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The aim of the study: to assess the influence of genetic and environmental factors using twin studies and evaluate the associations of SCARB1 gene variants (rs11057841) with AMD and MPOD. Material and methods: a total of 108 healthy twins (56 MZ and 52 DZ twins) were tested in this study. The MPOD was measured using the one-wavelength reflectometry method. Fundus reflectance (Visucam 500, reflectance of a single 460 nm wavelength) was used to measure the MPOD levels, MPOD parameters including max and mean optical density (OD), and area and volume. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results: we detected a positive correlation of MPOD in the right and left eyes in MZ twin pairs (r = 0.830 and r = 0.860, respectively) (p < 0.0001) and a negative correlation of MPOD in the right and left eyes in DZ twin pairs (r = 0.314 and r = 0.408, respectively) (p < 0.05). The study was able to identify statistically significant differences in mean MPOD values in the right and left eyes between subjects with a wild-type CC genotype and a CT genotype with a risk allele. A decrease in the mean MPOD value was observed in group II with a CT genotype (0.110 d.u.) compared with the CC genotype (0.117 d.u.) in the right eye (p = 0.037) and in the left eye with a CT genotype (0.109 d.u.) compared with a CC genotype in the subjects (0.114 d.u.) (p = 0.038). In the right eye, in group II (0.101–0.128 d.u.), those with a CT genotype (n = 6) with one risk allele had a statistically significantly lower (0.110 d.u.) mean average MPOD value compared with those with a wild-type CC genotype (n = 25) (0.117 d.u.) (p = 0.037). Conclusion: this twin study showed a strong heritability of the retina pigment, which was 86% prevalent in Lithuania. Individuals with a CT genotype of the SCARB1 rs11057841 with a risk allele had statistically significantly lower mean MPOD values in both eyes compared to subjects with a wild-type CC genotype.

Aim: To investigate the association of the pair box 6 gene (PAX6) and hsa-miR-328-3p with optical density of macular pigment. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 112 individuals (34 with moderate myopia, eight with high-degree myopia, and 70 healthy individuals). The optical density of macular pigment was measured using single-wavelength reflectometry. DNA and RNA were extracted from whole blood samples. Expression of hsa-miR-328-3p and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphism of PAX6 (rs662702) were performed using Applied Biosystems 7900HT real-time polymerase chain reaction system. Optical density of retinal pigment epithelial cells was evaluated using Fundus plus camera. Results: In the group with myopia, with increasing ∆Ct hsa-miR-328-3p, the median optical density of the retinal pigment epithelium decreased statistically significantly (p

This study aimed to evaluate the associations ofThe study included 373 subjects with refractive errors (48 myopia, 239 myopia with astigmatism, 14 hyperopia, and 72 hyperopia with astigmatism patients) and 104 ophthalmologically healthy subjects in the control group. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was chosen for genotyping. Statistical calculations and analysis of results were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software.The correlations in monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs were higher compared to DZ pairs, indicating genetic effects on hyperopia and astigmatism. The heritability (hthe heritability of hyperopia and hyperopia with astigmatism was 0.654-0.492, according to different eyes in patients between 20 and 40 years. The GJD2 rs634990 was identified as an SNP, which has significant associations with the co-occurrence of hyperopia and astigmatism. Patients with the

Background/aim Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteins which are involved in breakdown of the extracellular matrix in embryonic development, tissue remodeling and in some diseases. MMP8 has both cancer-promoting and anticancer properties. However, the contribution of MMP8 to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has not been elucidated. In this study we aimed to test the contribution of two MMP8 polymorphisms, located in the gene promoter region, to the development of LSCC. Materials and methods This case-control study involved 569 DNA samples which were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms using real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 20 software. Results Regression analysis adjusted by age showed that for MMP8 rs11225395 each minor A allele copy significantly reduced the odds for LSCC development (odds ratio=0.49, 95% confidence intervaI=0.04-2.19, p=0.048). MMP8 rs11225395 AA genotype was associated with smaller laryngeal tumour size (p=0.023). Smoking habit also correlated with laryngeal tumor size. Conclusion MMP8 rs11225395 and smoking habits have a prominent interface with LSCC tumour size.

