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What for a long time had been thought incompatible - management of public finance and expertise of ordinary citizens - has become possible with the development of participatory budget, particularly in cities, where public investments are more tangibile. Can this recent bond be strengthened if participation is advanced to an earlier stage of the complicated bureaucratic process that turns citizens’ tax payments into a distant municipal budget? In a mechanism dubbed “advanced participatory budget” we propose to add elements in advance of the standard participatory budget stages. Inviting citizens to participate when they fill in their tax declaration or receive their social benefit pay slip, can increase the salience of the impact of their taxes on the distribution of public expenditures. The mechanism proposed here is based on a number of hypotheses requiring empirical proof and it is not a policy recommendation, but a promising direction for future research that could potentially inform policymakers, citizens, and actors from the civil society.

This article aims to lay out the reflections resulting from the presentation of Marc Jeannotte entitled “What ways of civic life do we want in our metropolises?”. Emphasizing the link between urban transitions and the human project, the speaker advanced the essential role of citizen participation and the citizen as an actor in these transitions. Our analysis of this questioning is based on three notions of the theory of action: the structural fields of action, the actors and the representations of the actors. By applying this conceptual framework to the discussion, we can conclude that to enable collective intelligence in participatory approaches, these three elements must be considered. Thus, the speaker and the discussants place importance on the expertise of citizens and social capital, accessibility to information and the digital divide, diversity of opinions and learning. Further, we identify the lines of questioning to pursue in order to improve our understanding of the forms of citizen participation from the point of view of citizens'representations and strategies of action., Cet article vise à exposer les réflexions engendrées par la présentation de Marc Jeannotte intitulée “Quels modes de vie citoyenne voulons-nous dans nos métropoles?”. Soulignant le lien entre les transitions urbaines et le projet humain, l’intervenant a avancé le rôle essentiel de la participation citoyenne et du citoyen comme un acteur de ces transitions. Notre analyse de ce questionnement est basée sur trois notions de la théorie d’action : les champs structurels d’action, les acteurs et les représentations des acteurs. En appliquant ce cadre conceptuel à la discussion, nous pouvons conclure que pour permettre l’intelligence collective dans les démarches participatives, il faut prendre en compte ces trois éléments. Ainsi, l’intervenant et les discutants mettent l’importance sur l’expertise des citoyens et le capital social, l’accessibilité à l’information et la fracture numérique, la diversité des opinions et l’apprentissage. Ensuite, nous identifions les lignes de questionnement à poursuivre afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des formes de la participation citoyennes du point de vue des représentations et des stratégies d’action des citoyens.

Open data platforms provide free access to datasets in key areas of urban development. Often managed by the local state, open data platforms constitute a part of smart city strategies worldwide, serving different, potentially contradictory aims, i.e., fostering economic development, pursuing civic objectives or improving administrative efficiency. Reflecting these diverse orientations, our interest lies in understanding how open data platforms are coproduced by different actors based on their conceptions of open data. Taking a critical stance toward the often functionalistic interpretation of open data initiatives as ecosystems, we conceptualize the development of open data initiatives through a dynamic approach to agency, focusing on the strategies of different actor groups shaping open data initiatives and platforms in specific local governance contexts. Empirically, the paper analyses the development of open data initiatives and platforms in two European cities, Lyon and Berlin. Starting with the initial steps for setting open data on the agenda, we apply a process perspective unpacking actors' conceptions of open data and their strategies to shape open data initiatives and platform design. The analysis is based on tracing development processes and on interviews with representatives of city administrations, open data initiatives and civil society. Our findings indicate the objectives of open data initiatives were narrowed down to economic development and administration efficiency, despite broader visions on open data among other actors. This can be traced back to the high importance of personnel, financial and technical resources for defining the implementation of open data initiatives., Peer Reviewed

Open data platforms are being widely adapted in cities, with a promise to boost the economy and em-power citizens. However, researchers have drawn attention to the ineffectiveness of such initiatives un-less they are designed taking into account the local context and ecosystem of actors. Yet, literature review demonstrates a gap in addressing individual motiva-tions of actors, particularly discrete civil society ac-tors, to use open data. Building upon studies of indi-vidual motivations in open government, we propose a heuristic model of interconnection between societal outcomes of open data and actors’ individual moti-vations.AbstractAnalysis of the open data initiative and its ecosystem in Lyon is based on interviews and platform analysis. Our findings show that civil society actors in Lyon have the expertise to create knowledge and services from open data, but fail to appropriate it for lack of communication channels with platform managers. Consequently, this paper discusses possible modal-ities of interaction and proposes a further research agenda to better understand the connection between individual motivations, open data platform design and broader societal outcomes, Plataformas de dados abertos estão sendo amplamente adaptadas em cidades com a promessa de impulsionar a economia e empoderar os cidadãos. Entretanto, pesquisa-dores têm chamado atenção para a ineficácia dessas inicia-tivas, a menos que sejam projetadas levando em conta o contexto local e o ecosistemas de atores. Não obstante, uma revisão da literatura demonstra uma lacuna na abordagem às motivações dos atores e, em particular, atores discretos da sociedade civil ao usar os dados abertos. Com base em estudos de motivações individuais em um governo aberto, nós propomos um modelo heurístico de interconexão entre os resultados sociais dos dados abertos e as motivações in-dividuais dos atores.A análise da iniciativa de dados abertos e do ecossistema em Lyon é baseada em entrevistas e análise de plataforma. Nossas descobertas mostram que atores da sociedade civil em Lyon têm o conhecimento para criar serviços a partir dos dados abertos, mas não conseguem se apropriar destes últimos por falta de canais de comunicação com os gerentes da plataforma. Partindo desta conclusão, discutimos possí-veis modalidades de interação e propomos uma agenda de pesquisa futura para melhor compreender a conexão entre motivações individuais, desenho de plataformas de dados abertos, e objetivos sociais mais amplos., Las plataformas de datos abiertos se están adaptando am-pliamente en las ciudades, prometiendo impulsar la eco-nomía y empoderar a los ciudadanos. Sin embargo, los in-vestigadores han llamado la atención sobre la ineficacia de tales iniciativas, a menos que estén diseñadas teniendo en cuenta el ecosistema de actores. Empero, una revisión de la literatura demuestra una brecha entre el tratamiento de las motivaciones individuales, en particular, de los actores discretos de la sociedad civil para usar datos abiertos. Con base en estudios sobre motivaciones en gobierno abierto, proponemos un modelo heurístico de interconexión entre los resultados sociales de datos abiertos y las motivaciones de los actores.El análisis de la iniciativa de datos abiertos en Lyon se basa en entrevistas y análisis de la plataforma. Nuestros hallaz-gos muestran que los actores de la sociedad civil en Lyon tienen la experiencia para crear conocimiento con datos abiertos, pero no se los apropian por falta de canales de co-municación con los administradores de la plataforma. En consecuencia, discutimos las posibles modalidades de in-teracción y proponemos una agenda de investigación para comprender mejor la conexión entre las motivaciones indi-viduales, el diseño de la plataforma de datos abiertos y los resultados societales