki, K., Shiraishi, M., Shirron, P., Signorelli, G., Smecher, G., Spizzi, P., Stever, S. L., Stompor, R., Sugiyama, S., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, J., Switzer, E., Takaku, R., Takakura, H., Takakura, S., Takeda, Y., Taylor, A., Taylor, E., Terao, Y., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tomasi, M., Tomida, H., Trappe, N., Tristram, M., Tsuji, M., Tsujimoto, M., Tucker, C., Ullom, J., Uozumi, S., Utsunomiya, S., Van Lanen, J., Vermeulen, G., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vissers, M., Vittorio, N., Voisin, F., Walker, I., Watanabe, N., Wehus, I., Weller, J., Westbrook, B., Winter, B., Wollack, E., Yamamoto, R., Yamasaki, N. Y., Yanagisawa, M., Yoshida, T., Yumoto, J., Zannoni, M., and Zonca, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: Recent developments of transition-edge sensors (TESs), based on extensive experience in ground-based experiments, have been making the sensor techniques mature enough for their application on future satellite CMB polarization experiments. LiteBIRD is in the most advanced phase among such future satellites, targeting its launch in Japanese Fiscal Year 2027 (2027FY) with JAXA's H3 rocket. It will accommodate more than 4000 TESs in focal planes of reflective low-frequency and refractive medium-and-high-frequency telescopes in order to detect a signature imprinted on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by the primordial gravitational waves predicted in cosmic inflation. The total wide frequency coverage between 34GHz and 448GHz enables us to extract such weak spiral polarization patterns through the precise subtraction of our Galaxy's foreground emission by using spectral differences among CMB and foreground signals. Telescopes are cooled down to 5Kelvin for suppressing thermal noise and contain polarization modulators with transmissive half-wave plates at individual apertures for separating sky polarization signals from artificial polarization and for mitigating from instrumental 1/f noise. Passive cooling by using V-grooves supports active cooling with mechanical coolers as well as adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators. Sky observations from the second Sun-Earth Lagrangian point, L2, are planned for three years. An international collaboration between Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe is sharing various roles. In May 2019, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), JAXA selected LiteBIRD as the strategic large mission No. 2., Comment: Journal of Low Temperature Physics, in press
Published: 2020
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37. Broadband, millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for large-format, cryogenic aluminum oxide optics

Author: Nadolski, A., Vieira, J. D., Sobrin, J. A., Kofman, A. M., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cheshire IV, J. R., Chesmore, G. E., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Dierickx, M., Ding, J., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Farwick, J., Ferguson, K. R., Florez, L., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Harris, R. J., Henning, J. W., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Korman, M., Kovac, J., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Lowitz, A. E., McMahon, J., Meier, J., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., sada, C. M. Po, Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: We present two prescriptions for broadband (~77 - 252 GHz), millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for cryogenic, sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide optics: one for large-format (700 mm diameter) planar and plano-convex elements, the other for densely packed arrays of quasi-optical elements, in our case 5 mm diameter half-spheres (called "lenslets"). The coatings comprise three layers of commercially-available, polytetrafluoroethylene-based, dielectric sheet material. The lenslet coating is molded to fit the 150 mm diameter arrays directly while the large-diameter lenses are coated using a tiled approach. We review the fabrication processes for both prescriptions then discuss laboratory measurements of their transmittance and reflectance. In addition, we present the inferred refractive indices and loss tangents for the coating materials and the aluminum oxide substrate. We find that at 150 GHz and 300 K the large-format coating sample achieves (97 +/- 2)% transmittance and the lenslet coating sample achieves (94 +/- 3)% transmittance., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures; submitted 05 Dec 2019, accepted 26 Feb 2020
Published: 2019
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38. Sensitivity Modeling for LiteBIRD