(1) Background: genetic variations, localized in the functional regions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) modulation-related genes, may alter the transcription process and impact the Dupuytren’s contracture (DC). The present study investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), localized in the functional regions of the MMP8, MMP14, and CHST6 genes, with DC risk. (2) Methods: we enrolled 219 genomic DNA samples, which were extracted from 116 patients with DC and 103 healthy controls. Genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping assay. Three polymorphisms (MMP8 rs11225395, MMP14 rs1042704, and CHST6 rs977987) were analyzed. All studied SNPs were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. (3) Results: significant associations of the studied SNPs with the previous onset of the disease were observed between the CHST6 rs977987 minor T allele (p = 0.036) and the MMP14 rs1042704 mutant AA genotype (p = 0.024). Significant associations with the previous onset of the disease were also observed with a positive family history of the DC (p = 0.035). Moreover, risk factor analysis revealed that a combination of major disease risk factors (smoking and manual labor) and the MMP14 minor A allele increases the risk of DC development by fourteen times (p = 0.010). (4) Conclusions: our findings suggest that CHST6 rs977987, MMP14 rs1042704, and positive family history are associated with the previous onset of Dupuytren’s contracture. In addition, the combination of the MMP14 minor A allele and additional risk factors increase the likelihood of the manifestation of the DC.

Background: Genetic variations, localized in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related genes, may alter the transcription and impact the pathogenesis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The present study investigated the associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), localized in the 3′UTR) of the KRAS, NRAS, and MAPK1 genes with LSCC risk and clinicopathological features. Methods: Genomic DNA and clinical data were collected from 327 adult men with LSCC. The control group was formed from 333 healthy men. Genotyping of the SNPs was performed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. Five KRAS, NRAS, and MAPK1 polymorphisms were analyzed. All studied genotypes were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and had the same allele distribution as the 1000 Genomes project Phase 3 dataset for the European population. Results: Significant associations of the studied SNPs with reduced LSCC risk were observed between NRAS rs14804 major genotype CC. Significant associations of the studied SNPs with clinicopathologic variables were also observed between NRAS rs14804 minor T allele and advanced tumor stage and positive lymph node status. SNP of MAPK1 rs9340 was associated with distant metastasis. Moreover, haplotype analysis of two KRAS SNPs rs712 and rs7973450 revealed that TG haplotype was associated with positive lymph node status in LSCC patients. Conclusions: According to the present study, 3′UTR SNP in the NRAS and MAPK1 genes may contribute to the identifications of patients at higher risk of LSCC lymph node and distant metastasis development.

This study aimed to find associations between miR-328 expression in whole blood, polymorphism at 3'UTR of the PAX6 gene (paired box homeotic gene 6) and myopia.We evaluated 451 individuals (142 individuals with low, 49 with moderate and 13 with high-degree myopia, and 247 healthy individuals). DNA and RNA were extracted from peripheral blood samples. Expression of miR-328 was assessed and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the PAX6 (rs662702) performed using the Applied Biosystems 7900HT Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction System.Moderate and high degree myopia showed significant differences between TT and CT genotypes of the PAX6 gene (p 0.001). In the myopia group, 71.4% of the subjects had the TT genotype and 28.6% had the CT genotype; meanwhile in the control group, 97.1% had the TT genotype and 2.9% had the CT genotype. The odds ratio of having moderate and/or high degree myopia for individuals with the CT genotype was 13.6 (2.865-64.55) 95% CI versus TT genotype (p = 0.001). MiR-328 results showed that ∆Ct values differed statistically significantly between the myopia and control groups. Patients with myopia in the peripheral blood cells had a higher expression of miR-328 than controls (p 0.05).Significant differences were detected between the PAX6 gene (rs662702) TT and CT genotypes in moderate and high degree myopia; the risk C allele increased the risk for myopia. The expression level of miR-328 in peripheral blood cells was higher in patients with myopia than controls. We did not find the association between expression of mir-328 in the peripheral blood cells and PAX6 gene (rs662702) polymorphism comparing myopia and control groups.

