Search

Objective To examine the treatment effects of repositioning maneuvers with the head turned 45° downwards (Gufoni maneuver) and 45° upwards (Appiani maneuver) in 25 patients with ageotropic horizontal semicircular canal (HSCC) benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Methods Patients were randomly assigned to the Gufoni or Appiani maneuvers, and their immediate and short‐term efficacy was investigated. Results The immediate treatment response was successful in four of 16 patients who were treated with the Appiani maneuver and were not successful in any of the nine patients treated with the Gufoni maneuver. The patients who showed spontaneous resolution during follow‐up outnumbered the patients who showed resolution of ageotropic HSCC BPPV immediately after the repositioning maneuvers. Conclusion This study showed a very low immediate resolution rate of ageotropic HSCC BPPV after the Gufoni maneuver; this may be attributed to the less effectiveness of the Gufoni maneuver against debris that often exists in the canal side of the cupula. Another interesting finding was that the rate of spontaneous resolution during the follow‐up period was higher than that of immediate resolution after the repositioning maneuvers, which may support the recently proposed hypothesis that ageotropic positional nystagmus can also be evoked by causes other than the otolithic attachment on the cupula, such as a slight change in the biochemical composition of the inner ear fluids. Level of Evidence 3.

Introduction Secondhand (SHS) smoke exposure has caused various health problems. Therefore, continuous monitoring of SHS exposure is important to determine the efficacy of various anti-tobacco measure implemented. The study aims to compare the prevalence and factor(s) associated with SHS exposure among secondary school-going adolescents in Malaysia during 2012 and 2017. Methods We derived data from the Global School Health Survey (GSHS) 2012 and GSHS 2017, which was carried out in Malaysia using multistage sampling to select representative samples of secondary school-going adolescents. Both surveys used similar questionnaires to measure SHS exposure. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the prevalence and factors associated with SHS exposure. Results Approximately four in ten respondents were exposed to SHS in the past week in both surveys (41.5% in GSHS 2012 and 42.0% in GSHS 2017, respectively). Both surveys revealed a significantly higher SHS exposure among respondents who smoked than among non-smokers and higher among males compared to females. The likelihood of SHS exposure in both surveys was also similar, with a higher likelihood of SHS exposure among smoking adolescents and non-smoking adolescents who had at least one smoking parent/guardian, regardless of their own smoking status. Male adolescents had a higher risk of SHS exposure compared to their female counterparts. Meanwhile, SHS risk also increased with age, regardless of smoking status. Conclusions Our findings suggested that there were no changes in the prevalence of SHS exposure and recorded only a slight change in the factors associated with exposure to SHS among school-going adolescents in Malaysia between the years 2012 and 2017. A more pro-active, extensive and comprehensive programme should be implemented to address the problem of SHS exposure. Parents should be advised to stop smoking or abstain from smoking in the presence of their children, and smoking cessation interventions are necessary for smoking adolescents and their parents.

The paper deals with the design of a system for changing the adhesion conditions in a road vehicle. The change in adhesive force is done by changing the radial reaction which the vehicle wheel transmits to the road. The paper describes a new device (SkidSystem) and its construction. The main element of the device is done in the form of a supporting frame; four supporting wheels are attached to this frame. As a result of the mechanical change of wheel lift, the radial reaction is reduced. Subsequently, an experimental measurement is performed, where the waveforms of basic physical quantities describing the road vehicle behaviour are measured. Driving in a straight line with the so-called panic braking was selected as an experimental test. An experimental vehicle is used to carry out the experimental measurement. According to the results found, modifications of the device are proposed, so that the results were closer to testing under real conditions. Disadvantages of SlidingFrame were the increase in the car weight, a slight change in the car centre of gravity and a limited angle of inclination of the body during intensive braking.

Owing to the unprecedented amount of data and abundant computing resources, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are widely adopted and used in many disciplines. Since the inaugural issue of this Series in May 2019, we have seen a multitude of studies applying AI and ML techniques to diverse areas of communications. Starting with this issue, we have made a slight change in the title of the series to become “Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Communications.” We considered that most of the submitted manuscripts are related to AI and ML and fewer submissions are related to data science (DS). This is why we moved AI ahead of DS.

Relevance. Recently interest in Siberian and Alaskan huskies has led to a sharp increase in their population, which has led to the relevance of the work carried out.The purpose of the research was to study and evaluate the biological characteristics of sled dogs of different breeds.Methods. The biological traits of sled dogs of Siberian and Alaskan Husky breeds have been carried out with using modern hematological and statistical research methods.Results. The dynamics of hematological indicators in dogs of different breeds before and after exercise has been established. The exercise affected the content of red blood cells — in both groups their decrease occurred (by 7.3 and 11.7%), a similar dynamics has been observed in the level of hemoglobin. The content of white blood cells in both groups, on the contrary, has been increased after exercise. Exercises during the race led to a slight change in the concentration of platelets in the blood of dogs: in Siberian huskies their content has been decreased, while in the group of Alaskan huskies has been increased. The adaptation coefficient of Siberian husky dogs was 4.4 and was higher than in Alaskan huskies by 0.6 or 13.6% (P > 0.999). The heat tolerance index for Siberian huskies was 79.0 and was higher than for Alaskan huskiesb y 8.0 or 11.3% (P > 0.99).

This paper studies de Finetti’s optimal dividend problem with capital injection. We confirm the optimality of a double barrier strategy when the underlying risk model follows a Levy process that may have positive and negative jumps. In contrast with the spectrally one-sided cases, double barrier strategies cannot be handled by using scale functions to obtain some properties of the expected net present values (NPVs) of dividends and capital injections. Instead, to obtain these properties, we observe changes in the sample path (and the associated NPV) when there is a slight change to the initial value or the barrier value.

Decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) is a crisis capacity strategy allowed when there are known shortages of FFRs. The application of moist heat is one decontamination method that has shown promise and is the approach approved in the Steris Steam Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). This effort examines the use of multicookers to apply moist heat, as they are available in retail stores and more affordable than methods requiring more sophisticated equipment. Four of five multicooker models examined met the acceptance criteria for the test and one model was selected for inactivation testing. Tests were performed on four different FFR models with SARS‐CoV‐2 suspended in culture media, simulated saliva or simulated lung fluid. Moist heat treatment reduced recoverable titres of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus to levels below the limit of detection in all tests. Furthermore, these four FFR models showed no loss in collection efficiency, inhalation resistance or visual damage after up to 10 decontamination cycles. Two (2) FFR models showed a slight change in strap elasticity (, Significance and Impact of the Study: The potential to decontaminate N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2 in culture media, simulated saliva and simulated lung fluid using moist heat in a multicooker is demonstrated. Furthermore, the FFR models tested did not show degradation of performance when subjected to at most 10 decontamination cycles. This approach represents a low‐cost and simple FFR decontamination method that could be considered for use when shortages exist during an emergency, such as the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin diseases (registered in 80-90% of teenagers and young people of working age) with the localization of acne on exposed skin, has a chronic course that causes psycho-emotional changes in patients and reduces their quality of life.Objective. To improve the treatment of patients with acne depending onthe clinical manifestations of dermatosis and the state of their systemicimmunity through the differentiated use of immunotropic drugs.Material and methods. A comprehensive immunological examinationand treatment of 146 patients with acne aged 19 to 25 years, of which 77(52.7%) were female and 69 (47.3%) were male. The control groupconsisted of 35 healthy individuals (donors) of similar age and sex.Results. All 146 examined patients with acne were diagnosed with aninflammatory form of acne, including: in 37 (25.3%) patients - mildclinical course, in 83 (56.8%) - moderate severity and in 26 (17.9%) -severe clinical course of acne. The immunological study revealedsignificant changes in immune parameters in patients with severe andmoderate clinical course of acne, while a slight change in the immunitywas found in the patients with mild stage of acne. According to thesechanges in the immunological parameters of patients with acne, animmunotropic drug glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (lycopid) wasprescribed differently - 2 mg twice a day for 10 days (for the patients with moderate acne) and 10 mg once a day for 10 days (for the patients with severe clinical picture). This kind of treatment led to a positive dynamics of immunological parameters of the blood in such patients.Conclusion. Differentiated immunotropic therapy as a component ofcomplex treatment of patients with acne with the prescribtion of theimmunotropic drug glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (lycopid) allows usto improve the results of treatment, which is confirmed by the significantpositive dynamics of clinical and laboratory parameters.

In this paper, we study existence, dependence, and optimal control results concerning solutions to a class of hemivariational inequalities for stationary Navier–Stokes equations but without making use of the theory of pseudo-monotone operators. To do so, we consider a classical assumption, due to Rauch, which constrains us to make a slight change on the definition of a solution. The Rauch assumption, although it insures the existence of a solution, does not allow the conclusion that the non-convex functional is locally Lipschitz. Moreover, two dependence results are proved, one with respect to changes of the boundary condition and the other with respect to the density of external forces. The later one will be used to prove the existence of an optimal control to the distributed parameter optimal control problem where the control is represented by the external forces.

Reduplication can be defined as a morphological process where the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. It can be found in many world languages with various types and uses. This paper investigates reduplication in terms of phonology, morphology, and semantics in some selected verses of the Glorious Qur’an concerning its kinds and its translation into English. The main problem of the present research is concerned with the way of translating reduplication concerning the Glorious Quran. Different interpretations of reduplication are adopted to show the efficiency and the rhetorical functions of these forms. More specifically, four translations of Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, Shakir, and Arberry are examined to find the strategies and methods used to translate reduplication accurately and appropriately. It is concluded that some translators succeeded in translating reduplication, whereas others could maintain neither the functions nor the impacts of such forms in English. However, it is challenging to render reduplication phonologically and morphologically into English due to the eloquence and inimitability of the Glorious Qur’an.

Objective: Turkish Directorate of Public Health introduced the first pilot screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in four Turkish cities in 2017, and in 2018 extended the program, with a slight change in screening strategy, to fourteen cities. To evaluate the performance of the extended study and update previously reported outcomes. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study. Neonates of >= 32 gestational weeks and >= 1500 gr birth weight from fourteen cities, born between May-December 2018, were included. Screening protocol included one sample, two-tier testing as applied in the previous pilot study. In the first step, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was measured by fluoroimmunoassay in dried blood spots (DBS) obtained at 3-5 days of life. Cases with positive initial screening underwent second tier testing by steroid profiling in DBS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 17-OHP, 21-deoxycortisol (21-S), cortisol (F), 11-deoxycortisol and androstenedione. The babies with a steroid ratio (21-S+ 17-OHP)/F of >= 0.7 (increased from >= 0.5 in the earlier pilot study) were referred to pediatric endocrinology clinics for diagnostic assessment. Results: In the evaluated period, 241,083 newborns were screened. 12,321 (5.11 %) required second-tier testing and 880 (0.36 %) were referred for clinical assessment, twenty of whom were diagnosed with CAH (10 females, 10 males). Sixteen were diagnosed as classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) CAH (12 with salt-wasting and four with simple virilising CAH), and four cases were identified with 11 beta-OHD CAH. No case of salt-wasting CAH was missed by neonatal screening (sensitivity was 100 %). The incidence of classical 21-OHD and 11 beta-OHD in the screened population was 1:15,067 and 1:60,270, respectively. Conclusion: Turkish neonatal CAH screening effectively led to earlier diagnosis of 21-OHD and 11 beta-OHD, using steroid profiling as a second-tier test. This will result in improved care of these patients in the future.

Adopting ICP-AES and ICP-MS to determine the content of 53 elements (6 macro-elements, 47 trace elements), which used HNO3 (5 mL) and H2O2 (2 mL) to digest Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) by microwave. These herbs obtained from six producing areas in China, namely Xuanwu (Henan province), Shihezi (Xinjiang province), Zhongjiang (Sichuan province), Panan (Zhejiang province), Bozhou (Anhui province), and Heze (Shandong province). A certified reference material of Astragalus (GBW 10028, GSB-19) was used to assess the accuracy of the method. Except the slight change of Na and S in Xuanwu, the content of other producing areas followed the order of Ca > K > P > Mg > S > Na. The herbs of Shihezi (22,658 mg/kg) got the highest concentration of total elements, while the herbs of Panan (1.006 mg/kg) got the highest concentration of rare earth elements. The multi-element fingerprint map of Baishao was established, which was obviously different from other herbs. Meanwhile, the same method was adopted to determine the content of 50 elements in Baishao decoctions from three main producing areas. Compared with the herbs, each element was significantly reduced, and K was the highest concentration. The transfer rates of elements in Baishao decoctions followed the order (mean): As (55.79%) > Ni (55.19%) > Na (51.48%) > Mo (44.13%) > Ce (43.82%) > V (40.52%). The decoctions of Panan (0.122 mg/kg) got the highest content of rare earth elements. In all Baishao herbs and their corresponding decoctions, the levels of Cu, Cd, As, Pb, and Hg did not exceed the limits of the Green Trade Standards of Importing & Exporting Medicinal Plants & Preparations (WM2-2001) and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015).

