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Core enterprises are entering into close collaborations with multi-level manufacturing service providers to create and share value. However, credible data sharing in collaborative manufacturing supply chains is rare, which can lead to uncontrollable production distortions and delayed operational adjustments. Driven by blockchain technology, this study proposes a systematic framework for credible manufacturing data sharing for a cross-enterprise collaborative manufacturing supply chain (CMSC). To develop the needed method, a blockchain network system with blockchain nodes, distributed ledger, and Raft-based distributed node ordering service system was first modelled. Then, two automatic data upload algorithms were studied to ensure the reliability of off-chain manufacturing data sources from core enterprises, suppliers, and customers. Then, two types of smart contracts were designed to ensure the standardisation and co-validation of manufacturing data storage and query processes in the blockchain network. A demonstrative case was studied to validate the proposed blockchain-based credible manufacturing data sharing method. The results show that our work is effective for credible data sharing in CMSC, which makes it easier for core enterprises to better operate the CMSC and further stimulate enterprises to create a credible social community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production control for the mass individualisation paradigm of R&D-stage products is challenging due to the mix-flow and frequently-disturbed environment. With the convergence of the sustainable development goals and the increasing individualised demands in products, resilient manufacturing is envisioned in Industry 5.0 proposition. Concerning that conventional centralised production control methods suffer from low stability and inefficiency of decisions under frequent disruptions, this paper establishes a blockchained smart contract pyramid-driven multi-agent autonomous process control (BSCP-MAAPC) approach for improving the timeliness and adaptability of control towards resilient individualised manufacturing. Firstly, a blockchain-based multi-agent system architecture is designed based on agent encapsulation of manufacturing units. Blockchained smart contracts are used as the enabler of the multi-agent system for peer-to-peer negotiation and coordination of tasks. Secondly, a quad-play blockchained smart contract pyramid together with a series of decentralised control patterns are designed to enable the initial task dispatching of various individualised demands, as well as rapid dynamic adjustment of schedule in response to internal random disruptions. Finally, a blockchained smart contract pyramid-driven multi-agent autonomous process control system prototype is built in the ManuChain system, and experiments are conducted to analyze the proposed BSCP-MAAPC approach in different environments. HIGHLIGHTS A blockchained smart contract pyramid-driven multi-agent autonomous process control (BSCP-MAAPC) approach. A quad-play blockchained smart contract pyramid together with a series of decentralized control patterns. Blockchained smart contracts as the enabler of the multi-agent system for peer-to-peer negotiation and coordination of tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary The proliferation of network devices capable of gathering, transmitting, and receiving data over the Internet has spurred the widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, particularly in resource‐oriented applications. Integrating blockchain, IoT, homomorphic encryption, and federated learning requires a balance between computational requirements and real‐time performance. Secure key management is crucial to maintain data privacy and integrity. Compliance with privacy regulations requires careful implementation of privacy‐preserving mechanisms in blockchain‐enabled IoT environments, which can be subjected to various attacks. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary expertise, research, and innovation to develop more efficient and effective privacy‐preserving techniques tailored to the unique characteristics of such environments. This research introduces the Modified Homomorphic Encryption Federated‐based Adaptive Hybrid Dandelion Search (MHEF‐AHDS) algorithm as an effective framework to enhance security in blockchain‐enabled IoT systems. The amalgamation of Modified Homomorphic Encryption (MHE) and Federated Learning (FL) constitutes a potent alliance that addresses privacy concerns within collaborative and decentralized machine learning environments. This facilitates secure and adaptable data collaboration, effectively mitigating privacy risks associated with sensitive information. The integration of quantum machine learning into security applications presents an exciting opportunity for distinctive progress and innovation. Within this work, the Adaptive Hybrid Dandelion optimization algorithm, featuring an Initial search strategy, is employed for hyperparameter optimization thereby elevating the performances of the proposed MHEF‐AHDS method. Furthermore, the integration of smart contracts and Blockchain‐based IoT enhances the overall security of the proposed method. MHEF‐AHDS comprehensively tackles privacy, security, and scalability challenges through robust security measures and privacy enhancements. The performance evaluation of the MHEF‐AHDS method encompasses a thorough analysis based on key metrics such as throughput, latency, scalability, energy consumption, accuracy, precision, recall, and f1‐score. Comparative assessments against existing methods are conducted to gauge the effectiveness of the proposed method in addressing security, privacy, and scalability concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As blockchain technology continues to mature, its potential for use in workflow systems has garnered considerable attention. However, the adoption of blockchain-based workflow systems in practical contexts presents a range of challenges that need to be addressed. Among the challenges encountered in the context of workflow systems, one particularly significant hurdle relates to establishing trust among the various actors participating in the workflow. To address this concern, we introduce a workflow architecture that incorporates provenance support and decentralized identifiers. This strategic combination aids in identifying what actions by whom led to the creation of the data being passed on within the workflow. The addition of provenance support within our framework results in a notable enhancement of traceability, accountability, and transparency throughout the workflow processes, which ultimately improves the overall trustworthiness of the system. The key novelty of this study can be found at the provenance-enabled blockchain workflow architecture that remains unexplored until now. The proposed solution is supported by a realistic use-case scenario portraying a used-car business which has undergone testing and measurements benchmarked against comparable frameworks and solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, healthcare takes a great attention from people and governments due to the emergence of new diseases and viruses. Health Information Exchange (HIE) allows doctors, clinicians, and healthcare facilities (HCF) to exchange and share patient records according to patient permission. Unfortunately, the HIE systems suffer from several challenges such as security, privacy, latency, throughput, and scalability. Thus, researchers proposed many techniques for efficient HIE, but they did not cover all challenges. This paper proposes an efficient architecture called ELSO that combines between public blockchain and off-chain in order to enhance the integrity and privacy of HIE systems. In this architecture, the patient information is divided into two categories: relative data containing personal information that will be stored in the public blockchain; sensitive data describing the patient situation that will be stored in the off-chain database. Furthermore, ELSO is composed of three layers: The first is called the application layer and aims to create patient profiles; the second layer is called the control layer and aims to control the specialist access, and the third layer is called the storage layer and allows to store data in blockchain and