MC4R, LEP, and LEPR genes are involved in the hypothalamic leptin-melanocortin regulation pathway, which is important for energy homeostasis. Our study aimed to evaluate the associations between the MC4R rs17782313, LEP rs7799039, and LEPR rs1137101 polymorphisms with obesity-related parameters in childhood and adulthood. The data were obtained from the Kaunas Cardiovascular Risk Cohort study, which started in 1977 with 1082 participants aged 12–13 years. In 2012–2014, the follow-up survey was carried out. Genotype analysis of all respondents (n = 509) aged 48–49 years was performed for the gene polymorphisms using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Anthropometric measurements were performed in childhood and adulthood. In childhood, only skinfold thicknesses were associated with gene variants being the lowest in children with MC4R TT genotype and LEP AG genotype. In adulthood, odds of obesity and metabolic syndrome was higher in MC4R CT/CC genotype than TT genotype carriers (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8 and OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.4, respectively). In men, physical activity attenuated the effect of the MC4R rs17782313 on obesity. The LEP GG genotype was associated with higher BMI, waist circumference, and visceral fat level only in men. No associations of the LEPR rs1137101 polymorphisms with anthropometric measurements and leptin level were found. In conclusion, the associations of the MC4R and LEP gene polymorphisms with obesity-related parameters strengthened with age.

Aim of study was set to investigate the association of women urinary incontinence (UI) with serotonin receptor HTR2A T102C and beta 3-adrenergic receptor ADRB3 Trp64Arg genes polymorphisms. The study included 110 women with Urge, Stress, and Mixed UI types and the control group – 105 continent women. Both groups have filled in the ICIQ-FLUTS questionnaire and their blood genotyping was performed. Urge UI subgroup was older and had higher body mass index (BMI) in comparison to other UI types and control group. More than half of all women had family history of UI in Stress UI and Mixed UI subgroups. The frequency of HTR2A T102C gene polymorphism’s minor allele C and genotype CC was significantly more expressed in Urge UI subgroup, as compared with control group (C-77.3 vs 58.7%, p = 0.007 and CC-57.6 vs 31.1%, p = 0.015). The ADRB3 Trp64Arg gene polymorphism did not differ between groups. The regression analysis revealed CC genotype (OR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.11–8.43; p = 0.030) and allele C (OR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.16–5.53; p = 0.020) were risk factors for development of Urge UI. We conclude that HTR2A T102C gene polymorphism affected the development of Urge UI.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) is a member of the FGFR family of tyrosine kinase receptors, which via cell growth, invasiveness, motility and angiogenesis contributes to the process of tumorogenesis. A huge interest today is focused on FGFR2 gene polymorphism as it may have a significant impact on the development of various benign and malignant tumors. A case-control study was designed to help determine if FGFR2 gene polymorphism rs2981582 is associated with oral cancer in Lithuanian subjects.The study included 35 patients with a diagnosis of oral cancer and 100 healthy subjects as a reference group. DNA samples were extracted from peripheral venous blood. Genotyping of FGFR2 rs2981582 was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Statistical analysis was performed using "IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0".It was determined that FGFR2 gene rs2981582 polymorphism has no effect on a development of oral cancer. The analysis of FGFR2 gene polymorphisms did not reveal any differences in the distribution of GG, GA, and AA genotypes between the oral cancer group, and the control group (42.9%, 48.6%, and 8.6% vs. 46%, 37% and 17%, respectively).Results of present study showed no association between FGFR2 gene polymorphisms rs2981582 and oral cancer. However, a further study with a larger sample sizes is advisable.

