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Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis sp. nov. Holotype. — Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense Amphibian Collection, MZB 25738 (field number ENS 16028), an adult male (Fig. 7) from Gunung Kunyit, Kecamatan Panyabungan Selatan, Kabupaten Kerinci, Provinsi Jambi, Indonesia, 2.26013°S, 101.49512°E at 1402 m, collected by E. Wostl, E.N. Smith, W. Trilaksono, and G. Barraza on 24 June 2013. Diagnosis and comparison. —The following combination of characters is unique to Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis: (1) A small (19.32 mm SVL) and slender toad without parotoid glands. (2) Fingertips I and II are rounded and not expanded. (3) Fingertips III and IV are rounded and expanded. (4) The toe tips are rounded but not expanded. (5) The webbing is rudimentary in the hands and moderate in the feet. (6) The dorsum is light greenish-brown with a middorsal pinstripe extending from the tip of the snout to the vent. (7) The flanks have a single stroke of dark brown extending from the posterior end of the orbit to the inguinal region. (8) The dorsal surface is moderately tuberculate. (9) The ventral surface is smooth with scattered black spots. Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis can be distinguished from S. mandailinguensis (characters in parentheses) based on the following differences. The tympanum is barely discernible (tympanum distinct). The finger-pads are moderately defined (finger-pads prominent). The fingertips are rounded but not expanded (distinctly spatulate on tips III to IV). The hands lack subarticular tubercles (distinct subarticular tubercles under Fingers III and IV). The webbing of the foot is more extensive, extending to the last phalanx on Toes I and II (last phalanx free of webbing). The pads on toes are moderately defined (pads prominent). The feet lack subarticular tubercles (distinct subarticular tubercles under Toes IV and V). The overall texture is glossy with fewer tubercles on the dorsum and flanks (overall texture rugose, body and flanks extensively tuberculate). Taking into account the uncorrected genetic distance between the two species of Sigalegalephrŋnus (Table 2), the aforementioned comparisons provide adequate diagnostic characters to warrant S. minangkabauensis as a species distinct from S. mandailinguensis. Description of holotype. —The holotype (sex indistinguishable) has SVL of 19.32 mm; head length 6.94 mm; head width 6.57 mm; snout length 2.7 mm; eye length 2.2 mm; eye–nares length 1.6 mm; distance between nares to tip of snout 0.6 mm; internarial distance 1.8 mm; intercanthal distance 3.6 mm; forearm length 6.0 mm; hand length 5.5 mm; femur length 8.5 mm; tibia length 8.71 mm; tarsal length 5.1 mm; foot length 7.5 mm; width of fingertip pad of Finger III 1.6 mm; Finger IV 1.4 mm. Body slender, head little longer than wide; head length 36.1% SVL, head width 34.0% SVL; snout length 14% SVL; canthus rostralis concave; loreal area without tubercules and concave; snout truncated and slightly sloping back toward mouth; snout mucronate and with prominent median keel in dorsal view; eye length 11.4% SVL; pupil horizontal; upper eyelid granular; tympanum barely visible, with no supratympanic fold; interorbital space flat; cranial crests absent; no teeth in jaws; tongue tip oval-shaped, longer than wide; skin of dorsal surfaces rough to finely shagreen with few large, scattered tubercles; tubercles small, rounded, and almost without keratinization; no dorsolateral, paravertebral, or occipital folds; skin on venter smooth with few fine warts; forearm length 31.1% SVL; hand length 28.5% SVL; relative lengths of Fingers I Color in life. —Edges of lore and head golden with black shades; area below eyes with prominent white marking with yellowish tint; dorsum light greenish-brown with light brown hourglass figure extending from posterior of orbit to top of the sacroiliac joint; hourglass shape ends with distinct horizontal black bean color mark on each side; yellowishgreen marking on each shoulder; flanks black with red tubercles, maculated with greenish-yellow blotches, and possessing very prominent dark brown stripe starting from posterior end of orbit to inguinal region; inguinal areas greenish with golden tint; sacroiliac joint to inguinal region of flanks, golden yellowish-green; dorsal sides of limbs light brown; forearm, femur, tibia–fibula, and tarsus with distinct dark spot encircled with golden-yellowish-green color; venter opaque; throat golden-yellow; abdomen, ventral side of arms and legs pinkish with scattered yellow and black blotches; webbing in hand and foot translucent. Color in preservative. —In preservative, the animal appears dull because it has lost its golden-yellowish and greenish colors. The hourglass pattern has turned gray. The venter has lost all of its pinkish and golden-yellowish shades and turned a greenish-white. Etymology. —The specific epithet refers to the Minangkabau or Minang ethnic group inhabiting the region where the new species was found. Common name. —Minangkabau Puppet Toads. Province, Sumatra (MZB 25738). A color version of this figure is available online. Distribution and natural history. — Sigalegalephrŋnus minangkabauensis is known only from Gunung Kunyit from an elevation of 1428 m (Fig. 4). The holotype was found perched on a leaf ~ 1.25 m above ground, by the edge of a forest stream at 2015 h. Before collecting it, ENS watched the specimen move in reverse toward the edge of the leaf on which it was perched, where it defecated (outside of the surface of the leaf), and then return to its original position. The holotype weighed 0.5 g., Published as part of Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia & Smith, Eric N., 2017, A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera, pp. 63-75 in Herpetologica 73 (1) on pages 63-75, DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041, http://zenodo.org/record/7716435

