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6. Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDS): implications for safety

Author

Ziegelberger, G., Miller, S. A., O'Hagan, J., Okuno, T., Schulmeister, K., Sliney, D., Stuck, B., Croft, R., Feychting, M., Green, A. C., Hirata, A., D'Inzeo, G., Marino, C., Oftedal, G., van Rongen, E., Roosli, M., Sienkiewicz, Z., and Watanabe, S.

Subjects
Light, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, health effects, International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection, non-ionizing, radiation, safety standards, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Injuries, Lighting
Abstract

Since the original ICNIRP Statement was published in 2000, there have been significant improvements in the efficiency and radiance (i.e., optical radiation emission) of LEDs. The most important improvement is the development of 'white' LEDs that can be used as general lighting sources, which are more efficient than traditional lighting sources. LEDs emitting in the ultraviolet wavelength region have also become available and have made their way into consumer products. All these changes have led to a rise in concern for the safety of the optical radiation emissions from LEDs. Several in vitro and animal studies have been conducted, which indicate that blue and white LEDs can potentially cause retinal cell damage under high irradiance and lengthy exposure conditions. However, these studies cannot be directly extrapolated to normal exposure conditions for humans, and equivalent effects can also be caused by the optical radiation from other light sources under extreme exposure conditions. Acute damage to the human retina from typical exposure to blue or white LEDs has not been demonstrated. Concern for potential long-term effects, e.g. age-related macular degeneration (AMD), remains based on epidemiological studies indicating a link between high levels of exposure to sunlight and AMD. When evaluating the optical radiation safety of LEDs, it has now been established that published safety standards for lamps, not lasers, should be applied. Thus far, the only clear, acute adverse health effects from LEDs are those due to temporal light modulation (including flicker). Glare can also create visual disturbances when LED light fixtures are not properly designed. Further research is needed on potential health effects from short- and long-term exposure to new and emerging lighting technologies.

Published
2020

7. Principles for non-ionizing radiation protection

Author

Ziegelberger, G., Miller, S. A., O'Hagan, J., Okuno, T., Schulmeister, K., Sliney, D., Stuck, B., Croft, R., Feychting, M., Green, A. C., Hirata, A., D'Inzeo, G., Marino, C., Oftedal, G., van Rongen, E., Roosli, M., Sienkiewicz, Z., Watanabe, S., Ziegelberger, G., van Rongen, E., Croft, R., Feychting, M., Green, A. C., Hirata, A., D'Inzeo, G., Marino, C., Miller, S., Oftedal, G., Okuno, T., Roosli, M., Sienkiewicz, Z., and Watanabe, S.

Subjects
Radiation, Nonionizing, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, health effects, International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection, non-ionizing, radiation, safety standards, International Agencies, Radiation Exposure, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Protection, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiation Injuries
Abstract

In this statement, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) presents its principles for protection against adverse health effects from exposure to non-ionizing radiation. These are based upon the principles for protection against ionizing radiation of the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) in order to come to a comprehensive and consistent system of protection throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The statement further contains information about ICNIRP and the processes it uses in setting exposure guidelines.

Published
2020

13. Guidelines on limits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wavelengths between 180 nm and 400 nm (incoherent optical radiation)

Author

McKinlay, A F, Bernhardt, J H, Ahlbom, A, Cesarini, J P, de Gruijl, F R, Hietanen, M, Owen, R, Sliney, D H, Söderberg, Per, Swerdlow, A J, Taki, M, Tenforde, T S, Vecchia, P, Veyret, B, Matthes, R, Repacholi, M H, Diffey, B, Mainster, M A, Okuno, T, Stuck, B E, McKinlay, A F, Bernhardt, J H, Ahlbom, A, Cesarini, J P, de Gruijl, F R, Hietanen, M, Owen, R, Sliney, D H, Söderberg, Per, Swerdlow, A J, Taki, M, Tenforde, T S, Vecchia, P, Veyret, B, Matthes, R, Repacholi, M H, Diffey, B, Mainster, M A, Okuno, T, and Stuck, B E

Published
2004

15. Semitransparent curtains for control of optical radiation hazards

Author

Sliney, D. H, Moss, C. E, Miller, C. G, and Stephens, J. B

Subjects
Man/System Technology And Life Support
Abstract

The purposes and functions of semitransparent eye protective curtains are analyzed. Based upon this analysis, functional requirements are developed, and design requirements are specified for optimum curtains to be used with open arc welding and arc cutting processes. Such curtains also protect against other high intensity broad-spectral-band sources such as compact arc lamps. The requirements for filtering out hazardous UV radiation and blue light must be balanced against the need for transparency in the visible spectrum and the need for reduced glare. Infrared attenuation is shown to be of very little importance.