Background/aim This study aimed to determine the relationship between the relative leukocyte telomere length (RLTL) and gene polymorphisms involved in its regulation with the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Patients and methods Patients with OSCC and healthy subjects were examined. Genotyping and RLTL measurement were carried out using rPCR. Results The OSCC group had longer telomeres than controls (p=0.001). Minor allele T at TERF1rs1545827 may increase RLTL shortening (p=0.047). TNKS2rs10509639 A/G and A/G+G/G genotypes were associated with a 2.6-fold increased odd (p=0.012) and a 2.4-fold increased odd (p=0.019) of RLTL elongation compared to A/A genotype. The A/G genotype was associated with a 2.6-fold increased odd (p=0.011) compared to the A/A+G/G genotypes. Each G allele was associated with a 2.1-fold increased odd of longer RLTL (p=0.036). Conclusion Longer telomeres were found in patients with OSCC than in controls. The TERF1 rs1545827 and the TNKS2 rs10509639 polymorphisms were associated with an increase in RLTL.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteins which are involved in breakdown of the extracellular matrix in embryonic development, tissue remodeling and in some diseases. MMP8 has both cancer-promoting and anticancer properties. However, the contribution of MMP8 to laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has not been elucidated. In this study we aimed to test the contribution of two MMP8 polymorphisms, located in the gene promoter region, to the development of LSCC.This case-control study involved 569 DNA samples which were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms using real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 20 software.Regression analysis adjusted by age showed that for MMP8 rs11225395 each minor A allele copy significantly reduced the odds for LSCC development (odds ratio=0.49, 95% confidence intervaI=0.04-2.19, p=0.048). MMP8 rs11225395 AA genotype was associated with smaller laryngeal tumour size (p=0.023). Smoking habit also correlated with laryngeal tumor size.MMP8 rs11225395 and smoking habits have a prominent interface with LSCC tumour size.

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of incurable visual impairment in the developed countries. The main pathological change in AMD is the formation of drusen containing 40% of lipids, dominated by esterified cholesterol (EC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and protein. Haplotype ε4 of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) acts as a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and is involved in the maintenance and repair of neuronal cell membranes. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the association of AMD with ApoE gene polymorphism variants (rs7412 and rs429358). Methodology: A total of 2133 subjects were enrolled in our research. The study group comprised patients with early AMD (n = 413) and exudative AMD (n = 307), and the control group enrolled randomly selected persons (n = 1413). The genotyping of ApoE (rs7412 and rs429358) was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that ApoE 4/2 genotype was less frequently observed in in older patients with exudative AMD compared to older healthy controls (0.4% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.003). Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that ApoE 4/2 genotype was less frequently observed in old patients (65 years and more) with exudative AMD compared to old healthy controls. It leads to hypothesis on the protective effect of ApoE 4/2 to develop AMD in the elderly.

The study explores antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cytoprotective capacity of Pelargonium sidoides DC root extract (PSRE) and proanthocyanidin fraction from PSRE (PACN) under conditions characteristic for periodontal disease. Following previous finding that PACN exerts stronger suppression of Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the effect on commensal Streptococcus salivarius, the current work continues antibacterial investigation on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Escherichia coli. PSRE and PACN are also studied for their ability to prevent gingival fibroblast cell death in the presence of bacteria or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to block LPS- or LPS+IFNγ-induced release of inflammatory mediators, gene expression and surface antigen presentation. Both PSRE and PACN were more efficient in suppressing Staphylococcus and Aggregatibacter compared to Escherichia, prevented A. actinomycetemcomitans- and LPS induced death of fibroblasts, decreased LPS-induced release of interleukin 8 and prostaglandin E2 from fibroblasts and IL-6 from leukocytes, blocked expression of IL-1β, iNOS, and surface presentation of CD80 and CD86 in LPS+IFNγ-treated macrophages, and IL-1β and COX-2 expression in LPS-treated leukocytes. None of the investigated substances affected either the level of secretion or expression of TNFα. In conclusion, PSRE, and especially PACN, possess strong antibacterial, antiinflammatory and gingival tissue protecting properties under periodontitis mimicking conditions and are suggestable candidates for treatment of the disease.

The study explores antibacterial, antiinflammatory and cytoprotective capacity of Pelargonium sidoides DC root extract (PSRE) and proanthocyanidin fraction from PSRE (PACN) under conditions characteristic for periodontal disease. Following previous finding that PACN exerts stronger suppression of Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the effect on commensal Streptococcus salivarius, the current work continues antibacterial investigation on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Escherichia coli. PSRE and PACN are also studied for their ability to prevent gingival fibroblast cell death in the presence of bacteria or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to block LPS- or LPS + IFNγ-induced release of inflammatory mediators, gene expression and surface antigen presentation. Both PSRE and PACN were more efficient in suppressing Staphylococcus and Aggregatibacter compared to Escherichia, prevented A. actinomycetemcomitans- and LPS-induced death of fibroblasts, decreased LPS-induced release of interleukin-8 and prostaglandin E2 from fibroblasts and IL-6 from leukocytes, blocked expression of IL-1β, iNOS, and surface presentation of CD80 and CD86 in LPS + IFNγ-treated macrophages, and IL-1β and COX-2 expression in LPS-treated leukocytes. None of the investigated substances affected either the level of secretion or expression of TNFα. In conclusion, PSRE, and especially PACN, possess strong antibacterial, antiinflammatory and gingival tissue protecting properties under periodontitis-mimicking conditions and are suggestable candidates for treatment of the disease.