Oral administration has been the most common therapeutic regimen in various diseases because of its high safety, convenience, lower costs, and high compliance of patients. However, susceptible in hostile gastrointestinal (GI) environment, many drugs show poor permeability across GI tract mucus and intestinal epithelium with poor oral absorption and limited therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDS) have become a hot research spot because of their unique advantages including protecting drug from premature degrading and interacting with the physiological environment, increasing intracellular penetration, and enhancing drug absorption. However, a slight change in physicochemistry of nanoparticles can significantly impact their interaction with biological pathways and alter the oral bioavailability of drugs. Hence, this review focuses on the factors affecting oral bioavailability from two aspects. On the one hand, the factors are the biochemical and physiological barriers in oral drugs delivery. On the other hand, the factors are the nanoparticle properties including size, surface properties, and shape of nanoparticles.

Cultivation of rubber was spread widely during the last 25 years in Kerala and is the second largest crop. The wide spread of rubber shows that around 90 percent of natural rubber in India is contributed by Kerala. The economic development of any nation depends on industries including agro based industries. Rubber industry is one of the important agro-based industries and natural rubber producers faced many problems relating to its price. Government has introduced many schemes for the development of this crop and Rubber Production Incentive Scheme (RPIS) is a programme which guarantees a minimum price of Rs.150 per kilogram for rubber. There has been a slight change in the area of rubber after this and the study reached a conclusion that farmers are effectively managing their costs through this scheme. Keywords: Rubber, RPIS, Small rubber cultivators; Effectiveness, Kasaragod.

Smart drug delivery nano-systems show significant changes in their physical or chemical properties in response to slight change in environmental physical and/or chemical signals, and further releasing drugs adjusted to the progression of the disease at the right target and rate intelligently. Two-dimensional materials possess dramatic status extend all over various scientific and technological disciplines by reason of their exceptional unique properties in application of smart drug delivery nano-systems. In this review, we summarized current progress to highlight various kinds of two-dimensional materials drug carriers which are widely explored in smart drug delivery systems as well as classification of stimuli responsive two-dimensional materials and the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. Consequently, we anticipate that this review might inspire the development of new two-dimensional materials with smart drug delivery systems, and deepen researchers’ understanding of smart nano-carries based on two-dimensional materials., Graphical abstract The fabrication, encapsulation, various stimuli response and applications of 2D materials smart drug delivery systems were reviewed. With unique 2D structure and sensitive response to external stimuli, 2D materials are expected to conquer any obstacle in maximizing the therapeutic effect of drugs.Image 1, Highlights • Introduction to the exfoliation method of two-dimensional materials for biomedical applications. • Summary of the encapsulation of two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems. • Discussion of the classification of stimuli responsive two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems. • Overview of the application of two-dimensional materials smart drug delivery systems.

The printable electrode interlayer with excellent thickness tolerance is crucial for mass production of organic solar cells (OSCs) by solution-based print techniques. Herein, high-quality printable SnO2 films are simply fabricated by spin-coating or blade-coating the chemical precipitated SnO2 colloid precursor with post thermal annealing treatment. The SnO2 films possess outstanding optical and electrical properties, especially extreme thickness-insensitivity. The interfacial electron trap density of SnO2 cathode interlayers (CILs) are very low and show negligible increase as the thicknesses increase from 10 to 160 nm, resulting in slight change of the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the PM6:Y6 based OSCs from 16.10% to 13.07%. For blade-coated SnO2 CIL, the PCE remains high up to 12.08% even the thickness of SnO2 CIL is high up to 530 nm. More strikingly, the large-area OSCs of 100 mm2 with printed SnO2 CILs obtain a high efficiency of 12.74%. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first example for the high-performance and large-area OSCs with the thickness-insensitive SnO2 CIL.

Present study examines the trends of extreme daily temperature and rainfall indices in some selectedmeteorological stations/districts of the Punjab. Due to paucity of data only six weather stations were selected from thewhole Punjab, having data of 33 years for temperature and precipitation on daily basis. A set of 14 indices(recommended by climate ET) were used to calculate the trends over a period of 32 years (1985–2017) by usingRClimDex (1.0) software package. These results showed that the number of tropical nights (TR20) and warm nights(TN90p) has been increasing in selected weather stations/districts and number for cool nights (TN10p) has been falling.Other temperature related indices trends such as, summer days, warms days, warm spell duration indicator (WSDI) andcool spell duration (CSDI) shows a mix pattern. The precipitation indices like SDII, RX1day, R10mm and PRCPTOTshowed an increasing trend in some selected stations. Most of the trends were not significant at level of 0.05 % whilemaximum day temperature increase has been observed at five out of six selected stations. Similarly, an average increasein precipitation in the vicinity of 3 mm per decade has been noted. The annual total rainfall and number of heavyrainfall days has also increased by 18 mm and 8.4 mm respectively during each decade. The analysis identified andhighlighted a slight change which was not temporally and spatially rational. However, there is need to more andadequate yearly data of different weather stations across the Punjab to identify the ongoing apparent and impeccablechanges in climate of the Punjab province.