off-chain. To evaluate the performance of our framework, we used real healthcare data where the obtained results show the effectiveness of ELSO in terms of all metrics compared to other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel blockchain-based academic degree verification system. The system relies on a smart contract deployed on the Ethereum blockchain platform. The system protects the privacy of the students who have been verified without the need of encryption, and hence, avoid the complexity of security key management and the potential disaster if the keys are stolen or revealed. The amount of degree data is also designed to be minimum for proper verification. All operations on the critical path of the system are automated without any human intervention. However, the system does assume that the organization would stand behind the proposed system to ensure the system's integrity. The system is open to anyone who wishes to verify the degree of a student. To prevent spamming and to support the long-term sustainability of the system, a small fee is charged for each verification request. A portion of the fees collected is immediately credited to the participating schools. To facilitate automated school enrollment into the system, any school may request to enroll by placing a significant amount of stake in ETH. The stake can be refunded when the school decides to leave the system. However, if the school is blacklisted due to misbehavior, the stake is confiscated. This design strongly discourages adversaries from abusing the system. The performance of the system is fully characterized with regard to the gas consumption of key operations in various use cases. We demonstrate that the system is conducive for long-term sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of big data in response to the conflict between the reliability enhancement of user data in cloud server storage and the strategy for removing duplicate data, a heterogeneous server data security deduplication method was proposed blockchain-based smart contracts. Leveraging the decentralized, tamper-proof, and publicly transparent characteristics of blockchain, as well as the automation capabilities of smart contracts, this method could achieve data storage security, reliability, and privacy protection. Specifically, the method combined secret sharing and blockchain smart contract technology to design a secure and efficient cloud storage data deduplication service. Moreover, by replacing the role of centralized third-party entities with blockchain and mitigating server heterogeneity through smart contract scripts, potential security risks were eliminated. Experimental results demonstrated that, under various scenarios with different file sizes and block quantities, the average computational overhead of this method was 65.42% to 115.77% lower than the comparative solutions, and the average storage overhead was 7.94% to 19.50% lower. Additionally, for varying numbers of heterogeneous storage servers, this method exhibited significantly lower average computational and storage overhead, with reductions of 67.27% to 177.89% and 34.01 % to 72.89%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed approach could outperform two existing blockchain-based deduplication method in terms of security, computational and storage efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile edge computing (MEC) technology is widely used for real‐time and bandwidth‐intensive services, but its underlying heterogeneous architecture may lead to a variety of security and privacy issues. Blockchain provides novel solutions for data security and privacy protection in MEC. However, the scalability of traditional blockchain is difficult to meet the requirements of real‐time data processing, and the consensus mechanism is not suitable for resource‐constrained devices. Moreover, the access control of MEC data needs to be further improved. Given the above problems, a data privacy protection model based on sharding blockchain and access control is designed in this paper. First, a privacy‐preserving platform based on a sharding blockchain is designed. Reputation calculation and improved Proof‐of‐Work (PoW) consensus mechanism are proposed to accommodate resource‐constrained edge devices. The incentive mechanism with rewards and punishments is designed to constrain node behavior. A reward allocation algorithm is proposed to encourage nodes to actively contribute to obtaining more rewards. Second, an access control strategy using ciphertext policy attribute‐based encryption (CP‐ABE) and RSA is designed. A smart contract is deployed to implement the automatic access control function. The InterPlanetary File System is introduced to alleviate the blockchain storage burden. Finally, we analyze the security of the proposed privacy protection model and statistics of the GAS consumed by the access control policy. The experimental results show that the proposed data privacy protection model achieves fine‐grained control of access rights, and has higher throughput and security than traditional blockchain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Journal of Zhengzhou University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture in developing countries faces numerous challenges such as price fluctuation and non-uniformity, presence of untrusted middlemen in the supply chain, crop wastage due to inadequate storage facilities or long commutes, and lack of proper monitoring. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising approach to solve these challenges. Even though a number of solutions are recently proposed in the literature, they lack in several aspects: (1) lack of proper regulatory interface, (2) absence of proper agricultural supply chain, (3) absence of adequate storage facilities, (4) absence of a fair payment system, (5) poor monitoring and auditing system, (6) non-inclusion of government policies, and (7) missing experimental validation. This paper presents a novel blockchain-based smart agriculture system that overcomes the above-mentioned issues. In particular, our solution covers product traceability in the supply chain, elimination of counterfeit products, easily accessible cold storage facilities, fair payment procedure between buyers and sellers, a transparent process of distributing government financial benefits to farmers, and overall government monitoring. We present a prototype implementation of our proposed system using Ethereum. The backend smart contracts are developed using Solidity programming language, whereas the frontend is developed using ReactJS. The experimental evaluation using Hyperledger Caliper benchmark tool shows an encouraging result, demonstrating the system performance in terms of execution gas costs, CPU utilization, average latency, and transaction throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain (BCn) revolution across the world leads the global transformation by altering the existing structure and introducing the accessible and decentralized paradigm. This technology facilitates access to resources and redefines conventional frameworks, empowering people and communities globally. Motivated by these attention‐seeking potentiality of BCn features, in this article, we examine the challenges, advancements, and emerging prospects of the BCn revolution in Bangladesh. With a specific focus on BCn implications for sustainability and smart development, this study addresses the urgent need to understand how BCn can facilitate sustainable development in rapidly evolving countries like Bangladesh. The goal of this research is to draw attention to the successful revolution of BCn in the world and use this knowledge to extract best practices and cutting‐edge strategies for sustainable transformation of Bangladesh. The contribution of this study covers the underlying concepts of the BCn technology, showing the revolutionary state of BCn across the world, applications of BCn for sustainability, assessment of its current usage, and highlighting the BCn implementation problems. Furthermore, this study serves as a gateway to a transparent, decentralized future that fosters inclusive national progress and aligns with sustainable development goals. This study also strives to inspire individuals to use this transformational technology for the collective benefit of society by highlighting BCn's potential to empower communities