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Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-reported bruxism, awareness of bruxism's adverse effects, and bruxism management among Thai undergraduate dental students., Methods: An online self-reported questionnaire was designed and tested for validity and reliability and then distributed to dental students at 12 universities in Thailand from September 2020 to January 2021., Results: There were 464 respondents (338 females and 126 males) with an average age of 21.42 ± 2.06 years. The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was 35.78% and 37.28%, respectively, and 19.40% had both awake and sleep bruxism. Awareness scores were higher for dentists than for patients ( p < 0.001). Only 12.14% of sleep bruxers still wear an occlusal splint for bruxism management., Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported awake and sleep bruxism was high among Thai dental students. They are well aware of the adverse effects of bruxism with inappropriate management of the condition.

Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the oral environment and psychological factors as predictor variables of sleep quality, in addition to inferring the relevant mechanisms of sleep and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) by analyzing the relationship between TMDs and stress., Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,032 participants, comprising 420 men and 612 women, from the 2017 Iwaki Health Promotion Project using multiple regression analysis. The primary endpoints were the scores of each item in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and its sum. Predictor variables included the number of teeth; TMDs; stress, assessed using the World Health Organization-5 (WHO-5); sleep bruxism; and oral health-related quality of life, assessed using the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP14). The confounding factors included age, body mass index, and alcohol intake., Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that TMDs (β value = 0.293, p = 0.034) and stress (β value = 1.3, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with the PSQI total score. In addition, TMDs were significantly correlated with stress (β value = 0.076, p = 0.007)., Conclusion: The significant relationship between sleep and TMDs suggests that mental stress contributes to the development sleep disorders and consequently is associated with the development of TMD symptoms., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hirosaki University. (Approval No. 2021-030). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Presentation at a conference No., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Background: Bruxism is a behaviour that has several consequences in an individual's life, especially when it starts in childhood. However, bruxism can be a potential protective factor, which is an attribute that reduces the chance of a negative health outcome., Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of sleep bruxism (SB) and dental wear in children and adolescents., Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study began in 2014 and 2016 (baseline) with initial 1816 children followed for 5 and 3 years, respectively. The follow-up data collection started in 2019. The diagnosis of SB was parents report (baseline) and self-report (follow-up) due to age groups of each phase, and questions related to symptoms of SB were collected. Five calibrated examiners (kappa >0.7) collected the clinical data. The clinical variables were dental erosion and dental wear. Contextual, individual, behaviour and clinical characteristics were collected. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to investigate the association of contextual, individual, behaviour and clinical characteristics with SB. Poisson regression for repeated measures was performed to evaluate the incidence of SB and dental wear (incidence rate ratio-IRR and confidence interval-95% CI)., Results: Two hundred and fifty-three children and adolescents answered questionnaires and were clinically examined. The mean age of the follow-up in 2019 was 11.25 years old (±2.19). There was no increase in the incidence of SB (95% CI: 0.74-1.35). Children/adolescents had a 2.2 higher risk to present dental wear (95% CI: 1.89-2.60). SB at the follow-up was associated with the contextual variable, earache, erosion and awake bruxism., Conclusions: In this population, children with SB remained with this behaviour and showed higher dental wear over the years., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Study Objectives: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of sleep bruxism (SB) in adults with primary snoring (PS)., Methods: This study included 292 adults with PS (140 males, 152 females; mean age ± standard deviation = 42.8 ± 12.2 years; mean body mass index ± standard deviation = 26.7 ± 4.7 kg/m 2 ) without previous treatment for snoring. SB was diagnosed based on the frequency of the biomarker of SB: rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (SB when rhythmic masticatory muscle activity ≥ 2 episodes/h). Logistic regression was performed, with SB as the dependent variable and with age, sex, body mass index, and sleep- and respiratory-related polysomnographic parameters as the independent variables to identify the risk factors for SB., Results: The prevalence of SB was 44.6% in adults with PS. Younger age (odds ratio = 0.965 [0.944, 0.987]) and shorter total sleep time (odds ratio = 0.760 [0.609, 0.948]) significantly increased the risk of SB ( P < .05)., Conclusions: SB is highly prevalent in adults with PS. Younger age and shorter sleep time are significant risk factors for SB in adults with PS., Clinical Trial Registration: Registry: onderzoekmetmensen.nl; Name: A Large Sample Polysomnographic Study on Sleep Bruxism; URL: https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NL-OMON19947; Identifier: NL8516., Citation: Li D, Lobbezoo F, Hilgevoord AAJ, de Vries N, Aarab G. Prevalence and risk factors of sleep bruxism in adults with primary snoring: a large-scale polysomnographic study. J Clin Sleep Med . 2024;20(8):1331-1337., (© 2024 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