Published
1981

17. New Standards for Ultraviolet Radiation

Author

Sliney, D. H

Subjects
Biosciences
Abstract

Guidelines covering safe levels for exposure to ultraviolet radiation in an occupational environment are reported. The guidelines clarify the spectral radiant exposure doses and relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation required to elicit adverse biologic effects.

Published
1971

18. Hazards from High Intensity Lamps and Arcs

Author

Sliney, D. H

Subjects
Biosciences
Abstract

The principal occupational health problem generally associated with high intensity arc lamps results from exposure of the eye and skin to ultraviolet radiation. Occasionally, the chorioretinal burns are of concern. The eye is generally more susceptible than the skin to injury from high intensity optical radiation sources whether ultraviolet, visible or infrared. Recent developments in technology have shown that some high intensity optical radiation sources which have output parameters greatly different from those encountered in the natural environment present a serious chorioretinal burn hazard.

Published
1970

23. Future applications of lasers in surgery and medicine: a review.

Author

Sliney, D. H. and Wolbarsht, M. L.

Subjects
LASER surgery, OPERATIVE surgery, OPTOELECTRONIC devices, MEDICAL lasers, MEDICAL care, MEDICAL equipment
Abstract

The experimental use of lasers in surgery and medicine began only shortly after the development of the first working laser system. However, the development of practical, effective, and safe surgical lasers has been lengthy with many obstacles and delays. Today the laser is used for a wide variety of surgical operations. The fundamental limits and potential for future applications of lasers in surgery and medicine are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1989
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29. Toward the development of laser safety standards for fiber-optic communication systems

Author

Petersen, R. C. and Sliney, D. H.

Abstract

As the use of optical fiber communications systems that utilize semiconductor laser transmitters increases, the laser safety aspects unique to such systems need to be examined. Laser safety standards have been in use for many years [ “ American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers,” American National Standards Institute Z136.1 ( ANSI, New York, 1980); , A Guide for Control of Laser Hazards ( AGGIH, Cincinnati, 1981); , Environmental Health Criteria 23: Lasers and Optical Radiation ( World Health Organization, Geneva, 1982]. These standards usually address conventional lasers with a collimated output. In terms of the radiant energy emitted from the end of a radiating optical fiber, current laser safety standards place most systems in a potentially hazardous category, i.e., Class 3b. However, when one considers the unique aspects of a highly divergent beam and the physiological limits for close viewing, these systems appear to be considerably less hazardous than one might initially suspect. This warrants a separate dedicated standard. One organization, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z136 Committee, is addressing this issue through development of the “American National Standard for the Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communications Systems Utilizing Laser Diode and LED Sources” (ANSI Z136.2). It is shown that optically aided viewing, pupil size, and viewing durations are the critical safety issues. This paper proposes the rationale for that standard.

Published
1986

32. Magnetic-Field Hazards Bibliography.

Author

ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sliney,D H, Bishop,R, ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sliney,D H, and Bishop,R

Abstract

The purpose of this bibliography was to prepare in the interest of providing a source of references for those interested in the biological effects and the evaluation of hazards associated with magnetic fields. This is the second published edition of Magnetic-Fields Hazards Bibliography. The 364 references are divided into groups as shown in the Table of Contents: Measurement Techniques, Environmental Levels, and Applications in Sciences and Industry, Biological Studies at the Molecular, Cellular and Sub-vertebrate Level, Biological Studies: Vertebrates, and Biological Studies: Man and Neural Effects.

Published
1985

33. Laser Hazards Bibliography - October 1984

Author

ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sliney,D H, Galoff,P K, Wood,R L, Wood,S, ARMY ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD, Sliney,D H, Galoff,P K, Wood,R L, and Wood,S

Abstract

The Laser Hazards Bibliography consists of 2,795 references in the open literature broken into subject categories which relate to general biological effects, the eye, the skin, laser safety, laser propagation in the atmosphere, and laser measurements., Supersedes report dated Aug 83.

Published
1984

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