Author: Hasebe, T., Ade, P. A. R., Adler, A., Allys, E., Alonso, D., Arnold, K., Auguste, D., Aumont, J., Aurlien, R., Austermann, J., Azzoni, S., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Banerji, R., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., Basak, S., Battistelli, E., Bautista, L., Beall, J., Beck, D., Beckman, S., Benabed, K., Bermejo-Ballesteros, J., Bersanelli, M., Bonis, J., Borrill, J., Bouchet, F., Boulanger, F., Bounissou, S., Brilenkov, M., Brown, M. L., Bucher, M., Calabrese, E., Calvo, M., Campeti, P., Carones, A., Casas, F. J., Catalano, A., Challinor, A., Chan, V., Cheung, K., Chinone, Y., Cliche, J., Columbro, F., Coulton, W., Cubas, J., Cukierman, A., Curtis, D., D’Alessandro, G., Dachlythra, K., de Bernardis, P., de Haan, T., de la Hoz, E., De Petris, M., Torre, S. Della, Dickinson, C., Diego-Palazuelos, P., Dobbs, M., Dotani, T., Douillet, D., Duband, L., Ducout, A., Duff, S., Duval, J. M., Ebisawa, K., Elleflot, T., Eriksen, H. K., Errard, J., Essinger-Hileman, T., Finelli, F., Flauger, R., Franceschet, C., Fuskeland, U., Galli, S., Galloway, M., Ganga, K., Gao, J. R., Genova-Santos, R. T., Gerbino, M., Gervasi, M., Ghigna, T., Giardiello, S., Gjerløw, E., Gradziel, M. L., Grain, J., Grandsire, L., Grupp, F., Gruppuso, A., Gudmundsson, J. E., Halverson, N. W., Hamilton, J., Hargrave, P., Hasegawa, M., Hattori, M., Hazumi, M., Henrot-Versillé, S., Hergt, L. T., Herman, D., Herranz, D., Hill, C. A., Hilton, G., Hivon, E., Hlozek, R. A., Hoang, T. D., Hornsby, A. L., Hoshino, Y., Hubmayr, J., Ichiki, K., Iida, T., Imada, H., Ishimura, K., Ishino, H., Jaehnig, G., Jones, M., Kaga, T., Kashima, S., Katayama, N., Kato, A., Kawasaki, T., Keskitalo, R., Kisner, T., Kobayashi, Y., Kogiso, N., Kogut, A., Kohri, K., Komatsu, E., Komatsu, K., Konishi, K., Krachmalnicoff, N., Kreykenbohm, I., Kuo, C. L., Kushino, A., Lamagna, L., Lanen, J. V., Laquaniello, G., Lattanzi, M., Lee, A. T., Leloup, C., Levrier, F., Linder, E., Louis, T., Luzzi, G., Macias-Perez, J., Maciaszek, T., Maffei, B., Maino, D., Maki, M., Mandelli, S., Maris, M., Martínez-González, E., Masi, S., Massa, M., Matarrese, S., Matsuda, F. T., Matsumura, T., Mele, L., Mennella, A., Migliaccio, M., Minami, Y., Mitsuda, K., Moggi, A., Monfardini, A., Montgomery, J., Montier, L., Morgante, G., Mot, B., Murata, Y., Murphy, J. A., Nagai, M., Nagano, Y., Nagasaki, T., Nagata, R., Nakamura, S., Nakano, R., Namikawa, T., Nati, F., Natoli, P., Nerval, S., Nishibori, T., Nishino, H., Noviello, F., O’Sullivan, C., Odagiri, K., Ogawa, H., Ogawa, H., Oguri, S., Ohsaki, H., Ohta, I. S., Okada, N., Okada, N., Pagano, L., Paiella, A., Paoletti, D., Passerini, A., Patanchon, G., Pelgrim, V., Peloton, J., Piacentini, F., Piat, M., Pisano, G., Polenta, G., Poletti, D., Prouvé, T., Puglisi, G., Rambaud, D., Raum, C., Realini, S., Reinecke, M., Remazeilles, M., Ritacco, A., Roudil, G., Rubino-Martin, J., Russell, M., Sakurai, H., Sakurai, Y., Sandri, M., Sasaki, M., Savini, G., Scott, D., Seibert, J., Sekimoto, Y., Sherwin, B., Shinozaki, K., Shiraishi, M., Shirron, P., Signorelli, G., Smecher, G., Spinella, F., Stever, S., Stompor, R., Sugiyama, S., Sullivan, R., Suzuki, A., Suzuki, J., Svalheim, T. L., Switzer, E., Takaku, R., Takakura, H., Takakura, S., Takase, Y., Takeda, Y., Tartari, A., Tavagnacco, D., Taylor, A., Taylor, E., Terao, Y., Thermeau, J., Thommesen, H., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Toda, T., Tomasi, M., Tominaga, M., Trappe, N., Tristram, M., Tsuji, M., Tsujimoto, M., Tucker, C., Ullom, J., Vacher, L., Vermeulen, G., Vielva, P., Villa, F., Vissers, M., Vittorio, N., Wandelt, B., Wang, W., Watanuki, K., Wehus, I. K., Weller, J., Westbrook, B., Wilms, J., Winter, B., Wollack, E. J., Yamasaki, N. Y., Yoshida, T., Yumoto, J., Zacchei, A., Zannoni, M., and Zonca, A.
Published: 2022
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39. Design of the SPT-SLIM Focal Plane: A Spectroscopic Imaging Array for the South Pole Telescope