Objective:To investigate whether implementation of a universal salt iodization (USI) programme has sufficient effects on pregnant women in Chongqing, the present study evaluated the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women living in Chongqing by spot urinary iodine concentration (UIC), to provide scientific suggestions to better meet the specific iodine needs of this vulnerable group.Design:Cross-sectional design.Setting:A random spot urine sample and household table salt sample were provided by each participant.Participants:A total of 2607 pregnant women from twenty-six of thirty-nine districts/counties in Chongqing participated.Results:The overall median UIC of pregnant women was 171·80 μg/l (interquartile range (IQR) = 113·85–247·00 μg/l) and 40·97 % (n 1057) of participants were iodine insufficient. The median iodine in table salt samples was 25·40 mg/kg (IQR = 23·10–28·30 mg/kg); 93·26 % (n 2406) of samples examined were found to be adequately iodized. Iodine nutritional status was not significantly different according to table salt iodization category. Trimester was identified to be statistically associated with UIC (P < 0·01). Seven districts/counties had median UIC below 150 μg/l and one district had median UIC of 277·40 μg/l.Conclusions:The USI programme in Chongqing prevents iodine deficiency generally, but does not maintain iodine status within adequate and recommended ranges throughout pregnancy. Usage of non-iodized or unqualified iodized salt and the slight change of dietary habits of iodized salt in Chongqing may present a substantial challenge to fight iodine-deficiency disorders; more efforts are needed to ensure adequate iodine intake during pregnancy besides the USI programme.

Objective The aim: To determine the structure of acute injuries of temporary and permanent frontal teeth in children, to analyze the applied diagnostic and treatment measures for acute tooth trauma and to investigate their effectiveness. Patients and methods Materials and methods: The subject of the study were 31 children aged 2-12 years with acute temporary and permanent tooth trauma. Methods: clinical (radiological, thermodiagnosis), medical and statistical. Results Results: The number of injured permanent teeth was greater than the number of injured temporary teeth. The pattern of temporary and permanent tooth injuries differed, so in temporary teeth dislocations were observed, and in permanent teeth fractures prevailed over dislocations. In our opinion, this is due to the peculiarities of the anatomy of the temporary teeth. Usually, the therapeutic tactics of acute temporary teeth injuries is to remove them, despite their important role in the growth and development of jaws, physiological formation and eruption of permanent teeth. The therapeutic tactics of dynamic observation in the case of intrusive dislocation of the temporary tooth were selected in the clinic of the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In some cases, with a slight change in the position of the temporary tooth, self-regulation of its position was observed, in other cases the tooth remained dystopic, but its viability remained in 50% of cases. Therapeutic tactics of acute injuries of permanent teeth were selected according to the type of trauma. In the case of permanent tooth dislocation, with a slight change in its position, tooth immobilization was carried out by splinting with fiberglass tape and photopolymer composite material. Conclusion Conclusions: Our observations have shown that the complex of modern specialized medical care for the affected children with acute traumatic injuries of the teeth should be guided by their preservation, which ensures the subsequent normal formation of the dental-jaw apparatus. To ensure these conditions, a long, reliable immobilization of the damaged tooth is required as soon as possible after injury.

Nowadays, meat and meat products are considered as a part of the daily diet of most people. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with meat and meat products and their consumption according to individual types of meat. Based on the above, the paper is focused on the issue of consumption of individual types of meat in the Slovak Republic and the identification of key factors affecting the consumption of meat and meat products from Slovak consumers' point of view. Secondary and primary data is used to fulfil the aim of the paper. Secondary data is obtained from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, on the basis of which the development of consumption of individual types of meat is predicted by 2020. It can be stated that poultry and pork meat and meat products consumption is constantly increasing and there is a slight change in beef and fish meat and meat products consumption, which is currently at a very low level. In the context of the above, a questionnaire survey is realised and based on its results it could be concluded that the price is a main reason for the inadequate consumption of different types of meat. However, consumers consume meat and meat products mainly because of taste, which can be considered as an aspect of irrationality in the diet of Slovak consumers. Furthermore, a number of factors affecting the purchase and consumption of meat and meat products have been identified. The results show rational and irrational aspects in the decision making of Slovak consumers. The most important factor is the quality of meat and meat products, which consumers perceive differently, mainly on the basis of their own personality and other aspects of meat quality (price, origin, freshness, and sensory characteristics of meat). Other important factors are the perception of composition, freshness, price and country of origin.

En este trabajo se estudió el efecto que tiene el proceso de fundición e inyección en la microestructura y las propiedades mecánicas de una aleación metálica no ferrosa base zinc–aluminio (Zn-Al) conocida como Zamak. Los análisis se realizaron sobre muestras obtenidas de un lingote en estado de entrega, es decir, tal como llega de los proveedores al proceso productivo de fundición e inyección de piezas de bisutería; y sobre muestras extraídas de un lingote fabricado con una mezcla de material nuevo (70% de la muestra inicial) y material reciclado (30%) proveniente de los rebordes y excedentes de los procesos de fundición e inyección de las mismas piezas de bisutería. Mediante ensayos de metalografía se comprobó que, tanto las muestras iniciales como las secundarias, contienen microestructuras formadas por una fase de solución sólida y una fase eutéctica en diferentes proporciones. Además, se observó que el crecimiento de precipitados en la muestra secundaria, indica que hubo un refinamiento o redistribución de la estructura conformada por granos de fase sólida, los cuales se tornaron en formas más redondeadas y abundantes en la muestra. Por medio de difracción de rayos X, no se evidenció la formación de nuevas fases en la muestra secundaria. Para la cuantificación de las propiedades mecánicas se recurrió a ensayos de nanoindentación, macrodureza y ensayos de tensión, cuyos resultados mostraron un ligero cambio en las propiedades mecánicas, que para el proceso productivo de fundición y conformado volumétrico por inyección, no representan una contribución muy significativa en piezas con las mismas especificaciones fabricadas con ambos tipos de materiales. Por tal razón, el reprocesado de material en el proceso productivo de muestras para bisutería es una alternativa importante para el aumento de la productividad y la reducción de costos en la manufactura por fundición e inyección de este tipo de piezas.

Purpose Media has always been used as a key manipulator of public agendas, political beliefs and individuals’ attitudes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of three adaptive media strategies on the pattern and dynamics of potential crowds. Design/methodology/approach An agent-based approach is used to simulate the three adaptive media strategies on the pattern and dynamics of potential crowds. During the experiments, the media broadcast is intensified to gather momentum for crowd movements or is lessened to maintain the budget. Findings The results show that a slight change in the media management strategy could lead to a radical different impact on the crowd dynamics. The results also show that a quite smart media strategy could outperform a strategy with an unlimited budget. Finally, the structure of the society shows a significant influence on the crowd dynamics than it could be inferred. Originality/value The model presents an explanatory toolkit for the crowd complexity. The results provide deep insights into the crowd formation and a basis for understanding the influence of media and the impact of its strategies on the crowd dynamics.