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), a progressive retinal disease, is responsible for an impaired central vision in about 180 million people worldwide. Current options for ARMD prevention and treatment are limited due to an incomplete understanding of disease etiopathogenesis. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the single nucleotide polymorphism rs5888 of SCARB1 gene reflecting lipid and antioxidant micronutrient metabolism pathways is associated with ARMD susceptibility and to evaluate if there is any relation between SCARB1 rs5888 and the macular lesion area.The prospective case-control study included patients with ARMD (n = 215) and the reference group (n = 238) drawn from a random sample of the Lithuanian population (n = 1436). The genotyping test of SCARB1 rs5888 was carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.Regression analysis adjusted by gender and age demonstrated that SCARB1 rs5888 TT genotype significantly decreased the odds for ARMD development (OR: 0.61, 95%; CI: 0.380-0.981, p = 0.04). A smoking habit and leading an outdoor life are associated with larger macular lesion areas in ARMD patients (0.54 (0.00-39.06) vs. 3.09 (0.02-19.30) and 0.27 (0.00-34.57) vs. 0.75 (0.00-39.06), respectively). In late stage ARMD subjects with CT genotype, the macular lesion area was larger than in TT carriers (7.64 (0.49-39.06) mmSCARB1 rs5888 and environmental oxidative stress have a prominent role in ARMD susceptibility, early ARMD progression to advanced stage disease and even in the outcome of the disease-an area of macular lesion.

Background This study aimed to assess heritability of myopia in Lithuania and evaluate both genes GJD2 (Gap Junction Protein, Delta 2) and RASGRF1 (RAS protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1) relation with myopia. Methods In this study Lithuanian twin population aged between 18 and 40 (n = 460) were examined. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the RASGRF1 (rs8027411) and GJD2 (rs634990) genes were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results Intrapair correlations for spherical equivalent in all twin pairs were significantly higher in MZ twin pairs r = 0.539 (p 0.05, 95% CI -0.215-0.381) and in DZ twin pairs r = − 0.220 (p > 0.05, 95% CI -0.587-0.222). The odds ratio (95% CI) were 2.7 (1.018–7.460) for combinations of genotypes of rs634990 CC and rs8027411 GT (p = 0.046). Conclusions Our studies have shown that the heritability of myopia makes 67.2% in Lithuania. Persons with combinations of genotypes rs634990 CC and rs8027411 GT have 2.7 times higher odds to have myopia.

Cadmium (Cd) is an important industrial pollutant, even though its mechanism of toxicity has not been completely clarified. Cd(2+) is toxic to a wide range of organs and tissues. Liver and kidneys are the primary target organs of cadmium toxicity. Cd(2+) induces apoptosis and causes necrotic cell death in certain pathophysiological situations. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. has many beneficial features. It supports the organism's stress response, immune system, and endocrine system, including the adrenal glands, spleen, and thymus gland. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of the Eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) liquid extract on the accumulation of Cd(2+) in liver and on the mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells after chronic intoxication by Cd(2+). Experiments were carried out on white laboratory mice. Laboratory mice were given to drink solutions of different Cd(2+) and ES concentrations for 8 weeks. Cd(2+) concentration in mouse liver was detected using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells was expressed as an estimated number of mitotic and apoptotic cells in randomly selected reference areas in a histological slide. ES combined with CdCl(2) leads to a significant decrease of cadmium concentration in the blood and liver of experimental mice. ES decreased the cadmium-induced mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells.