Author: Barry, P. S., Anderson, A., Benson, B., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T., Chang, C., Dobbs, M., Hollister, M., Karkare, K. S., Keating, G. K., Marrone, D., McMahon, J., Montgomery, J., Pan, Z., Robson, G., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., and Smecher, G.
Published: 2022
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40. SPT-SLIM: A Line Intensity Mapping Pathfinder for the South Pole Telescope

Author: Karkare, K. S., Anderson, A. J., Barry, P. S., Benson, B. A., Carlstrom, J. E., Cecil, T., Chang, C. L., Dobbs, M. A., Hollister, M., Keating, G. K., Marrone, D. P., McMahon, J., Montgomery, J., Pan, Z., Robson, G., Rouble, M., Shirokoff, E., and Smecher, G.
Published: 2022
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41. Particle Physics with the Cosmic Microwave Background with SPT-3G

Author: Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderson, A. J., Aylor, K., Thakur, R. Basu, Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Bryant, L., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dodelson, S., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Raghunathan, S., Rahlin, A., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The cosmic microwave background (CMB) encodes information about the content and evolution of the universe. The presence of light, weakly interacting particles impacts the expansion history of the early universe, which alters the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB. In this way, current measurements of the CMB place interesting constraints on the neutrino energy density and mass, as well as on the abundance of other possible light relativistic particle species. We present the status of an on-going 1500 sq. deg. survey with the SPT-3G receiver, a new mm-wavelength camera on the 10-m diameter South Pole Telescope (SPT). The SPT-3G camera consists of 16,000 superconducting transition edge sensors, a 10x increase over the previous generation camera, which allows it to map the CMB with an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and angular resolution. We highlight projected constraints on the abundance of sterile neutrinos and the sum of the neutrino masses for the SPT-3G survey, which could help determine the neutrino mass hierarchy., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, TAUP 2019
Published: 2019