In 2008, excavations at Herodium revealed magnificent secco wall paintings and stucco decorations adorning the central chamber at the top of the royal theatre. The wall paintings, dated to the first century B.C.E., have been preserved up to a height of 6 meters. However, shortly after the discovery, salts weathering and structural faults caused severe damages to the decorations. The conservation process to restore the wall paintings lasted almost a decade. These efforts helped stabilize the state of wall painting, but in a very fragile manner, while the deterioration factors are still present, any slight change in the condition of the enclosure, could damage the paintings. This study is aimed at assisting the conservators in developing a tool that will offer a glance to the hidden threats at the subsurface, and by that help protect historic monuments from salt weathering. This paper will describe an innovative methodology with particular emphasis on novel multimodal convolutional neural networks (CNNs) technologies to process data of non-destructive testing (NDT) for detection and mapping soluble salts at the subsurface of ancient wall paintings. Prior to preforming the system protocol in situ, a laboratory simulation was carried out to study thermochemical behaviour of soluble salts, chlorides and sulphates, within different subsets. The preliminary results of the simulation will be presented in this paper.

Environmental evaluation is not an official examination required by a statutory regulation, but rather a proactive effort carried out consciously to identify environmental problems that will arise so prevention efforts can be carried out. The scope of this environmental evaluation activity comes from the 1994 Minister of Environment Decree of the Republic of Indonesia concerning General Guidelines for the Implementation of Environmental audits as the basis of the variables to be evaluated. Data collection is done by interviewing 10 local people, Library Study, and Direct Observation to identify or look for historical information, a series of businesses and activities of local communities, environmental damage and Destination Management of Tidung Island. The results of this study found that Tidung Island began to develop as a tourist destination starting in 2009, with tourism activities mostly centered on the large Tidung Island, while the small Tidung Island became a conservation area managed by the government. Most of the local people of Tidung Island live depend on tourism activities, they facilitate tourists by building several tourism facilities and infrastructure. At present the environmental conditions in Pulau Tidung are undergoing a slight change, for example the marine ecosystem which can usually be overgrown with seaweed, currently cannot and is being tested for replanting, and the garbage at several coastal points on Tidung Island is large and small, slightly reducing the beauty of the island Tidung

Intelligent surveillance systems in multi-camera environments pose a hard-open problem for computer vision. The way the people look changes inside and also among cameras, so people re-identification task can be largely improved collecting data about people already identified and take advantage of it as time advances in surveillance video. Furthermore, a camera change or a slight change in the objective traits may require the complete re-formulation of the appearance models. In this paper, we propose several heuristics for updating the appearance model in a multi-camera surveillance environment. Through these heuristics, the subject's appearance model is updated across different time and environmental conditions. The update process is carried out primarily in three different aspects: 1) based on time lapses, 2) based on the change of camera, and 3) based on the automatic selection of the most representative samples selected through decision functions of the classifier. The proposed system focuses on video surveillance environments, that is, the objective is to identify an individual across the set of cameras in the surveillance area, the comparison considers only those people that share time and space. We used four public benchmarks to test our claims; the results confirm the importance of continuous appearance model's updating.

Early blight caused by Alternaria solani (Ell. and Mart.) is one of the most important economic diseases, which caused considerable loss in their yield and quality under Egyptian conditions. Aim the research was to study the relationship between climate change and disease severity for prediction in future seasons. Disease severity was recorded for three growing periods i.e. summer (May. to Aug), autumn (Jul. to Oct) and winter (Nov. to Mar.), at three governorates (Behira, Ismailia, and Assuit) during growing seasons 2016/2017-2017/2018. Severity of early blight disease on tomato has been predicted by regression estimated accumulative disease severity values during 2007/2008 to 2015/2016 season and average max and min temperature and humidity through these seasons. Prediction of disease has been formed as Y= b0+b1x1+b2x2+ bqxq. Three models were created to describe the severity disease by multiple regressions (MINITAB® program). The highest value of early blight disease was recorded through season 2017/2018, while the lowest value was recorded during season 2016/2017. Also, highly disease severity was estimated during summer period compared with autumn and winter growing periods, but through winter growing period was the least severity and moderately severity estimated in the autumn growing period. Influence of environmental conditions on the severity of early blight disease during seasons from 2007/2008 to 2015/2016, in Behira governorate, the highest disease severity was showed in season 2010-2011, and the lowest disease was in season 2012-2013, but in Ismailia governorate, highest disease severity was estimated in season 2010-2011and lowest disease was recorded in season 2013-2014 and in Assuit governorate, the highest value of disease was in season 2010-2011, and the lowest value was in season 2013-2014. For Forecasting, significantly differences noticed between disease severity through 2020/2030, 2030/2040 and 2040/ 2050s seasons compared with 2008/2018s seasons and thier relation with climate change in tested governorates, where severity of tomato early blight disease was icreased from 11.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 15.4% during at Behira governorate, from 18.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 36.3% during at Ismailia governorate and from 18.8% during 2008/2018s seasons to 2040/ 2050s seasons 40.4% during at Assuit governorate with slight change in maximum or minimum temperatures and percentage of relative humidity.

Objective To determine the effect of the ``Caring for caregivers®'' program on the care ability of family caregivers of people with rheumatoid arthritis in a health service provider institution in the city of Barranquilla. Methodology Pre-experimental quantitative study, with pre-test-post-test design with a group. The sample consisted of 40 family caregivers. A characterisation card of the pair caregiver-person with chronic illness was used for the sociodemographic profile of the caregiver, as well as the Care Skill Inventory (CAI) before starting the program and after finishing. An analysis was made from descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency, in order to determine the profile of the caregivers in the dimensions: knowledge, value, and patience, and in the care ability. Inferential tests were used. Results The family caregivers of people with rheumatoid arthritis are mostly women, married or in free union, home occupation, and of low socioeconomic strata. The implementation of the ``Caring for caregivers®'' program had an effect on the care ability of family caregivers, as reported in different studies. It was identified that knowledge and value increased significantly, while the patience component showed a slight change. Conclusions The ``Caring for caregivers®'' program had an effect on the ability to care. Intervention should be considered as an initiative in the development of care ability in caregivers of people with rheumatoid arthritis.