Background: Sleep bruxism (SB) is often found to co-exist with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, there are no data on prevalence and risk factors of SB in patients with OSA patients regarding the effect of optimal positive airway pressure (PAP)., Objective: This study aimed to study prevalence and risk factors of SB in OSA and to compare SB episodes during pre-treatment versus during optimal PAP therapy., Methods: This investigation was a retrospective study including randomly selected patients with OSA who underwent split-night polysomnography. Data were collected from August 2021 to October 2022. Clinical demographic data and SB data were analyzed. The association between SB episodes and obstructive respiratory events were manually reviewed. If most of the SB episodes were observed within 5 s following obstructive respiratory events, SB was defined as SB associated with OSA. Comparison of SB index (SBI) was made between baseline portion of the study versus during optimal PAP., Results: Among 100 patients enrolled, mean age was 50.8 ± 16.7 years and 73 subject (73%) were male. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and mean nadir oxygen saturation were 52.4 ± 33.4 and 79.3 ± 11.2% respectively. During the baseline portion of the study, 49 patients (49%) had SB and 31 patients (31%) had severe SB (SBI ≥ 4). Sleep bruxism associated with OSA was observed in 73.5% of all SB. The risk factor for SB was endorsement of nocturnal tooth grinding (odds ratio (OR) 5.69, 95%CI 1.74-18.58). Risk factors for severe bruxism were male sex (OR 4.01, 95%CI 1.02-15.88) and endorsement of nocturnal tooth grinding (OR 9.63, 95%CI 2.54-36.42). Risk factors for SB associated with OSA were non-supine RDI (OR 1.02, 95%CI 1.001-1.034) and endorsement of nocturnal tooth grinding (OR 5.4, 95%CI 1.22-23.93). In SB group, when comparison was made between baseline portion and during optimal PAP, significant reduction of SBI was observed (5.5 (3.2, 9.3) vs. 0 (0, 2.1), p < 0.001). Median difference of SBI between baseline portion and during optimal PAP was 4.4 (2.0, 8.3) (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: In this group of patients with OSA, almost half was observed to have SB in which the majority were associated with OSA. Optimal PAP resulted in a significant reduction in SB episodes. In addition to endorsement of nocturnal tooth grinding, non-supine RDI was observed to be a potential risk factor for SB associated with OSA., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate, qualify, and summarize evidence presented in systematic reviews (SR) on treatments for bruxism., Methods: The overview was conducted using the PICO strategy: children, adolescents, and adults with bruxism (P) were submitted to different treatments (I) compared to other treatments, placebo, or no treatment (C) in order to evaluate incidence, prevalence, and number of episodes of bruxism (O). The search was carried out in six databases and gray literature up to July 2023. Data were extracted, and the ROBS tool was used, followed by a descriptive synthesis of the results., Results: A total of 31 SR were included. Sixteen showed a positive effect on episodes of bruxism (BE), while two had negative, one had neutral, and nine had inconclusive effects. Using the risk of bias in systematic reviews tool (ROBIS), risk of bias varied from low (n = 23) to high (n = 5) among the SR. Pharmacological treatment, oral rehabilitation, and other therapeutic approaches presented inconclusive or negative effects on BE, while oral appliances showed controversial effects. Biofeedback, physical therapy, laser therapy, and botulinum toxin showed positive effects on the reduction of BE., Conclusion: Biofeedback, physical therapy, laser therapy, and botulinum toxin showed positive effects on the reduction of BE; there is still a lack of studies to support the safe and long-term use of these therapies., Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42021273905., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Aim: To evaluate the immediate and late impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of possible sleep bruxism (SB) among adolescents in Brazil., Design: This is a longitudinal study performed with adolescents (11-15 years old) from Southern Brazil. Baseline data were collected before the Brazilian COVID-19 outbreak (T1). Posteriorly, data were collected after 3 (T2) and 15 months under the Brazilian COVID-19 outbreak. The possible SB was evaluated by the question: 'Do you grind your teeth during your sleep?'. Sociodemographic, psychosocial and clinical variables were also collected. Changes in SB were evaluated by multilevel logistic regression models for repeated measures., Results: Of the 290 adolescents assessed at T1, 182 were reassessed at both follow-ups. The prevalence of possible SB was 13% at T1, 11% at T2 and 22% at T3. There were no immediate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of possible SB (T2). Adolescents had odds 2.77 times greater of presented possible SB after 15 months (T3) of COVID-19 pandemic scenarios when compared to T1., Conclusion: There was a considerable and late increase in the possible SB in adolescents in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