Objectives This study aimed to examine the associations between the fat mass and obesity associated ( FTO ) gene rs9939609 variant with obesity and metabolic syndrome and interactions between FTO alleles, dietary intake and physical activity in Lithuanian adult population. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods A health survey was carried out in randomly selected municipalities of Lithuania. The random sample was obtained from the lists of 25–64 year-old inhabitants. The data from 1020 individuals were analyzed. The single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs9939609, in the FTO gene was assessed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. 24-hour recall was used for evaluation of dietary habits. Information on physical activity at work, traveling to and from work and at leisure time was gathered by a standard questionnaire. Results The carriers of the AA genotype had the highest mean values of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). They had 1.72 time higher odds of obesity ( P = 0.009) and 1.67 time higher odds of increased WC ( P = 0.013) than those with the TT genotype. Carriers of the T allele had lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome compared to carriers of the AA genotype (33.8% and 42.5% respectively; P = 0.018). No interaction between the rs9939609 variant and energy or dietary intakes on weight status was found. Significant effect of the interactions ‘genotype×age' and ‘genotype×physical activity' on BMI was demonstrated. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was associated with anthropometric parameters and metabolic syndrome in the younger age group (25–44 years) and in individuals having low level of physical activity. Conclusions Age and physical activity modulated the effect of the FTO polymorphism on weight status and metabolic syndrome in Lithuanian adult population.

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous metal and cumulative poison that may cause liver and kidney damage and the formation of neoplasia. The experiments were performed on white laboratory mice using intraperitoneal injections of 0.05 LD50 of cadmium chloride solution. Two groups of mice were injected with Echinacea purpurea. (L.) Moench liquid extract: one 0.05 LD50 and the other 0.1 LD50. Cd concentration in mouse blood, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, and skeletal muscles was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Estimated mitotic index of liver cells reflected the mitotic activity in the liver. Mitotic index in liver cells increases under the Cd intoxication, but it remains unchanged after simultaneous injection of Cd and Echinacea purpurea. liquid extract. In this study, the changes in organs and metabolism, the accumulation of various levels of intraperitoneal Cd in tissues, and the effects of Echinacea purpurea. liquid extract on Cd-induced changes in mice were investigated.

Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is known to alter immune responses. Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms (AS) extract, an antioxidant-containing complex of phenolic compounds, tetracyclic triterpenoids/steroids, and polysaccharides, is known to produce Cd mobilization and excretion in vivo. Building upon earlier findings, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of an AS extract on Cd accumulation and changes in the presence of splenic immune cells in hosts during a chronic metal exposure. Chronic Cd exposure of BALB/c mice was induced by providing them solutions containing different levels of CdCl2 (25 or 250 mg/L) in double-distilled water, with/without a concurrent presence of AS root extract (approximately 151 g material/L), for 8 wk. At the study end, Cd levels in spleen were measured. Levels of key splenic immune cells, including macrophages, T-lymphocytes, and B-lymphocytes, were determined by immunohistochemistry using, respectively, CD68, CD3, and CD20 antibodies. The results indicated that chronic consumption of AS extract in the presence of the high dose of CdCl2 led to a significant decrease in Cd levels in mouse spleen. The effects of AS on the lower CdCl2 dose were less apparent. In addition, the presence of AS and Cd increased the amount of macrophages and both B and T lymphocytes in mouse spleen relative to concentrations that were lowered as a result of chronic metal only intake.