Natural weathering of polystyrene (PS) was performed at six exposure sites with various climate types along the coastal line from China to Europe, including Qionghai (typical hot-humid climate), Sansha (island hot-humid climate), Chennai (savanna hot-humid climate), Jeddah (xerothermic climate), Sanary-sur-Mer (mediterranean climate), Hoek van Holland (warm-temperate climate). The chemical structure, morphology and color changes of PS after weathering were characterized by FTIR, DSC, SEM and Color spectrometer, and relative weathering severity of different climates on PS were compared. Results show that Sansha has the highest severity value while the severity value of Hoek van Holland is the lowest. The degradation degree of PS at the sites of Qionghai, Sansha, and Chennai is higher than that at other sites, resulted in a deterioration of the optical properties and serious damage of the sample surface. In the xerothermic climate, the optical properties of PS decrease drastically during the process of natural weathering, while only slight change in hydroxyl index and carbonyl index is observed, and micrographic surface does not differ from the surface of un-weathered materials. For other climates, the degradation degree was low, resulting in a relative slow change of optical properties and long time for the appearance of surface defects. In order to quantify the relative severity of these climates, a mathematic model was proposed based on the basic degradation principle of polymer materials, which could predict the failure time of PS. The failure time was predicted by the model using gloss loss of PS as failure index, with an accuracy up to 99.2%.

Eight out of 46 strains of Streptomyces isolated from mural paintings in the Tell Basta and Tanis tombs were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kGy). Tricyclazole (5, 7, 10 µg/mL) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 10 µg/mL completely inhibited melanin production in Streptomyces spp. after their gamma irradiation to sub-lethal doses. FT/IR spectra proved that the gypsum support, the binding media (which consisted of Arabic gum, and animal glue), and pigments all had withstood the doses up to 25 kGy, with except vermillion showed slight change. No effect of gamma irradiation up to 25 kGy on gypsum support was detected, so gamma irradiation could be considered a safe method for decontamination of biodeteriorated cultural heritage objects.

The KhoiSan of southern Africa have used fermented Sceletium tortuosum preparations to induce psychoactive effects for centuries. It is claimed that the fermentation process changes the alkaloid composition, thereby increasing the potency of the psychoactive response. In this study, a validated ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method was used to quantify the content of alkaloids prior to, and after the controlled fermentation of samples of S. tortuosum. The results revealed that, despite only a slight change in the mesembrenol and mesembranol content during fermentation, the mesembrine content increased significantly from not detected – 1.6 μg/mL to 7.40–20.8 μg/mL. A corresponding decrease was found in the initial mesembrenone content of 8.00–33.0 μg/mL to 1.30–32.7 μg/mL after fermentation. The total alkaloid content also increased as a result of fermentation.

Fluorine-containing polyanionic compounds have attracted much attention in the last few years as potential positive electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. With their formula Aa Mb Xc O4 Yd (A=Li, Na…; M=Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni…; X=P or S, and Y=F, OH, O), they offer a very rich chemistry and their electrochemical properties can be tuned by carefully choosing the different constituting elements. However, synthesis approaches that allow these materials to be obtained at low temperature are almost nonexistent. In this paper, the use of a nonaqueous fluorolytic sol-gel approach is reported to synthesize a tavorite-type LiFePO4 F material and its electrochemical characterization was performed. The obtained material displays an electrochemical performance that positively compares with the literature with an excellent cycling stability (115 mA h-1 g-1 after 100 cycles at C/2 rate). A slight change in the synthesis parameters allowed Li2 CoPO4 F to be successfully obtained, demonstrating the versatility of the reported route, which can be adapted to synthesize other fluorine-containing polyanionic compounds, which are of great interest for energy storage applications.

An abrupt temperature change and a warming hiatus have strongly influenced the global climate. This study focused on these changes in Inner Mongolia, China. This study used the central clustering method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and other methods to explore the abrupt temperature change and warming hiatus in three different temperature zones of the study region based on average annual data series. Among the temperature metrics investigated, average minimum temperature (Tnav) shifted the earliest, followed by average temperature (Tnv) and average maximum temperature (Txav). The latest change was observed in summer (1990s), whereas the earliest was observed in winter (1970s). Before and after the abrupt temperature change, Tnav fluctuated considerably, whereas there was only a slight change in Txav. Before and after the abrupt temperature change, the winter temperature changed more dramatically than the summer temperature. Before the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in the central region (0.322°C/10a) and west region (0.48°C/10a) contributed the most to the increasing temperatures. After the abrupt temperature change, Tnav in winter in the central region (0.519°C/10a) and in autumn in the west region (0.729°C/10a) contributed the most to the temperature increases. Overall, in the years in which temperature shifts occurred early, a warming hiatus also appeared early. The three temperature metrics in spring (1991) in the east region were the first to exhibit a warming hiatus. In the east region, Txav displayed the lowest rate of increase (0.412°C/a) in the period after the abrupt temperature change and before the warming hiatus, and the highest rate of increase after the warming hiatus.

One of the problems experienced in marine geophysical exploration is that the layered features in the migration imaging profile are blurred and the seismic energy reflected is weaker in the middle or lower parts. In this study we model the seismic wavefield records in the undulating seafloor when there is both a slight change and significant change in seafloor topography to analyze its influence on the seismic reflection data and migration imaging profiles. We compare and analyze the wave field records collected at the same point on the original and modified velocity models, and the cross-bonding resulting migration imaging profiles. The results show that whether the seismic reflection data collection is performed along the direction of the survey line or against the direction of the survey line, slight changes in the seafloor topography have little effect on the wave field records and the migration profile, while significant changes in the seafloor topography have great effect on both the wave field records and migration profile.