while driving positive change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the potential application of blockchain technology in Lean Six Sigma (LSS) project through a proposed blockchain-LSS (BLSS) model. The proposed model can tackle real-time problems in information sharing, transparency and traceability in every stage of the LSS project. Design/methodology/approach: The scoping review approach is used to develop the integrated model of the BLSS approach for operational excellence. The proposed model is validated through expert's input, which is collected by a questionnaire survey method. Findings: The prime function of the proposed BLSS model is the information sharing among the project team and real-time monitoring, transparency, traceability and immutability in the Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control phase. The proposed model also consists the information about the role of blockchain features at each phase of the LSS project. The project team and industry employees can trace the success of the project at every moment, resulting in trust buildup and the elimination of fake data. Moreover, there would be no disputes among various sections/shops of the plant and employees to share the real information. Practical implications: This paper provides guidelines to practitioners and managers for integrating the LSS approach and blockchain. The blockchain helps managers and practitioners in better data traceability and transparency, monitoring of data as well as more sustainable LSS project management. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first research attempt that developed an integrated model of blockchain and LSS approach to maintaining the immutable records of assets in projects and targeted Industry 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the progress of the times, cars have become an important means of transportation in our lives. However, with new cars of all kinds, road safety issues still cannot be effectively improved. While countries have responded by enforcing traffic laws and using electronic technology to enhance enforcement, challenges still need to be addressed, including blurred images and misjudgments by police agencies, and even exploiting loopholes in traffic enforcement frameworks to evade consequences through bribery or connections. exacerbating an accident and leaving victims and families in the lurch of the aftermath. To solve this problem, we proposed a data traceability law enforcement system based on blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). The system ensures rapid traceability and protects law enforcement data from external attacks. The goal of leveraging blockchain's decentralized nature and smart contracts is to instill accountability and fairness in road safety measures, mitigate the effects of corruption, and pave the way for a safer and more just transportation environment. Our experimental results show that under our stress test of 50 transactions per second, the throughput can be as high as 300 and the maximum delay can reach 2.01s, which is enough to experimentally prove that our system is feasible. Our approach is designed to solve the data corruption problem caused by the centralized server being paralyzed. It applies to all technology enforcement, with high flexibility and scalability for all participants to join or set privileges. we also provide an automated traffic law enforcement system in a smart city. To make the data storage more secure and fair, and not easily damaged by malicious people or tampered with by intentional attackers. This brings a breakthrough to the country's program security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ensuring trust, security, and privacy among all participating parties in the process of sharing supervision data is crucial for engineering quality and safety. However, the current centralized architecture platforms that are commonly used for engineering supervision data have problems such as low data sharing and high centralization. A blockchain-based framework for the secure sharing of engineering supervision data is proposed by utilizing the tamper-proof, decentralized, and traceable characteristics of blockchain. The secure storage of supervision data is achieved by combining it with the IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), reducing the storage pressure of on-chain data. Additionally, a fast data retrieval framework is designed based on the storage characteristics of supervision data. Then, CP-ABE (Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption) is combined with a data storage framework to ensure the privacy, security, and reliability of supervisory data during the sharing process. Finally, smart contracts are designed under the designed framework to ensure the automatic and trustworthy execution of access control processes. The analysis and evaluation results of the security, encryption and decryption, and cost performance of the proposed blockchain framework show that the encryption and decryption time is completed within 0.1 s, the Gas cost is within the normal consumption range, and the time cost of smart contract invocation does not exceed 5 s, demonstrating good availability and reusability of the method proposed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to investigate blockchain technology's influence on digitizing courier supply chains and advancing Industry 4.0, which leads the digitization revolution by integrating blockchain to digitize processes that would serve the circular economy. It evaluates how blockchain enhances transparency, traceability, and digital processes in logistics, promoting sustainability through waste reduction and improved reuse. The study aims to identify the benefits and challenges of blockchain integration, develop a conceptual framework, and provide actionable insights to improve supply chain management, operational efficiency, and sustainability. This research uses a qualitative research method including a literature review as well as interviews for case studies to explore both the benefits and challenges when applying blockchain technology in courier organizations in Industry 4.0 within the circular economy. The results show that blockchain technology can enhance the security, traceability, and efficiency of courier supply chains, reduce theft, error risk, and fraud, as well as facilitate specific process automation via smart contracts. Blockchain technology can support the digital transformation of logistics organizations and enhance circular economy networks in Industry 4.0 by enabling automation, transparency, traceability, and maintaining responsibility for the environment. This research is an exploration of the effect of blockchain technology on the courier supply chain in the logistics firms in Industry 4.0 within the circular economy and the development of a conceptual framework for usage. In addition, it capitalizes on both coordination and collaboration among players through decentralization to obtain maximum fruitful benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread application of smart contracts, there is a growing concern over the quality assurance of smart contracts. The data flow testing is an important technology to ensure the correctness of smart contracts. We propose an approach named IABC‐TCG (Improved Artificial Bee Colony‐Test Case Generation) to generate test cases for the data flow testing of smart contracts. With a dominance relations‐based fitness function, an improved artificial bee colony algorithm is used to generate test cases, in which the bee colony search coefficient is adaptively adjusted to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the search. In addition, an improved test case selection and updation strategy is used to avoid unnecessary test cases. The experimental results show that IABC‐TCG achieves 100% coverage for all the test requirements on a dataset of 30 smart contracts and outperforms the baseline approaches in terms of the number of test cases and the execution time. Performing tests with the generated test cases, IABC‐TCG can find more errors with less test cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor payment practices continue to plague not only the private construction industry but also the government construction sector. According to recent studies, conditions and instructions can be encoded into smart