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3. Automated Radiology Report Generation: A Review of Recent Advances

Author

Sloan, Phillip, Clatworthy, Philip, Simpson, Edwin, and Mirmehdi, Majid

Subjects
Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 68T99, I.2, I.4, J.3
Abstract

Increasing demands on medical imaging departments are taking a toll on the radiologist's ability to deliver timely and accurate reports. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence have demonstrated great potential for automatic radiology report generation (ARRG), sparking an explosion of research. This survey paper conducts a methodological review of contemporary ARRG approaches by way of (i) assessing datasets based on characteristics, such as availability, size, and adoption rate, (ii) examining deep learning training methods, such as contrastive learning and reinforcement learning, (iii) exploring state-of-the-art model architectures, including variations of CNN and transformer models, (iv) outlining techniques integrating clinical knowledge through multimodal inputs and knowledge graphs, and (v) scrutinising current model evaluation techniques, including commonly applied NLP metrics and qualitative clinical reviews. Furthermore, the quantitative results of the reviewed models are analysed, where the top performing models are examined to seek further insights. Finally, potential new directions are highlighted, with the adoption of additional datasets from other radiological modalities and improved evaluation methods predicted as important areas of future development., Comment: 24 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables. Accepted by IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering

Published
2024
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4. Preface

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

5. Figures and Tables

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

8. Contents

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

13. Part 1. Nature

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

18. Part 3. God

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

19. Part 2. Humanity

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

24. Back Cover

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

29. Index

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., McKenny, Gerald, and Eggleson, Kathleen

Published
2015

37. Phenomenology and the Species Problem: The Need for Dialogue Between Traditions

Author

Sloan, Phillip R., Huneman, Philippe, Series Editor, Reydon, Thomas A.C., Series Editor, Wolfe, Charles T., Series Editor, Abrams, Marshall, Editorial Board Member, Ariew, André, Editorial Board Member, Bertoloni Meli, Domenico, Editorial Board Member, Burian, Richard, Editorial Board Member, van Baalen, Minus, Editorial Board Member, Corsi, Pietro, Editorial Board Member, Duchesneau, François, Editorial Board Member, Dupre, John, Editorial Board Member, Farber, Paul, Editorial Board Member, Gannett, Lisa, Editorial Board Member, Gardner, Andy, Editorial Board Member, Gayon, Jean, Editorial Board Member, Giglioni, Guido, Editorial Board Member, Griffiths, Paul, Editorial Board Member, Heams, Thomas, Editorial Board Member, Lennox, James G., Editorial Board Member, Lesne, Annick, Editorial Board Member, Lewens, Tim, Editorial Board Member, Machery, Edouard, Editorial Board Member, Métraux, Alexandre, Editorial Board Member, Metz, Hans, Editorial Board Member, Millstein, Roberta L., Editorial Board Member, Müller-Wille, Staffan, Editorial Board Member, Munoz, François, Editorial Board Member, Murphy, Dominic, Editorial Board Member, Newman, Stuart A., Editorial Board Member, Nijhout, Frederik, Editorial Board Member, Okasha, Samir, Editorial Board Member, Oyama, Susan, Editorial Board Member, Padian, Kevin, Editorial Board Member, Queller, David, Editorial Board Member, Schmitt, Stephane, Editorial Board Member, Sloan, Phillip, Editorial Board Member, Sullivan, Jacqueline, Editorial Board Member, Testa, Giuseppe, Editorial Board Member, Turner, J. Scott, Editorial Board Member, Walsh, Denis, Editorial Board Member, Weber, Marcel, Editorial Board Member, and Méthot, Pierre-Olivier, editor

Published
2023
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38. Automated Radiology Report Generation: A Review of Recent Advances.

Author

Sloan, Phillip, Clatworthy, Philip, Simpson, Edwin, and Mirmehdi, Majid

Abstract

Increasing demands on medical imaging departments are taking a toll on the radiologist's ability to deliver timely and accurate reports. Recent technological advances in artificial intelligence have demonstrated great potential for automatic radiology report generation (ARRG), sparking an explosion of research. This survey paper conducts a methodological review of contemporary ARRG approaches by way of (i) assessing datasets based on characteristics, such as availability, size, and adoption rate, (ii) examining deep learning training methods, such as contrastive learning and reinforcement learning, (iii) exploring state-of-the-art model architectures, including variations of CNN and transformer models, (iv) outlining techniques integrating clinical knowledge through multimodal inputs and knowledge graphs, and (v) scrutinising current model evaluation techniques, including commonly applied NLP metrics and qualitative clinical reviews. Furthermore, the quantitative results of the reviewed models are analysed, where the top performing models are examined to seek further insights. Finally, potential new directions are highlighted, with the adoption of additional datasets from other radiological modalities and improved evaluation methods predicted as important areas of future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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42. The Effect of Body Weight Support on Energy Expenditure in an Individual With High-Level Lower Extremity Amputation

Author

Miller, Carol A., Hayes, Dawn M., Brooks, Bailey E., Sloan, Katie Y., and Sloan, Phillip G.

Subjects
Training, Health aspects, Physiological aspects, Aerobic exercises -- Training -- Health aspects, Amputees -- Training -- Health aspects, Body weight -- Physiological aspects, Leg amputation -- Physiological aspects, Energy metabolism -- Health aspects, Activities of daily living, Necrotizing fasciitis, Energy efficiency, Energy management, Myocardial diseases, Amputation, Prostheses and implants, Future predictions, Heart rate, Walking
Abstract

High-level lower extremity amputation (HLLEA), such as hip disarticulation (HD), is usually performed to save the life of the patient due to malignancy, severe infection such as gangrene or necrotizing [...], Background. High-level lower extremity amputation (HLLEA) has significant impact on an individual's ability to ambulate and maintain cardiovascular fitness for extended periods of time. Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether body weight support (BWS) would improve energy efficiency in an individual with HLLEA to achieve appropriate target cardiovascular intensity for aerobic training. Design. This was an exploratory single-subject study. Methods. The participant was a 45-year-old woman, 4.5 years after left hip disarticulation secondary to necrotizing fasciitis with resultant organ failure and cardiomyopathy. She was wearing a well-fitted prosthesis and had a goal of ambulating in the community with less fatigue. Vital signs and expiratory gases were recorded, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope was calculated during treadmill walking at 0%, 20%, and 40% unweighting. An age-matched control completed 0% unweighting baseline testing. Results. Under all conditions of treadmill walking, the participant's heart rate, blood pressure, and rate of perceived exertion consistently increased as speed and time increased. The participant's oxygen uptake efficiency slope was most efficient at 20% unweighting, and the economy of movement improved as the percentage of BWS increased, bringing values closer to the age-matched control. The participant reported only minimal pain immediately following 20% unweighting. Limitations. The primary limitation of this study is generalizability of findings because of minimal information for comparing the effects of BWS on aerobic capacity in individuals with HLLEA. Additionally, the percentages of unweighting using BWS were extrapolated based on corollary preexisting research; thus, there were no set parameters defined for this specific population. Conclusions. BWS allowed the participant to work more efficiently, which suggests that if used during an intervention, BWS might enable individuals with HLLEA to achieve recommended levels of training for aerobic conditioning. In future studies, it is recommended that 20% BWS be used at a speed that results in moderate-intensity exercise for individuals with HLLEA as determined by 50% to 70% of maximum heart rate for 20 to 30 minutes.

Published
2019
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