Background Dyslipidemia is one of several known risk factors for coronary heart disease, a leading cause of death in Lithuania. Blood lipid levels are influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Epidemiological studies demonstrated the impact of nutrition on lipid levels within the Lithuanian population although the role of genetic factors for dyslipidemias has not yet been studied. The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of the APOE, SCARB1, PPARα genotypes in the Lithuanian adult population and to determine the relationship of these genotypes with dyslipidemia. Methods A cross-sectional health survey was carried out in a representative random sample of the Lithuanian population aged 25–64 (n=1030). A variety of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the APOE (rs429358 and rs7412), SCARB1 (rs5888) and PPARα (rs1800206) genes were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum lipids were determined using enzymatic methods. Results/Principal findings Men and women with the APOE2 genotype had the lowest level of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Men with the APOE2 genotype had significantly higher levels of triglycerides (TG) than those with the APOE3 genotype. In men, the carriers of the APOE4 genotype had higher odds ratios (OR) of reduced (APOE3 carriers (OR=1.98; 95% CI=1.05-3.74). The odds of having elevated (>1.7 mmol/L) TG levels was significantly lower in SCARB1 genotype CT carriers compared to men with the SCARB1 genotype CC (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.31-0.79). In men, carriers of the PPARα genotype CG had higher OR of elevated TG levels versus carriers of PPARα genotype CC (OR=2.67; 95% CI=1.15-6.16). The odds of having high LDL-C levels were lower in women with the APOE2 genotype as compared to APOE3 genotype carriers (OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.22-0.57). Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest a gender difference in the associations between APOE, SCARB1, PPARα genotypes and lipid levels. In men, the APOE4 genotype and PPARα genotype CG were correlated with an atherogenic lipid profile while the SCARB1 genotype CT had an atheroprotective effect. In women, APOE2 carriers had the lowest odds of high LDL-C.

Background Mutation in SCARB1 gene, exon 8 rs5888, has been associated with altered lipid levels and cardiovascular risk in humans though the results have been inconsistent. We analysed the impact of SCARB1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs5888 with plasma lipid profile and association with coronary artery disease (CAD) in a Lithuanian population characterized by high morbidity and mortality from CAD and high prevalence of hypercholesterolemia. Methods The study included 1976 subjects from a random sample (reference group) and an myocardial infarction (MI) group of 463 patients. Genotyping of SCARB1 (rs5888) was carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results/principal findings Analysis of rs5888 C/T gene polymorphism in the reference group revealed that male TT genotype carriers (25–74 years) had significantly higher total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations (5.70 mmol/l vs. 5.49 mmol/l; p = 0.036, and 1.70 mmol/l vs. 1.40 mmol/l, p = 0.023, respectively) than CT carriers and the oldest males (65–74 years) TT carriers had significantly higher high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in comparison to heterozygous (1.52 mmol/l vs. 1.36 mmol/l, p = 0.033). The youngest female (25–44 years) TT genotype carriers had significantly lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in comparison to C homozygous (2.59 mmol/l vs. 2.92 mmol/l, p = 0.023). The frequency of the SCARB1 TT genotype in the oldest male MI group (65–74 years) was significantly lower than in the corresponding reference group subjects (9.4% vs. 22.3%, p = 0.006). SCARB1 TT genotype was associated with decreased odds of MI in males aged 65–75 years (OR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.10-0.56, p = 0.001). Conclusions/significance SCARB1 polymorphism is associated with lipid metabolism and CAD in an age- and gender- dependent manner. Analysis of SCARB1 SNP rs5888 C/T genotypes revealed an atheroprotective phenotype of lipid profile in older men and in young women TT genotype carriers in the reference group. SCARB1 TT genotype was associated with decreased odds of MI in aged men.

Cadmium (Cd(2+)) is an important industrial pollutant, although its mechanism of toxicity has not been completely clarified. Cd(2+) is toxic to a wide range of organs and tissues, however, the primary target organs of Cd(2+) toxicity are the liver and kidney. Echinacea purpurea stimulating one or another tread of the immune system stimulates the expression of immunoglobulins and interferons. The experiments were performed on white laboratory mice using intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections 0.05 LD(50) amount of CdCl(2) solution. Two groups of mice were injected by Echinacea purpurea liquid extract: one 0.05 LD(50) and the other 0.1 LD(50). In this article, the Cd(2+) distribution in internal organs, its effect on the mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells, as well as effects of Echinacea purpurea liquid extract on Cd(2+)-induced changes in mice were investigated. Cd(2+) concentration in mice blood, liver, and kidney was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Long-term injections of extract of Echinacea purpurea combined with Cd(2+)Cl(2) leads to the significant increase of Cd(2+) concentration in blood and investigated organs of experimental mice. Mitotic and apoptotic activity of liver cells was expressed as the estimated number of mitotic and apoptotic liver cells in randomly selected reference areas in histological slide. Echinacea purpurea decreases the mitotic activity of liver cells induced by Cd(2+) and increases apoptotic activity of the liver cells.