contracts to allow automatic payments. The construction industry in the Philippines is slow to adapt to new technologies. This research proposes the adoption of smart contracts for implementing Philippine government infrastructure projects. By analyzing datasets from the Cordillera Administrative Region, this study determined the willingness of government employees and contractors to adopt smart contracts for government projects and identified factors causing doubt among contractors and government employees about its implementation. A total of 218 professionals responded to a Google Form questionnaire, and 20 participants were involved in unstructured interviews, which supported the data and results from the questionnaire. To interpret and validate the data gathered, a twotailed t-test analysis was used. The study revealed that the Philippine government construction industry, specifically in the CAR region, is not yet ready to adopt smart contracts. It was also found that smart contracts will only be effective with proper introduction through seminars and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal forensics in an Internet-of-Things (IoT) environment often requires complex investigations because IoT devices usually generate a large amount of electronic data, especially image data, which brings great difficulties to traditional digital forensic methods. Therefore, designing a secure management solution for image data and making it to be image evidence available in court is a new challenge. In this paper, we present a new secure image evidence management framework based on multi-bits digital watermarking and blockchain. In this framework, we first propose a flexible and robust self-learning based watermark embedding algorithm, which can embed both image marks and binary messages into the latent space of the input images and also improve the resistance of a broad range of attacks (geometric transform, JPEG, noise, etc.) to the watermarked images. And then, we design a smart contract resided in blockchain, which can achieve safe storage and automatically authentication of embedded watermarks. The experimental results on both watermarking algorithm and smart contracts have demonstrated the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the area of information retrieval, in order to improve search accuracy and reduce communication overhead, there is an increasing tendency to adopt ranked search in engines. Ranked search allows cloud servers to search for the top k most relevant documents based on the relevance score between the query keywords and the documents. Recently, with the increasing popularity of encrypted search technologies, ranked searchable encryption is proposed accordingly which focuses on solving ranked search problem over encrypted databases. However, recent studies show that some privacy protection methods commonly used in ranked searchable encryption, like order-preserving encryption (OPE), have some security problems. These problems may lead to the leakage of the relevant ranking privacy information. Meanwhile, most of the existing ranked searchable encryption schemes do not consider the problem of payment for outsourced services. In this paper, we propose a scheme called ranked searchable encryption based on differential privacy and blockchain (DPB-RSE). Specifically, we first add noise drawn from a Laplace distribution into the relevance score to disturb its value. Then we design a smart contract to verify the correctness of the results returned by the cloud server and realize payment fairness. The experiment results demonstrate that the accuracy of search results in this scheme can reach 94% in a small privacy budge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology offers features of immutability, decentralization, transparency, and fault tolerance which hold great potential for transforming the traditional educational credit management processes. This paper presents a framework for implementing the Academic Bank of Credit using blockchain for transparent student mobility within or between HEIs through a structured credit recognition, accumulation, transfer, and redemption system. The proof of concept of the proposed framework is implemented using Ethereum smart contracts in accordance with the ERC-20 token standard, to create, redeem, and manage academic credits on a decentralized and immutable system of blockchain. The framework incorporates features of access revocation and unique identity generation and authentication in the credit bank. The cost computation examines the framework for the practical adoption of blockchain-based solutions. The data integrity and confidentiality offered by the framework for transparent credit transfer are examined by the security measures. The findings highlight the potential of blockchain to revolutionize traditional credit management, improve administrative efficiency, and provide a secure and transparent foundation for credit transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into blockchain technology has expanded significantly due to its potential to enhance transparency and trust in business operations, yet adoption is limited by technical challenges like scalability, consensus mechanisms, and security, as well as non-technical barriers such as governance and standardization. This study synthesizes findings from 21 systematic literature reviews (SLR) published between January 2009 and January 2024, focusing on the technical performance of blockchain and its integration with technologies like cloud computing and machine learning. The analysis highlights advancements in scalability, security, privacy, and smart contracts alongside areas needing more research, such as interoperability and integration with legacy systems. This comprehensive review aims to map current technological developments, identify ongoing limitations, and identify specific technical challenges that impede broader adoption. The findings direct future research towards overcoming these barriers, facilitating the smoother implementation of blockchain across various business sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the smart contract vulnerabilities detection methods based on sequence modal data and sequence models have been the most commonly used. However, existing state-of-the-art methods disregard the issue of sequence modal data loses structural information and control flow information. Additionally, it is hard for sequence models to extract global features of smart contracts. Moreover, these methods rarely consider the impact of noise data on vulnerabilities detection. To tackle these issues, we propose a smart contract vulnerabilities detection model based on bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) and control flow graph (CFG). On the one hand, we design a denoising method suitable for control flow graphs to reduce the impact of noisy data on vulnerabilities detection. On the other hand, we design a novel method to parse the control flow graph into a BERT input form that retains control flow information and structural information. The BERT learns the potential vulnerability characteristics of smart contracts to fine-tune itself. Through an empirical evaluation of a large-scale real-world dataset and compare 5 state-of-the-art baseline methods. Our method achieves (1) optimal performance over all baseline methods; (2) 0.6–17.1% higher F1-score than baseline methods; (3) 0.7–16.7% higher accuracy than baseline methods; (4) 0.6–17% higher precision than baseline methods; (5) 0.2–19.5% higher recall than baseline methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application programming interface (API) recommendation plays a crucial role in facilitating smart contract development by providing developers with a ranked list of candidate APIs for specific recommendation points. Deep learning‐based approaches have shown promising results in this field. However, existing approaches mainly rely on token sequences or abstract syntax trees (ASTs) for learning recommendation point‐related features, which may overlook the essential knowledge implied in the relations between or within statements and may include task‐irrelevant components during feature learning. To address these limitations, we propose a novel code graph called pruned and augmented AST (pa‐AST). Our approach enhances the AST by incorporating additional knowledge derived from the