42. Constraints on Cosmological Parameters from the 500 deg$^2$ SPTpol Lensing Power Spectrum

Author: Bianchini, F., Wu, W. L. K., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Manzotti, A., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Sievers, C., Simard, G., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present cosmological constraints based on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) lensing potential power spectrum measurement from the recent 500 deg$^2$ SPTpol survey, the most precise CMB lensing measurement from the ground to date. We fit a flat $\Lambda$CDM model to the reconstructed lensing power spectrum alone and in addition with other data sets: baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) as well as primary CMB spectra from Planck and SPTpol. The cosmological constraints based on SPTpol and Planck lensing band powers are in good agreement when analysed alone and in combination with Planck full-sky primary CMB data. With weak priors on the baryon density and other parameters, the CMB lensing data alone provide a 4\% constraint on $\sigma_8\Omega_m^{0.25} = 0.0593 \pm 0.025$.. Jointly fitting with BAO data, we find $\sigma_8=0.779 \pm 0.023$, $\Omega_m = 0.368^{+0.032}_{-0.037}$, and $H_0 = 72.0^{+2.1}_{-2.5}\,\text{km}\,\text{s}^{-1}\,\text{Mpc}^{-1} $, up to $2\,\sigma$ away from the central values preferred by Planck lensing + BAO. However, we recover good agreement between SPTpol and Planck when restricting the analysis to similar scales. We also consider single-parameter extensions to the flat $\Lambda$CDM model. The SPTpol lensing spectrum constrains the spatial curvature to be $\Omega_K = -0.0007 \pm 0.0025$ and the sum of the neutrino masses to be $\sum m_{\nu} < 0.23$ eV at 95\% C.L. (with Planck primary CMB and BAO data), in good agreement with the Planck lensing results. With the differences in the $S/N$ of the lensing modes and the angular scales covered in the lensing spectra, this analysis represents an important independent check on the full-sky Planck lensing measurement., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, updated to match the version published on ApJ
Published: 2019
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43. Measurements of B-mode Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background from 500 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data

Author: Sayre, J. T., Reichardt, C. L., Henning, J. W., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Schaffer, K. K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report a B-mode power spectrum measurement from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization anisotropy observations made using the SPTpol instrument on the South Pole Telescope. This work uses 500 deg$^2$ of SPTpol data, a five-fold increase over the last SPTpol B-mode release. As a result, the bandpower uncertainties have been reduced by more than a factor of two, and the measurement extends to lower multipoles: $52 < \ell < 2301$. Data from both 95 and 150 GHz are used, allowing for three cross-spectra: 95 GHz x 95 GHz, 95 GHz x 150 GHz, and 150 GHz x 150 GHz. B-mode power is detected at very high significance; we find $P(BB < 0) = 5.8 \times 10^{-71}$, corresponding to a $18.1 \sigma$ detection of power. An upper limit is set on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, $r < 0.44$ at 95% confidence (the expected $1 \sigma$ constraint on $r$ given the measurement uncertainties is 0.22). We find the measured B-mode power is consistent with the Planck best-fit $\Lambda$CDM model predictions. Scaling the predicted lensing B-mode power in this model by a factor Alens, the data prefer Alens = $1.17 \pm 0.13$. These data are currently the most precise measurements of B-mode power at $\ell > 320$., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, Submitted to PRD
Published: 2019
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44. The SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey

Author: Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Stalder, B., Gladders, M. D., Ade, P. A. R., Allen, S. W., Anderson, A. J., Annis, J., Ashby, M. L. N., Austermann, J. E., Avila, S., Avva, J. S., Bayliss, M., Beall, J. A., Bechtol, K., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bertin, E., Bianchini, F., Blake, C., Brodwin, M., Brooks, D., Buckley-Geer, E., Burke, D. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Costanzi, M., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., da Costa, L. N., de Haan, T., De Vicente, J., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Eifler, T. F., Everett, W., Flaugher, B., Floyd, B., Frieman, J., Gallicchio, J., García-Bellido, J., George, E. M., Gerdes, D. W., Gilbert, A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gupta, N., Gutierrez, G., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Heymans, C., Holder, G. P., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., James, D. J., Jeltema, T., Joudaki, S., Khullar, G., Klein, M., Knox, L., Kuropatkin, N., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lidman, C., Lowitz, A., MacCrann, N., Mahler, G., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Melchior, P., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Miquel, R., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Palmese, A., Parkinson, D., Patil, S., Paz-Chinchón, F., Plazas, A. A., Pryke, C., Ramachandra, N. S., Reichardt, C. L., González, J. D. Remolina, Romer, A. K., Roodman, A., Ruhl, J. E., Rykoff, E. S., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sanchez, E., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Schrabback, T., Serrano, S., Sharon, K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Suchyta, E., Tarle, G., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Weller, J., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We describe the observations and resultant galaxy cluster catalog from the 2770 deg$^2$ SPTpol Extended Cluster Survey (SPT-ECS). Clusters are identified via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, and confirmed with a combination of archival and targeted follow-up data, making particular use of data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES). With incomplete followup we have confirmed as clusters 244 of 266 candidates at a detection significance $\xi \ge 5$ and an additional 204 systems at $4<\xi<5$. The confirmed sample has a median mass of $M_{500c} \sim {4.4 \times 10^{14} M_\odot h_{70}^{-1}}$, a median redshift of $z=0.49$, and we have identified 44 strong gravitational lenses in the sample thus far. Radio data are used to characterize contamination to the SZ signal; the median contamination for confirmed clusters is predicted to be $\sim$1% of the SZ signal at the $\xi>4$ threshold, and $<4\%$ of clusters have a predicted contamination $>10\% $ of their measured SZ flux. We associate SZ-selected clusters, from both SPT-ECS and the SPT-SZ survey, with clusters from the DES redMaPPer sample, and find an offset distribution between the SZ center and central galaxy in general agreement with previous work, though with a larger fraction of clusters with significant offsets. Adopting a fixed Planck-like cosmology, we measure the optical richness-to-SZ-mass ($\lambda-M$) relation and find it to be 28% shallower than that from a weak-lensing analysis of the DES data---a difference significant at the 4 $\sigma$ level---with the relations intersecting at $\lambda=60$ . The SPT-ECS cluster sample will be particularly useful for studying the evolution of massive clusters and, in combination with DES lensing observations and the SPT-SZ cluster sample, will be an important component of future cosmological analyses., Comment: 49 pages, 14 figures, 10 tables. Minor changes to match accepted version in ApJS
Published: 2019
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45. Recent Advances in Frequency-Multiplexed TES Readout: Vastly Reduced Parasitics and an Increase in Multiplexing Factor with sub-Kelvin SQUIDs

Author: de Haan, T., Suzuki, A., Boyd, S. T. P., Cantor, R. H., Coerver, A., Dobbs, M. A., Hennings-Yeomans, R., Holzapfel, W. L., Lee, A. T., Noble, G. I., Smecher, G., and Zhou, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements are fundamentally limited by photon statistics. Therefore, ground-based CMB observatories have been increasing the number of detectors that are simultaneously observing the sky. Thanks to the advent of monolithically fabricated transition edge sensor (TES) arrays, the number of on-sky detectors has been increasing exponentially for over a decade. The next-generation experiment CMB-S4 will increase this detector count by more than an order of magnitude from the current state-of-the-art to ~500,000. The readout of such a huge number of exquisitely precise sub-Kelvin sensors is feasible using an existing technology: frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux). To further optimize this system and reduce complexity and cost, we have recently made significant advances including the elimination of 4 K electronics, a massive decrease of parasitic in-series impedances, and a significant increase in multiplexing factor., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, Submitted to the JLTP for LTD-18
Published: 2019
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46. Performance of Al-Mn Transition-Edge Sensor Bolometers in SPT-3G