What is the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis? 3 groups (of 50 participants each) were examined for a possible TMD diagnosis: 1. patients with early rheumatoid arthritis, 2. at-risk individuals, and 3. healthy controls. A possible association with bruxism, determined on the basis of self-reporting and clinical features, was also examined. At-risk patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses compared to healthy controls (p = 0.046). Within the early rheumatoid arthritis group, seronegative patients had a higher prevalence of TMD pain diagnoses than seropositive patients (p = 0.048). No further differences in the prevalence of TMD diagnoses were found between the groups. Participants with a TMD pain diagnosis were more often diagnosed with probable sleep bruxism than those without a TMD pain diagnosis. The prevalence of TMD pain is increased in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative early rheumatoid arthritis patients, and is associated with signs of bruxism.

Sleep bruxism (SB) has been associated with biological and psychosocial factors. The assessment of SB includes self-report, clinical evaluation, and polysomnography. This study aimed to investigate the associations of self-reported SB with other sleep disorders and demographic, psychological, and lifestyle factors in the adult general population, and to investigate whether self-reported SB and polysomnographically (PSG) confirmed SB provide similar outcomes in terms of their associated factors. We recruited 915 adults from the general population in Sao Paulo, Brazil. All participants underwent a one-night PSG recording and answered questions about sex, age, BMI, insomnia, OSA risk, anxiety, depression, average caffeine consumption, smoking frequency, and alcohol consumption frequency. We investigated the link between SB and the other variables in univariate, multivariate, and network models, and we repeated each model once with self-reported SB and once with PSG-confirmed SB. Self-reported SB was only significantly associated with sex (p = 0.042), anxiety (p = 0.002), and depression (p = 0.03) in the univariate analysis, and was associated with insomnia in the univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (β = 1.054, 95%CI 1.018-1.092, p = 0.003) analyses. Network analysis showed that self-reported SB had a direct positive edge to insomnia, while PSG-confirmed SB was not significantly associated with any of the other variables. Thus, sleep bruxism was positively associated with insomnia only when self-reported, while PSG-confirmed SB was not associated with any of the included factors., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society.)