control and data flow relations between and within statements in the smart contract code. Through this augmentation, the pa‐AST can better represent the semantic features of the code. Furthermore, we conduct AST pruning to eliminate task‐irrelevant components based on the identified flow relations. This step helps mitigate the interference caused by these irrelevant parts during the model feature learning process. Additionally, we extract the API sequence surrounding the recommendation point to provide supplementary knowledge for the model learning. The experimental results demonstrate our proposed approach achieving an average mean reciprocal rank (MRR) of 68.02%, outperforming the baselines' performance. Furthermore, through ablation experiments, we explore the effectiveness of our proposed code representation approach. The results indicate that combining pa‐AST with the API sequence yields improved performance compared with using them individually. Moreover, our AST augmentation and pruning techniques significantly contribute to the overall results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in vehicle traffic volume in modern societies has raised the need to develop innovative solutions to reduce traffic congestion and enhance traffic management efficiency. Revolutionary advanced technology, such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), enables improved traffic management, helps eliminate congestion, and supports a safer environment. ITS provides real-time information on vehicle traffic and transportation systems that can improve decision-making for road users. However, ITS suffers from routing issues at the network layer when utilising Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). This is because each vehicle plays the role of a router in this network, which leads to a complex vehicle communication network, causing issues such as repeated link breakages between vehicles resulting from the mobility of the network and rapid topological variation. This may lead to loss or delay in packet transmissions; this weakness can be exploited in routing attacks, such as black-hole and gray-hole attacks, that threaten the availability of ITS services. In this paper, a Blockchain-based smart contracts model is proposed to offer convenient and comprehensive security mechanisms, enhancing the trustworthiness between vehicles. Self-Classification Blockchain-Based Contracts (SCBC) and Voting-Classification Blockchain-Based Contracts (VCBC) are utilised in the proposed protocol. The results show that VCBC succeeds in attaining better results in PDR and TP performance even in the presence of Blackhole and Grayhole attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring fairness in the utilization of government-funded public facilities, such as co-working spaces, sports fields, and meeting rooms, is imperative to accommodate all citizens. However, meeting these requirements poses a significant challenge due to the high costs associated with maintaining digital infrastructure, employee wages, and cybersecurity expenses. Fortunately, Blockchain smart contracts present an economical and secure solution for managing digital infrastructure. They offer a pay-per-transaction schema, immutable transaction records, and role-based data updates. Despite these advantages, public blockchains raise concerns about data privacy since records are publicly readable. To address this issue, this study proposes a privacy-preserving mechanism for public facilities' reservation systems. The approach involves encrypting the reservation table with fully-homomorphic encryption (FHE). By employing FHE with binary masking and polynomial evaluation, the reservation table can be updated without decrypting the data. Consequently, citizens can discreetly book facilities without revealing their identities and eliminating the risk of overlapping schedules. The proposed system allows anyone to verify reservations without disclosing requested data and table contents. Moreover, the system operates autonomously without the need for human administration, ensuring enhanced user privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facilitation of sharing and exchanging patients' health records is a paramount opportunity in e-health, enabling healthcare providers to garner a comprehensive and clear perspective of patients' medical histories without necessitating direct inquiries. Besides this great advantage, it introduces substantial issues on security and privacy, mainly related to unauthorized access to e-health records when different healthcare service providers maintain records. In this paper, we deal with this problem and propose using the blockchain technology (1) to obfuscate the linkage between patients' identities and their e-health records and (2) to grant access to e-health records exclusively to entities authorized by patients themselves. Key outcomes include using a digital identity based on the Electronic Identification, Authentication, and Trust Services Regulation (eIDAS) to control access to these records, and a concrete implementation by adopting the Ethereum blockchain. Our solution relies on using a public blockchain, which is an improvement for the state of the art, in which only private or consortium blockchains have been proposed. The resulting solution has been analyzed, and the effectiveness and affordability of the proposal have been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transactive energy market (TEM) is a recent development in energy management that enables prosumers to trade directly, promising many environmental and economic benefits. Prosumer trading necessitates sharing information to facilitate transactions. Additionally, many TEMs propose using blockchains to manage auctions and store transactions. These facts introduce privacy concerns: consumption data, trading history, and other identifying information pose risks to users if leaked. Anonymity by trading under a pseudonym is commonly presented as a solution; however, this creates risks for market participants: scammed users will not have recourse, and users with innocent malfunctions may be banned from trading. We propose the Individually Linkable Pseudonymous Trading Scheme (ILPTS), which enables users to trade under a pseudonym, protecting their identity, while a smart contract monitors reputations and can temporarily deanonymize a user, ensuring market integrity. ILPTS was developed in stages. Examination of existing TEM literature was performed to identify desirable features. Analysis of cryptography literature was performed to identify techniques that may confer certain features. It was found through formal analysis that ILPTS adheres to identified design goals, improves upon existing solutions, and resists common attacks against TEMs. Future work includes software simulation and on-device implementation to further verify security and feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of the logistics industry has fostered the enhancement of operational efficacy within the socioeconomic domain. However, the current inevitable privacy leaks in the process of logistics transportation have seriously affected the development of the industry, which led to a crisis of consumer trust and even caused economic recession. This paper proposes a self-sovereign identity privacy protection scheme tailored specifically for logistics transportation contexts. First, the scheme entails furnishing users with one-time-use tokens while establishing decentralized identities capable of concealing identity information and ensuring the secure transmission of data. Furthermore, the scheme integrates fuzzy identity-based encryption to encrypt identity information, thereby guaranteeing the confidentiality and integrity of logistics user identities along with their associated data. Compared with other schemes, this scheme exhibits superior security in the realm of logistics transportation. Its targeted encryption technology and self-sovereignty strategies address the critical issue of privacy leakage, thereby safeguarding consumer privacy rights and interests while facilitating the sustainable development of the logistics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a Blockchain-enabled Organ Matching System (BOMS) designed to manage the process of matching, storing, and sharing information. Biological factors are incorporated into matching and the