Author: Anderson, A. J., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Avva, J. S., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. -M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: SPT-3G is a polarization-sensitive receiver, installed on the South Pole Telescope, that measures the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from degree to arcminute scales. The receiver consists of ten 150~mm-diameter detector wafers, containing a total of 16,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers observing at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. During the 2018-2019 austral summer, one of these detector wafers was replaced by a new wafer fabricated with Al-Mn TESs instead of the Ti/Au design originally deployed for SPT-3G. We present the results of in-lab characterization and on-sky performance of this Al-Mn wafer, including electrical and thermal properties, optical efficiency measurements, and noise-equivalent temperature. In addition, we discuss and account for several calibration-related systematic errors that affect measurements made using frequency-domain multiplexing readout electronics., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics: LTD18 Special Edition
Published: 2019
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47. On-sky performance of the SPT-3G frequency-domain multiplexed readout

Author: Bender, A. N., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. -M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of $\sim$16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G's measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics: LTD18 Special Edition
Published: 2019
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48. Galaxy Clusters Selected via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the SPTpol 100-Square-Degree Survey

Author: Huang, N., Bleem, L. E., Stalder, B., Ade, P. A. R., Allen, S. W., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Floyd, B., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Gladders, M. D., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Khullar, G., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L. M., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Reichardt, C. L., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Sharon, K., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., and Yefremenko, V.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a catalog of galaxy cluster candidates detected in 100 square degrees surveyed with the SPTpol receiver on the South Pole Telescope. The catalog contains 89 candidates detected with a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 4.6. The candidates are selected using the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at 95 and 150 GHz. Using both space- and ground-based optical and infrared telescopes, we have confirmed 81 candidates as galaxy clusters. We use these follow-up images and archival images to estimate photometric redshifts for 66 galaxy clusters and spectroscopic observations to obtain redshifts for 13 systems. An additional 2 galaxy clusters are confirmed using the overdensity of near-infrared galaxies only, and are presented without redshifts. We find that 15 candidates (18% of the total sample) are at redshift of $z \geq 1.0$, with a maximum confirmed redshift of $z_{\rm{max}} = 1.38 \pm 0.10$. We expect this catalog to contain every galaxy cluster with $M_{500c} > 2.6 \times 10^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}_{70}$ and $z > 0.25$ in the survey area. The mass threshold is approximately constant above $z = 0.25$, and the complete catalog has a median mass of approximately $ M_{500c} = 2.7 \times 10^{14} M_\odot h^{-1}_{70}$. Compared to previous SPT works, the increased depth of the millimeter-wave data (11.2 and 6.5 $\mu$K-arcmin at 95 and 150 GHz, respectively) makes it possible to find more galaxy clusters at high redshift and lower mass., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, associated data available at http://pole.uchicago.edu/public/data/sptsz-clusters. V2 was accepted to the AJ, and includes minor changes requested by the reviewer
Published: 2019
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49. A Detection of CMB-Cluster Lensing using Polarization Data from SPTpol