Oxygen-containing organics have high potentials in the synthesis of functionalized organics, and their direct generation from alcohols and alkanes by photocatalytic processes under mild conditions has aroused tremendous interest. In the past decades, much progress has been made especially in the area of heterogeneous photocatalysis under visible light irradiation. In this article, we focus on the selective oxidation of alcohols and hydrocarbons into useful oxygen-containing organics, highlighting the recent advances. Despite the achievements, scale-up production of target oxygen-containing organics is not realized due to low catalytic efficiency. The efficacy of a photocatalyst is greatly dependent on its nature, and a slight change of physicochemical properties could result in significant deviation of photocatalytic activity. For better catalyst design, the related mechanistic aspects have to be understood thoroughly. Furthermore, factors such as reactor design and reaction conditions (e.g. light region and intensity, solvent, oxidant) are critical for optimization of performance. To realize practical application in organic synthesis, it is essential to clarify the underlying mechanism. Once the parameters for optimal performance have been determined, the design of an efficient photocatalytic reactor could be properly considered.

The spectroscopic and ro-vibrational constants, FCFs and r-centroids have been evaluated in the present study for A2Π1/2–X2Σ, A2Π3/2–X2Σ, B2Σ–X2Σ, E2Π1/2–X2Σ, E2Π3/2–X2Σ, F2Σ–X2Σ, and L2Π–X2Σ band systems of the barium deuteride (BaD) molecule by adopting a reliable numerical integration procedure. The physical and astrophysical significances of the evaluated FCFs and r-centroids are discussed for all these band systems. The effect of vibration rotation interaction (VRI) on FCFs for the bands of the chosen band systems of BaD molecule is also studied. It is found from the results that the effect of VRI on FCFs is not so significant for the rotational quantum number (J) up to J = 50. For higher values of J like J = 100, there is a slight change in the value of FCFs due to the VRI effect.

In this study, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the flame height of double rectangular pool fires with different aspect ratios and distances in open space. Two identical rectangular gas burners with the same heat release rate were used as the fire sources. Four gas burners with the same surface area but with different aspect ratios were used. Different distances between two gas burners were considered. The experimental results indicated that the flame height decreased sharply with the increase of distance and subsequently exhibited a slight change with further increase of distance. The buoyancy force in the region between these two pools is the main factor to influence the flame height. A characteristic length D , which depends on the gas burner geometrical shape and distance, were proposed, and the experimental data indicate that the value of coefficient C decreases with the increase of D . A correlation has been achieved which can estimate the flame height of the rectangular pool fires with different aspect ratios in open space.

A dual-bridge (DB) LLC resonant converter for dc/dc conversion with a wide range of low input voltage is proposed in this paper. The proposed converter front stage is based on switch integration technique, integrating the buck-boost converter at the front stage with the full-bridge (FB) LLC and half-bridge (HB) LLC as a new single stage DB LLC. Since the front buck-boost converter allows the DB LLC resonant converter to obtain a greater input voltage, thus the transformer turns ratio increases to lower the resonant current value, the primary conduction loss. In addition, the design of the magnetizing inductance can be maximized. Furthermore, the DB LLC resonant converter uses different phase-shift modulation gains MD at different input voltages to easily achieve a wide input voltage range with only slight change in frequency. Finally, different actual duty ratios are provided at different light load conditions to achieve minimum power loss. Therefore, the prosed system has high efficiencies at light load conditions and its voltage regulation is reduced. The simulated results on the proposed converter with 100V-200V DC input and 480W (24V / 20A) output is provided to verify the system performance.

To investigate MMCT excited states of MV complexes, two symmetrical tetranuclear cyanido-bridged localized MV complexes RuIICNRuIII,III2NCRuII have been designed and synthesized. The ultrafast time-resolved transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy experiment reveals that the MMCT rate of 1 and 2 is 0.18 × 1014 s−1 (τ = 5.7 × 10−14 s) and 0.29 × 1013 s−1 (τ = 3.46 × 10−13 s), respectively, which suggests that the MMCT rate or the lifetime of the MMCT excited state may be controlled by a slight change of the substituent group on the metal center.

The method for determination of slight change of an object’s distance from a reflective surface is proposed and experimentally verified. The method is based on interference of light using Fabry-Perot configuration where the first reflection is from the optical fiber end-air interface and the second reflection is from the surface. The evaluation is based on comparison between the reference measurement and the measurement for which we determine the change in distance. The optical power difference (in dB) of two measurements is obtained and for known value of refractive index of the environment between the optical fiber end and the reflective surface, the ratio of intensities of interfering beams and the distance from reflective surface, the change of distance could be determined from comparison of measured and computed dependences. The smallest possible change of the distance to observe by the method is approximately 30 pm. The accuracy of determination of the distance is ±20 pm.

Non-covalent van der Waals interactions play a major role at the nanoscale, and even a slight change in their asymptotic decay could produce a major impact on surface phenomena, self-assembly of nanomaterials, and biological systems. By a full many-body description of vdW interactions in coupled carbyne-like chains and graphenic structures, here, we demonstrate that both modulus and a range of interfragment forces can be effectively tuned, introducing mechanical strain and doping (or polarizability change). This result contrasts with conventional pairwise vdW predictions, where the two-body approximation essentially fixes the asymptotic decay of interfragment forces. The present results provide viable pathways for detailed experimental control of nanoscale systems that could be exploited both in static geometrical configurations and in dynamical processes.

Major earthquake events may cause severe fatalities and injuries, resulting in catastrophic damage to structures. However, less emphasis is given regarding earthquake hazard in low seismic regions. Malaysia and Singapore are in a region with low seismic risks; therefore, earthquake resistance designs are not yet included in most of the buildings. Located a few hundred kilometres away from the major earthquake sources, both countries are prone to distant earthquakes, as well as local earthquakes due to the slight change in seismological condition (seismically active period and movement of tectonic plates). This review paper provides some insights into the seismic activity in different places. Research regarding the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is reviewed, with emphasis on non-seismically designed RC buildings. Existing seismic retrofitting methods are also presented through the perspective of level of intervention.