cross-matching process is implemented into the smart contracts. Privacy is guaranteed by using patient-associated blockchain addresses, without transmitting or using patient personal records in the matching process. The matching algorithm implemented as a smart contract is verifiable by any party. Clinical records, process updates, and matching results are also stored on the blockchain, providing tamper-resistance of recipient's records and the recipients' waiting queue. The system also is capable of handling cases in which there is a donor without an immediate compatible recipient. The system is implemented on the Ethereum blockchain and several scenarios were tested. The performance of the proposed system is compared to other existing organ donation systems, and ours outperformed any existing organ matching system built on blockchain. BOMS is tested to ascertain its compatibility with public, private, and consortium blockchain networks, checks for security vulnerabilities and cross-matching efficiency. The implementation codes are available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a cornerstone of democratic governance, elections hold unparalleled significance, shaping a nation's trajectory. However, the prevailing ballot-paper based voting systems continue to face trust issues among significant populations. As a result, e-Voting has emerged as an appealing alternative, with numerous countries opting for its implementation globally. While e-Voting systems offer several advantages, they also come with their own set of challenges. Even a minor vulnerability can lead to massive manipulations in voting results. In recent years, there have been efforts to revolutionize the e-Voting paradigm by harnessing the potential of emerging technologies such as biometrics and blockchain. This paper proposes a Internet-based voting that adopts blockchain technology and biometric identification techniques. We use biometric modalities, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, for voter authentication while leveraging Hyperledger Fabric framework as blockchain network and ensuring a secure, transparent, and tamper-evident voting record. We demonstrate the proposed system with 100 participants in a preset environment where we collect the biometrics data. The results indicate that 87% of participants successfully registered with biometrics, while 88% cast their votes with a combination of either voter ID and fingerprint or voter ID with facial recognition. Our findings suggest that the proposed system allows voters to access the system seamlessly and automate identity verification procedures while ensuring a secure, decentralized, and distributed database network that maintains transparency. Future research shall be carried out in collaboration with election officials and voters to improve the system in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many strategies use ML algorithms for intelligent IDS as part of the development of IoT security. These algorithms are quite susceptible to being manipulated to provide biased results. A variety of contradictory threats are constantly present throughout the use of ML, such as the erroneous poisoning of learning data sets or the alteration of model parameters. So, in this post, we've suggested a blockchain-based approach to using intelligent contracts to secure the decision-making process of the learning model. We will dissect decision-making functions based on the categorization of SVM and MLP on the chain for a more comprehensive Blockchain integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problem that the edge devices deployed by different operators have huge investment and the cached contents are isolated and have difficulty in sharing information, this paper improved the architecture of an edge cache system based on consortium chain, so that the edge devices deployed by different operators could break the content isolation and achieve a wider range of content sharing. In order to improve the operator cache revenue while ensuring the user transmission quality and reducing the user transmission delay, this paper firstly analyzed the impact of different content delivery methods on user transmission delay and operator caching benefits in terms of cache popularity, content size, and edge device collaboration capabilities. Then, it established an optimization problem with the goal of maximizing the cache benefit and minimizing the transmission delay. Finally, to solve the proposed high-dimensional large-scale caching decision problem, it used asynchronous advantage actor-critic (A3C) based content caching algorithm to determine optimal placement of content. Simulation results show that the proposed cache strategy can effectively enhance the revenue of edge caching, reduce the delay of content delivery and improve the user experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is a cross‐cutting technology allowing interactions among untrusted entities in a distributed manner without the need for involving a trusted third party. Smart contracts (i.e., programs running on the blockchain) enabled organizations to envision and implement solutions to real‐world problems in less cost and time. Given the immutability of blockchain and the lack of best practices for properly designing and developing smart contracts, it is crucial to assure smart contract quality before deployment. With the help of an exploratory survey involving developers and researchers, this paper identifies the practices and tools used to develop, implement, and evaluate smart contracts. The survey received 55 valid responses. Such responses indicate that (i) inefficiencies may occur during the development cycle of a smart contract, especially regarding requirements specification, design, and testing phases, and (ii) the lack of a shared standard to evaluate the functional quality of implemented smart contracts. To start coping with these issues, the adoption of functional suitability assessment measures recommended by the ISO/IEC 25000 standard, widely used in software engineering, is proposed by adapting them to the context of smart contracts. Through some examples, the manuscript also illustrates how to measure the functional completeness and correctness of smart contracts. The proposed procedure to measure smart contract functional suitability brings advantages to both developers and users of decentralized finance or non‐fungible tokens platforms, data marketplaces, or shipping and real estate services, just to mention a few. In particular, it helps (i) better outline the responsibilities of smart contracts, (ii) uncover errors and deficiencies of smart contracts in the early stages, and (iii) ensure that the established requirements are met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerability in smart contracts (SCs) on the blockchain system may lead to severe security compromises. The SC can be invoked from an externally owned account (EOA) or a contract account (CA). The account a user creates to receive or send ether is an EOA. A CA contains codes that can interact with SCs. In Solidity SC, some vulnerabilities can only be exploited by the interactions between CAs and vulnerable SCs, which can be named external‐risky vulnerabilities. Most state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) detectors detect external‐risky vulnerabilities by executing contract codes as an EOA user, thus reporting many unexploitable vulnerabilities. Therefore, we propose a CA‐triggering method to identify exploitable external‐risky vulnerabilities in Solidity SCs. We first designed agent contracts to simulate CAs' interactions with the target SCs in the real blockchain environment. We then detect vulnerability exploitation by analyzing transaction logs between agent contracts and target SCs and identifying successful exploits. We implemented the CA‐triggering method in a tool named SoliTester and evaluated it using three benchmark datasets, which contain three types of external‐risky vulnerabilities, namely, Reentancy (RE), Unchecked Call (UcC), and TxOrigin (TO). The results show that SoliTester can efficiently detect exploitable external‐risky vulnerabilities with significantly better precisions and recalls than SOTA detectors. We propose a contract account triggering method to detect exploitable external‐risky vulnerabilities in Solidity smart contracts. We designed agent contracts to simulate contract accounts' interactions with the target smart contract in the real blockchain environment. We then analyze transaction logs to identify successful vulnerability exploitation. A tool named SoliTester was implemented based on this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of blockchain technology in the tourism industry, reviews its evolution and develops a future research agenda. A semi-systematic literature review was conducted of 98 publications from 2017 to the first quarter of 2023, indexed in the Web of Science database. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the most recent papers (2022 to March 2023). The research focuses on the improvement of processes, their interaction with other technologies and adaptation to the environment. However, the studies show the need for further study on social and legal aspects. In addition, blockchain technology could be an enabling tool in the face of new sustainability paradigms or crisis environments. Finally, considering new lines of research, five dimensions were identified (social, organisational, technological, sustainable and economic) as well as the need to develop a regulatory framework and interaction with other technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of wireless mobile networks and the proliferation of user-generated content, ensuring efficient and effective content moderation has become imperative. To address the challenges posed by the increasing workload in content moderation, along with the lack of management in third-party moderation, this paper presents a decentralized quality management mechanism for content moderation in wireless mobile networks. Our approach leverages permissioned blockchain to establish a transparent and trustworthy infrastructure. Through the utilization of smart contracts, we automate content moderation management rules, thereby enhancing management efficiency. Our mechanism combines quality' evaluation and monetary incentives based on historical authenticity data. This not only incentivizes participants to consistently provide high-quality services but also ensures fairness within the system. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in encouraging high-quality contributions, deterring low-quality data from bad-behaved participants, and improving performance. Security analysis reveals that the cost of collusion outweighs the potential benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the use of the smart grid is becoming more and more widespread. However, a large number of distributed smart grid devices currently have insecure authentication and low information sharing. As the use of blockchain technology can provide a secure and trustworthy interaction environment for smart grids, this paper proposes a blockchain-based smart grid security architecture, which resolves the conflict between distributed smart grid devices and centralized management is resolved. In the proposed architecture, we have newly designed blocks and gateway nodes, which improve the security and credibility of smart grid device identity authentication. Then we design a Computing Balance based Exchange (CBE) algorithm to improve the interaction efficiency between smart grid devices. In addition, the multi-layer smart contract based on smart grid is proposed to solve the problems of lack of mutual trust and information sharing between smart grid devices. Finally, the blockchain-based smart grid security architecture and multi-layer smart contract can achieve secure interaction and efficient identity authentication among smart grid devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, smart healthcare and Electronic Health Record (EHR) play a significant role in simplifying the experience of medical treatment and cuts down the trivial work of paramedics. However, this poses significant challenges for organizations, including the management, transfer and protection of EHR which is vital for correct detection. To overcome these challenges, cloud computing presented which offers various attractive features for EHR management such as data availability, elasticity, and ubiquitous computation. However, the use of cloud computing introduces confidentiality and privacy concerns which can lead to human health threat. A trivial solution for this problem is encryption which makes searching a desired document infeasible, more specifically in big data scenarios. Although searchable encryption is a candidate solution, it suffers from keyword guessing attacks, malicious service providers, lack of trust, data integrity, and fairness. In this paper, we propose BACASE-SH framework that leverages blockchain technology to EHR integrity and availability insurance, fair payment, and establish trust among the involved parties. Moreover, we present a certificate-less authenticated asymmetric searchable encryption scheme to address challenges such as data owner (patient) and data user (physician) identity and keyword guessing attacks. The scheme is implemented using a smart contract, and the evaluation results show its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote healthcare monitoring (RHM) has become a pivotal component of modern healthcare, offering a crucial lifeline to numerous patients. Ensuring the integrity and privacy of the data generated and transmitted by IoT devices is of paramount importance. The integration of blockchain technology and smart contracts has emerged as a pioneering solution to fortify the security of internet of things (IoT) data transmissions within the realm of healthcare monitoring. In today's healthcare landscape, the IoT plays a pivotal role in remotely monitoring and managing patients' well-being. Furthermore, blockchain's decentralized and immutable ledger ensures that all IoT data transactions are securely recorded, timestamped, and resistant to unauthorized modifications. This heightened level of data security is critical in healthcare, where the integrity and privacy of patient information are nonnegotiable. This research endeavors to harness the power of blockchain and smart contracts to establish a robust and tamper-proof framework for healthcare IoT data. Employing smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements programmed with predefined rules, enables us to automate and validate data transactions within the IoT ecosystem. These contracts execute automatically when specific conditions are met, eliminating the need for manual intervention and oversight. This automation not only streamlines the process of data processing but also enhances its accuracy and reliability by reducing the risk of human error. Additionally, smart contracts provide a transparent and tamper-proof mechanism for verifying the validity of transactions, thereby mitigating the risk of fraudulent activities. By leveraging smart contracts, organizations can ensure the integrity and efficiency of data transactions within the IoT ecosystem, leading to improved trust, transparency, and security. Our experiments demonstrate the application of a blockchain approach to secure transmissions in IoT for RHM, as will be illustrated in the paper. This showcases the practical applicability of blockchain technology in real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses significant concerns highlighted by the European Parliament regarding the decline of the Italian tomato processing industry, which possess a threat to Italy's culinary heritage and global market position. This research offers a solution that leverages blockchain technology to enhance transparency, traceability and operational efficiency within the tomato supply chain. By integrating Solidity, Remix IDE, MetaMask wallet and Sepolia Testnet, our proposed model establishes a robust blockchain-based smart-contract system. This system actively engages cultivators, wholesalers, retailers and end-users facilitating seamless real-time updates across the entire supply chain. Implementing this model in key tomato-producing regions such as Apulia, utilizing platforms like Mainnet or Hyperledger Fabric, aims to stabilize the industry. Furthermore, this study promotes automating smart contracts, integrating IoT devices and developing decentralized applications (DApps). This strategy ensures transparency for end-users, enhances organic food availability and mitigates contamination risks. This study also recommends government involvement to upgrade