Author: Raghunathan, S., Patil, S., Baxter, E., Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Crawford, T. M., Holder, G. P., McClintock, T., Reichardt, C. L., Varga, T. N., Whitehorn, N., Ade, P. A. R., Allam, S., Anderson, A. J., Austermann, J. E., Avila, S., Avva, J. S., Bacon, D., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Bianchini, F., Bocquet, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Carlstrom, J. E., Carretero, J., Castander, F. J., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Costanzi, M., Crites, A. T., da Costa, L. N., Desai, S., Diehl, H. T., Dietrich, J. P., Dobbs, M. A., Doel, P., Everett, S., Evrard, A. E., Feng, C., Flaugher, B., Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., Gallicchio, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., George, E. M., Giannantonio, T., Gilbert, A., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Gupta, N., Gutierrez, G., de Haan, T., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hollowood, D. L., Holzapfel, W. L., Honscheid, K., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Jeltema, T., Kind, M. Carrasco, Knox, L., Kuropatkin, N., Lahav, O., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lima, M., Lowitz, A., Maia, M. A. G., Marshall, J. L., McMahon, J. J., Melchior, P., Menanteau, F., Meyer, S. S., Miquel, R., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Moran, C. Corbett, Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G., Novosad, V., Ogando, R. L. C., Padin, S., Plazas, A. A., Pryke, C., Rapetti, D., Romer, A. K., Roodman, A., Rosell, A. Carnero, Rozo, E., Ruhl, J. E., Rykoff, E. S., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sanchez, E., Sayre, J. T., Scarpine, V., Schaffer, K. K., Schubnell, M., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Smith, M., Soares-Santos, M., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E. C., Tarle, G., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., De Vicente, J., Vieira, J. D., Vikram, V., Wang, G., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Zhang, Y.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report the first detection of gravitational lensing due to galaxy clusters using only the polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The lensing signal is obtained using a new estimator that extracts the lensing dipole signature from stacked images formed by rotating the cluster-centered Stokes $Q/U$ map cutouts along the direction of the locally measured background CMB polarization gradient. Using data from the SPTpol 500 deg$^{2}$ survey at the locations of roughly 18,000 clusters with richness $\lambda \ge 10$ from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year-3 full galaxy cluster catalog, we detect lensing at $4.8\sigma$. The mean stacked mass of the selected sample is found to be $(1.43 \pm 0.4)\ \times 10^{14}\ {\rm M_{\odot}}$ which is in good agreement with optical weak lensing based estimates using DES data and CMB-lensing based estimates using SPTpol temperature data. This measurement is a key first step for cluster cosmology with future low-noise CMB surveys, like CMB-S4, for which CMB polarization will be the primary channel for cluster lensing measurements., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 table; typos fixed; accepted for publication in PRL
Published: 2019
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50. Fractional Polarisation of Extragalactic Sources in the 500-square-degree SPTpol Survey

Author: Gupta, N., Reichardt, C. L., Ade, P. A. R., Anderson, A. J., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Beall, J. A., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Chiang, H. C., Citron, R., Moran, C. Corbett, Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Gallicchio, J., George, E. M., Gilbert, A., Halverson, N. W., Harrington, N., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hou, Z., Hrubes, J. D., Huang, N., Hubmayr, J., Irwin, K. D., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Li, D., Lowitz, A., Luong-Van, D., Marrone, D. P., Manzotti, A., McMahon, J. J., Meyer, S. S., Millea, M., Mocanu, L. M., Mohr, J. J., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nibarger, J. P., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Patil, S., Pryke, C., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B. R., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Sievers, C., Smecher, G., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, A. A., Story, K. T., Switzer, E. R., Tucker, C., Vanderlinde, K., Veach, T., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Williamson, R., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., and Zhang, L.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We study the polarisation properties of extragalactic sources at 95 and 150 GHz in the SPTpol 500 deg$^2$ survey. We estimate the polarised power by stacking maps at known source positions, and correct for noise bias by subtracting the mean polarised power at random positions in the maps. We show that the method is unbiased using a set of simulated maps with similar noise properties to the real SPTpol maps. We find a flux-weighted mean-squared polarisation fraction $\langle p^2 \rangle= [8.9\pm1.1] \times 10^{-4}$ at 95 GHz and $[6.9\pm1.1] \times 10^{-4}$ at 150~GHz for the full sample. This is consistent with the values obtained for a sub-sample of active galactic nuclei. For dusty sources, we find 95 per cent upper limits of $\langle p^2 \rangle_{\rm 95}<16.9 \times 10^{-3}$ and $\langle p^2 \rangle_{\rm 150}<2.6 \times 10^{-3}$. We find no evidence that the polarisation fraction depends on the source flux or observing frequency. The 1-$\sigma$ upper limit on measured mean squared polarisation fraction at 150 GHz implies that extragalactic foregrounds will be subdominant to the CMB E and B mode polarisation power spectra out to at least $\ell\lesssim5700$ ($\ell\lesssim4700$) and $\ell\lesssim5300$ ($\ell\lesssim3600$), respectively at 95 (150) GHz., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2019
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