To evaluate the in vivo effects of cadmium and zinc ions on mitotic activity and protein synthesis in mouse liver.White outbred mice were injected intraperitoneally with cadmium chloride solution (14 micromoles cadmium per 1 kg of body mass) and/or with zinc sulfate solution (48 micromoles zinc per 1 kg of body mass). Histological slides were examined by light microscopy. For each specimen, the number of mitotic cells was counted in 10 randomly selected reference areas. Protein synthesis was evaluated by incorporation of [14C]-labeled leucine into newly synthesized peptides and proteins.We found that the mitotic index of mouse liver cells was increased for periods of 2-8 h after cadmium chloride injection; after 24 h the mitotic index significantly diminished. These data indicate a possible increase in liver cell regeneration during the initial 8 h following acute cadmium exposure. Zinc ions did not affect liver mitotic activity, and, interestingly, decreased the mitotic index in the liver of cadmium-treated mice to control levels. An examination of the kinetics of protein synthesis in mouse liver over a 24 h period after cadmium chloride injection revealed that incorporation diminished by 38% at 2 h, then increased 51% by 8 h and again decreased by 32% at 24 h as compared to control. Zinc ions increased protein synthesis in mouse liver 8 h after zinc sulfate injection. In assessing the effects of cadmium and zinc ions in vivo, it appeared that zinc ions tended to protect protein synthesis in response to cadmium ions but only at 2 h after cadmium intoxication.Zinc ions are capable of normalizing an increase in the mitotic index of liver cells at the early stage of cadmium poisoning (up to 8 h) and to protect the liver translation machinery against inhibition by cadmium.

A multicenter study was performed with the aim to investigate the blood concentrations of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) in hemodialysis patients and to clarify the impact of these metals level on the frequency of infections and the impact of medications on metal concentration in blood of these patients.265 patients with end-stage renal disease from 7 dialysis centers were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent standard hemodialysis. Venous blood samples were collected from hemodialysis patients before hemodialysis sessions. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was applied to measure blood levels of Zn and Al.The hemodialysis patients with infectious complications had significantly higher mean blood Al than the patients without complications (33.1+/-38.9 and 24.5+/-45.9 microg/l, respectively; p0.001) and lower plasma levels of Zn (821.9+/-389.5 and 905.1+/-346.6 microg/l, respectively; p0.005). Infectious complications were associated with zinc deficiency (p0.01). The HD patients who were taken CaCO3 had lower mean concentration of Zn (849.4+/-324.6 and 1022.1+/-507.4 microg/l, respectively; p0.006).

Objective. To evaluate the in vivo effects of cadmium and zinc ions on mitotic activity and protein synthesis in mouse liver. Material and methods. White outbred mice were injected intraperitoneally with cadmium chloride solution (14 µmoles cadmium per 1 kg of body mass) and/or with zinc sulfate solution (48 µmoles zinc per 1 kg of body mass). Histological slides were examined by light microscopy. For each specimen, the number of mitotic cells was counted in 10 randomly selected reference areas. Protein synthesis was evaluated by incorporation of [14C]-labeled leucine into newly synthesized peptides and proteins. Results. We found that the mitotic index of mouse liver cells was increased for periods of 2–8 h after cadmium chloride injection; after 24 h the mitotic index significantly diminished. These data indicate a possible increase in liver cell regeneration during the initial 8 h following acute cadmium exposure. Zinc ions did not affect liver mitotic activity, and, interestingly, decreased the mitotic index in the liver of cadmium-treated mice to control levels. An examination of the kinetics of protein synthesis in mouse liver over a 24 h period after cadmium chloride injection revealed that incorporation diminished by 38% at 2 h, then increased 51% by 8 h and again decreased by 32% at 24 h as compared to control. Zinc ions increased protein synthesis in mouse liver 8 h after zinc sulfate injection. In assessing the effects of cadmium and zinc ions in vivo, it appeared that zinc ions tended to protect protein synthesis in response to cadmium ions but only at 2 h after cadmium intoxication. Conclusions. Zinc ions are capable of normalizing an increase in the mitotic index of liver cells at the early stage of cadmium poisoning (up to 8 h) and to protect the liver translation machinery against inhibition by cadmium.