Sigalegalephrynus gen. nov. Type species. — Sigalegalephrŋnus mandailinguensis by present designation. Diagnosis and comparisons. —The genus can be diagnosed based on the following ecological attributes and morphology: medium-sized (Ansonia (> 40 mm SVL), commonly called Stream toads, is typically found on low vegetation near watercourses. The generally diminutive members of Pelophrŋne (Leptophrŋne (> 40 mm SVL) occur on shrubs. The only other genus of toads that has true arboreal habits is Rentapia, whose members typically tend to be stockier (> 70 mm SVL) than Sigalegalephrŋnus. The genus Phrŋnoidis is represent-ed by two large (> 70 mm SVL) semiaquatic toads, usually found on rocks along streams and rivers; the members of the Duttaphrŋnus (> 40 mm SVL) and Ingerophrŋnus (> 40 mm SVL) display terrestrial or somewhat riparian habits. The monotypic genus Pseudobufo is represented by a large (> 75 mm SVL) and aquatic species with completely webbed feet that inhabits the peat swamps of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Eastern Sumatra. Like all other Sundaland toad genera (characters in parentheses), the new genus possesses a visible or slightly visible tympanum. Sigalegalephrŋnus most closely resembles Ansonia; however, the former lacks mandibular spines (mandibular spines present) and possesses combined femur and tibia lengths smaller than its SVL (SVL Pelophrŋne, in Sigalegalephrŋnus Finger I projects beyond the webbing by two phalanges (reduced Finger I, with one or no phalanges projecting beyond webbing), and males possess nuptial excrescences with well-keratinized spicules (poorly spiculated with only slight keratinization or not keratinized at all). Unlike Rentapia, Sigalegalephrŋnus lacks paratoid glands (paratoids prominent). The new genus can be told apart from Ingerophrŋnus by the lack of well-defined parallel crests between the eyes (parallel crests prominent). Unlike Leptophrŋne, Sigalegalephrŋnus lacks enlarged tubercles at the base of each toe, between at the articulation of the first phalanx and metacarpus (large tubercles present). Additionally, males of L. cruentata are unique among Southeast Asian toads in having nuptial excrescences that are white and swollen on the first and second fingers; males of Sigalegalephrŋnus (and all other genera) have nuptial excrescences with no white and swollen tissue. Unlike Phrŋnoidis, Sigalegalephrŋnus has slender limbs (limbs robust) and toes that are less than half webbed (toes fully webbed, with the exception of the fourth). Unlike Pseudobufo —the only Sundaland toad with fully webbed toes— Sigalegalephrŋnus has toes that are less than half webbed. Males of Sigalegalephrŋnus can be distinguished from all other toads in the region by the presence of an elongate inner metacarpal-thenar tubercle, which is as distinct and large as the outer metacarpal tubercle, and is located medially (Fig. 2). Males of Leptophrŋne cruentata have an elongate and medially located inner metacarpal tubercle, but this is less distinct and noticeably smaller than the outer metacarpal tubercle, whereas Rentapia and Pelophrŋne lack the inner metacarpal tubercle altogether. Fingertips three and four of the new genus are truncated, reflecting arboreality as in Pelophrŋne, Sabahphrŋnus, Rentapia, and some species of Ansonia. Etymology. —The generic name is derived from the name given by the indigenous Batak people of the Toba region in Sumatera Utara to life-sized wooden puppets called Sigale Gale. These puppets are used during the papurpur sepata funerary festivals to placate the spirits of the dead who have left no children behind. The suffix is derived from the masculine and Latinized Greek noun for toad, phrŋnos. The new genus, with a relatively large size compared with most arboreal toads in the region, lanky hands, and a wood-brown complexion, is evocative of the Sigale Gale. Common name. —Puppet Toads. Content. —Our phylogenetic analyses indicate the presence of two species within the new genus: S. mandailinguensis Smart et al.; and S. minangkabauensis Smart et al., Published as part of Smart, Utpal, Sarker, Goutam C., Arifin, Umilaela, Harvey, Michael B., Sidik, Irvan, Hamidy, Amir, Kurniawan, Nia & Smith, Eric N., 2017, A New Genus and Two New Species of Arboreal Toads from the Highlands of Sumatra with a Phylogeny of Sundaland Toad Genera, pp. 63-75 in Herpetologica 73 (1) on pages 63-75, DOI: 10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00041, http://zenodo.org/record/7716435