Stimuli-responsive polymers are materials that can display remarkable changes in their properties with slight change in environmental conditions. Substantial change in the structure and properties can be made to the textiles by the incorporation of smart polymers into them. The following characteristics for intelligent polymers viz., thermal-, moisture-, and light-responsive polymers, and thermal- and pH-responsive hydrogels, have been incorporated into the fabrics to improve or achieve smart fabric functionalities. The functional components include esthetic appeal, comfort, drug release, fantasy design (color changing), wound monitoring, smart wetting properties, and protection against tough environmental alterations. In this chapter, the applications of stimuli-responsive polymer/composites in fabrics and the clothing field have been deliberated upon; the related issues on the fabrication of clothing and their potential applications in the years to come are elucidated.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread all over the world and brought extremely huge losses. There is no study to systematically analyse the features of hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) in COVID-19 patients during the periods before and after illness progression, before death and course from exposure onset.MethodsWe collected all included patients’ general information, clinical type, α-HBDH value and outcome, and analyzed α-HBDH values within different initial time and different periods.ResultsIn the first 30 days after symptom onset, the α-HBDH median value was 156.33 U/L. The first test of α-HBDH since exposure onset appeared on the 8th day, it increased from the 8th day to 18th day and decreased after the 18th day. α-HBDH median value showed a slight change until it started to increase 1 day before transforming to severe type, while it continued to increase during 4 days before and after transforming to critical type. The α-HBDH median value ranged from 191.11 U/L to 455.11U/L before death.Conclusionsα-HBDH value increases in some COVID-19 patients, obviously in severe type, critical type and death patients, and mainly in 18 days after exposure onset and 10 days after symptom onset. α-HBDH increases 1 day before transforming to severe type, continues to increase in critical type and death patients, increases rapidly 5 days before death. The increase of α-HBDH suggests that COVID-19 patients have tissues and organs damage, mainly in heart. In brief, α-HBDH is an important indicator to judge the severity and prognosis of COVID-19.

Pyrophyllite is extensively used in the high-pressure synthesis industry as a pressure-transmitting medium because of its outstanding pressure transmission, machinability, and insulation. Therefore, the atomic structure, electronic, and mechanical behavior of pyrophyllite [Al4Si8O20(OH)4] under high pressure should be discussed deeply and systematically. In the present paper, the lattice parameters, bond length, the electronic density of states, band structure, elastic constants, and mechanical parameters of pyrophyllite are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) from a microscopic perspective. The pressure dependence of atomic structure, electronic, and mechanical properties of pyrophyllite is analyzed for a wide range of pressure (from 0 GPa to 13.87 GPa). Under high pressure, the major bond lengths and layer thicknesses decrease slightly, and mechanical properties are improved with increasing pressure. The calculated electronic and band structures show only a slight change with increasing pressure, implying that the effect of pressure on the electronic property of pyrophyllite is weak, and pyrophyllite still has good stability under high pressure. The theoretical calculations presented here clarify the electronic and mechanical properties of natural pyrophyllite that are difficult to obtain experimentally because of their small particle size.

Accurate identification and measurement of antipsychotic drugs in in-vivo and in-vitro environment has a key role in the development and design of drugs, as any slight change in their dosage can affect the treatment process. Determination of antipsychotics in physiological fluids such as blood, plasma and urine are important in drug tablets and medical approaches. Chromatography is the main method used in the determination of antipsychotic drugs but this technique, despite its relative sensitivity, is a costly and complicated method. Biosensors, as simple, low-cost and highly sensitive and specific tools, can be the best alternative to eliminate the drawbacks of routine methods. For this purpose, various biosensors have been extensively developed in the recent years. The main objective of the present study is to introduce and collect recently developed biosensors for the measurement and detection of antipsychotic drugs. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a fundamental principle in pharmaceuticals, with the primary goal being to reduce and eliminate the side effects of drugs. This study shows that biosensors can be a modern and novel approach in the field of TDM.

Rice is the staple food of Keralites. Kerala climate is well suited for wetland paddy cultivation. However, the paddy land in Kerala is decreasing over years. The Kerala conservation of paddy land and wetland Act, 2008 made a slight change in this decadal decreasing trend. In this study, Bai-Perron test identified a structural break in area, production and productivity during 2007–08 and 2009–10, which could be associated to the conservation act. The compound annual growth rate for area and production was found to be negative. The growth in area diminished before and after the break, but the diminishing rate was less after the break (−2.52%) than the period before the break date (−4.40%). So, as in the case of production. Productivity showed a positive growth rate for the overall period. Instability in production was high after the break date, whereas, instability in area remained almost same for both before and after the break dates. Exponential growth model was used for forecasting. The forecasted area and production up to 2030 showed a declining trend. The forecasted results on area showed that there will be a decline of around 36, 444 ha in another 12 years. Similarly, the production will also come down to 3, 70, 795 t.

Controlled generation of homoleptic versus heteroleptic AuI2M (M = NiII, ZnII) trinuclear complexes, which is achieved by a slight change in the diphosphine P^P linker of digold(I) metalloligands, [Au2(P^P)(D-pen)2]2− (L1P^P; D-pen = D-penicillaminate) and [Au2(P^P)(L-cys)2]2− (L2P^P; L-cys = L-cysteinate), is reported. The reactions of a 1 : 1 mixture of L1dppm and L2dppm (dppm = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) with M = NiII, ZnII gave the homoleptic AuI2M complexes, [M(L1dppm)] and [M(L2dppm)], which co-crystallized to form [M(L1dppm)]·[M(L2dppm)] (1M). Similar reactions using L1dppe and L2dppe (dppe = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), instead of L1dppm and L2dppm, led to the selective production and crystallization of the heteroleptic AuI2M complex, [M(L3dppe)] (2M; L3dppe = [Au2(dppe)(L-cys)(D-pen)]2−), accompanied by the scrambling of L1dppe and L2dppe. The homoleptic 1M and the heteroleptic 2M showed different absorption (green versus blue) and emission (yellow versus orange) colours for M = NiII and ZnII, respectively.

Natural local self-boosting (NLSB) was analyzed according to the location of a selected word-line (WL) where potential boosting occurs. When the same pattern occurred, it was found that the top cells (WL11 through WL15) and bottom cells (WL0 through WL4) have identically symmetrical potential boosting. In addition, in the region of the middle cells (WL6 through WL10), a slight change in the potential boosting was also almost the same. In the 3D NAND, where there was a dummy WL (DWL), the NLSB for the edge WL changed as the pattern of the DWL changed. The DWL did not affect the NLSB of the main cell, regardless of the pattern. Therefore, the high potential of the edge WL could reduce the potential difference between the main cell and the edge WL using the DWL.