transportation and storage facilities, aiming to reduce post-harvest losses. This research establishes the groundwork for the sustainable management of the Italian tomato processing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fractional non‐fungible tokens (NFTs) have emerged at the forefront of blockchain innovation, merging tokenization, NFTs, and fractional ownership to democratize access to high‐value digital assets. In this paper, we explore the fundamental concepts of blockchain technology, smart contracts, NFTs, and tokenization to lay the groundwork for understanding fractional NFTs. We investigate key ERC standards, including ERC‐20, ERC‐721, and ERC‐1155, which are pivotal in enabling the creation and management of fractional NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain. Then, we present two major processes in fractional NFTs, minting and reconstitution. We develop fractional NFTs based on ERC standards and evaluate their gas consumption. Furthermore, through a comprehensive review of existing platforms, we analyze their minting and reconstitution processes and underlying ERC standards. Challenges, such as regulatory compliance and security, are also examined. We highlight the significance of robust security measures and transparency to build trust in fractional NFT ecosystems. While the field is still evolving, fractional NFTs have the potential to disrupt traditional ownership models and revolutionize industries. We envision fractional NFTs fostering a more inclusive and decentralized digital economy as technology advances and adoption grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the number of smart contracts deployed on blockchain has exploded. However, the issue of vulnerability has caused incalculable losses. Due to the irreversible and immutability of smart contracts, vulnerability detection has become particularly important. With the popular use of neural network model, there has been a growing utilization of deep learning-based methods and tools for the identification of vulnerabilities within smart contracts. This paper commences by providing a succinct overview of prevalent categories of vulnerabilities found in smart contracts. Subsequently, it categorizes and presents an overview of contemporary deep learning-based tools developed for smart contract detection. These tools are categorized based on their open-source status, the data format and the type of feature extraction they employ. Then we conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of these tools, selecting representative tools for experimental validation and comparing them with traditional tools in terms of detection coverage and accuracy. Finally, Based on the insights gained from the experimental results and the current state of research in the field of smart contract vulnerability detection tools, we suppose to provide a reference standard for developers of contract vulnerability detection tools.Meanwhile, forward-looking research directions are also proposed for deep learning-based smart contract vulnerability detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread adoption of blockchain technology, its public ledger characteristic enhances transaction transparency but also amplifies the risk of privacy breaches. Attackers can infer users' real identities and behaviors by analyzing public transaction patterns and address relationships, posing a severe threat to users' privacy and security, and thus hindering further advancements in blockchain applications. To address this challenge, covert communication has emerged as an effective strategy for safeguarding the privacy of blockchain users and preventing information leakage. But existing blockchain-based covert communication schemes rely solely on the immutability of blockchain itself for robustness and suffer from low transmission efficiency. To tackle these issues, this paper proposes a stealthy communication model with blockchain smart contract for bidding systems. The model initiates by preprocessing sensitive information using a secret-sharing algorithm-the Shamir (t, n) threshold scheme-and subsequently embeds this information into bidding amounts, facilitating the covert transfer of sensitive data. We implemented and deployed this model on the Ethereum platform and conducted comprehensive performance evaluations. To assess the stealthiness of our approach, we employed a suite of statistical tests including the CDF, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Welch's t-test and K–L divergence. These analyses confirmed that amounts carrying concealed information were statistically indistinguishable from regular transactions, thus validating the effectiveness of our solution in maintaining the anonymity and confidentiality of information transmission within the blockchain ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to identify the prospects of international trade in the light of synchronizing Incoterms with smart contracts.Methods: the study is based on the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, and formal-legal method necessary to analyze the provisions of Incoterms.Results: the authors analyzed the provisions of Incoterms and technological innovations in commercial law; showed the connection between the practice of commercial law and technological development due to the inclusion of contractual terms in blockchain. It is noted that the integration of blockchain technology with smart contracts has led to a variety of automated business transactions and the creation of a platform for synthetic assets trading. The authors describe the possibilities of secure and easy transactions in international trade using blockchain. Despite the uniqueness of this technology, its different types are distinguished, namely: public, private, hybrid, and consortium blockchain. It is substantiated that the synchronization of Incoterms with smart contracts can improve the prospects of international trade (especially export-import contracts). It is emphasized that smart contracts based on blockchain can revolutionize the application of Incoterms, consequently increasing the efficiency of transactions between parties to export-import relationships. One of the fundamental changes that smart contracts will bring to these trade transactions is the reduction of errors and misinterpretations of Incoterms. The authors use specific cases to demonstrate disputes arising at the stages of transaction conclusion and execution, which could have been avoided using modern technologies.Scientific novelty: The paper shows the phenomenon of synchronizing Incoterms with blockchain and how it can affect the form of contracts and facilitate their smooth execution. The proposed approach to analyzing the phenomenon takes into account the revolutionary innovations in crossborder trade, which are compared with the usual ways of applying Incoterms in traditional international trade contracts.Practical significance: the research provides suggestions and recommendations for further development of innovations in the field of smart contracts, especially export-import trade contracts on a global scale.

Abstract This work proposes a Blockchain-enabled Organ Matching System (BOMS) designed to manage the process of matching, storing, and sharing information. Biological factors are incorporated into matching and the cross-matching process is implemented into the smart contracts. Privacy is guaranteed by using patient-associated blockchain addresses, without transmitting or using patient personal records in the matching process. The matching algorithm implemented as a smart contract is verifiable by any party. Clinical records, process updates, and matching results are also stored on the blockchain, providing tamper-resistance of recipient’s records and the recipients’ waiting queue. The system also is capable of handling cases in which there is a donor without an immediate compatible recipient. The system is implemented on the Ethereum blockchain and several scenarios were tested. The performance of the proposed system is compared to other existing organ donation systems, and ours outperformed any existing organ matching system built on blockchain. BOMS is tested to ascertain its compatibility with public, private, and consortium blockchain networks, checks for security vulnerabilities and cross-matching efficiency. The implementation codes are available online.