Objectives: Literature presents conflicting results regarding malocclusions, Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and sleep bruxism in children with ADHD. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of these parameters., Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 40 consecutive ADHD children referred to the Paediatric Dentistry Unit of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome. All subjects underwent an orthodontic examination and were screened for OSA and sleep bruxism. Data were compared to a sex- and aged-matched control group., Results: Prevalence of high risk of OSA in children with ADHD was 62.5% compared to 10% in the control group ( p  < .00001). No differences were found in any of the occlusal variables examined between children with ADHD and controls ( p  > .05). An increased prevalence of sleep bruxism was observed in ADHD children (40%) compared to controls (7.5%) ( p  < .001)., Conclusions: A higher prevalence of OSA risk and probable sleep bruxism were observed in ADHD patients compared with controls. No significant differences were observed in malocclusions d., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: To estimate the statistical and epidemiological association between Sleep bruxism (SB) and Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) based on OSA severity, and to describe sleep data findings within the analyzed population., Methods: A case-control study (N = 37) was conducted on subjects with and without OSA. All subjects underwent a full-night polysomnographic recording at the Sleep Unit (Clinical Neurophysiology Department) of San Carlos University Hospital. The diagnosis and severity of OSA were determined using ICSD-3 and AASM-2.6 scoring. The definitive SB diagnosis was obtained through a self-report test, physical examination, and PSG recordings. Variables used to study the association between both conditions included the apnea and hypopnea episodes, the Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the number of SB episodes per night, and the bruxism index. Chi 2 , correlations, and ANOVA were calculated. The epidemiological association was calculated using the OR., Results: SB showed an epidemiological association with OSA, with an OR of 0.15 (0.036-0.68), suggesting it could be considered a protective factor (p < 0.05). OSA patients presented fewer average SB episodes (6.8 ± 12.31) than non-OSA patients (25.08 ± 31.68). SB episodes correlated negatively (p < 0.05) with the AHI and the number of hypopneas (p < 0.05). The average number of SB episodes was significantly higher in patients with mild OSA compared to those with severe OSA., Conclusions: In this sample of patients with subclinical and mild OSA, SB may act as a protective factor. However, confirmation of these results with a larger sample size is necessary., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Bruxism, a common oral parafunctional behavior characterized by the grinding or clenching of teeth, is a multifactorial condition with potentially detrimental effects on oral health and overall well-being. In recent years, there has been growing interest in understanding the relationship between bruxism and alcohol abuse, as both are prevalent issues that may share underlying factors and exacerbate each other. This systematic review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, aims to evaluate the frequency of bruxism among individuals with alcohol abuse., Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases, including PubMed, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science, will be conducted to identify relevant studies published up to the knowledge cutoff date in January 2023. The search strategy will include keywords related to bruxism, alcohol abuse, and their synonyms. Inclusion criteria will encompass original research studies, such as observational, cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies, as well as clinical trials, that examine the relationship between bruxism and alcohol abuse. Two independent reviewers will perform the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment, with discrepancies resolved by consensus., Results: The systematic review will present a summary of the identified studies, including the study design, characteristics of the study populations, and key findings related to the association between bruxism and alcohol abuse. The potential mechanisms underlying this relationship will also be explored. Subgroup analyses and the quality of evidence will be assessed. Finally, the implications of this association for clinical practice and further research will be discussed., Conclusions: This systematic review will contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between bruxism and alcohol abuse, shedding light on potential risk factors, mechanisms, and clinical implications. The findings may have significant implications for the prevention, management, and treatment of bruxism, particularly in individuals with a history of alcohol abuse., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To assess sleep quality among dental students and to identify psychological factors associated with self-reported sleep bruxism (SB)., Methods: A total of 212 dentistry students from the Usak University Faculty of Dentistry participated in this study. A self-report questionnaire was administered to identify possible SB. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire was administered to evaluate psychological factors, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate sleep quality., Results: Possible SB was more frequently observed in females than in males. The mean DASS-21 score in those with possible SB was significantly higher than in those without SB ( p < 0.001). The mean PSQI (total) score was also significantly higher in those with possible SB than in those without SB (5.0 ± 2.4) ( p = 0.007)., Conclusion: The findings revealed that psychological factors and sleep quality significantly affected the prevalence of self-reported SB among dental students.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of sleep bruxism, related factors, and quality of life of preschool children and their families., Method: The sample was 475 children between 4 and 5 years old enrolled in schools in the city of Bauru-Brazil. Parents/legal guardians answered two questionnaires, one to assess the presence of bruxism and related factors and another that was the validated Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (B-ECOHIS). Intraoral clinical examination was performed by two trained examiners (Kappa = 0.82) within the school environment. The data were analyzed using statistics and the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation coefficient. The significance level was p < 0.05., Results: The prevalence of sleep bruxism was 47.4%. The highest prevalence was related to Class I canines and marked overjet, oral habits, such as nail biting, lip biting, chewing gum, and mouth breathing. Children with agitated sleep, reports of headache, and those considered aggressive, anxious, and/or shy were also more related. Conclusion: In the studied sample, sleep bruxism prevalence was high and related to important oral and general factors. Data also indicated SB as the main factor that interfered in the OHRQoL of children and their families.

Objective: To evaluate the possible relationship between bruxism and smartphone overuse and assess the potential role of anxiety and depression in this relationship. The null hypothesis was that there was no significant difference between sleep bruxism (SB) and/or awake bruxism (AB) and non-bruxers in the level of smartphone overuse, anxiety, and depression., Methods: In total, 167 dental students were included in this study. They were evaluated using the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) criteria, Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). T-test and chi-square test were used to compare the means and percentages between groups., Results: A higher percentage of sleep bruxers were high smartphone users (60.3%) compared to non-SBs (44.2%). The frequencies of high smartphone users among participants with high anxiety and depression were higher than those with low anxiety and depression., Conclusion: SB and high smartphone use were positively associated.

Background: The association of sleep bruxism with mortality has not been studied., Objectives: Altogether 12 040 subjects from the nationwide Finnish twin cohort were included in the analyses. We examined whether self-reported sleep bruxism is associated with increased risk of mortality, and if so, whether the effect is independent of known common risk factors. The time span of the follow-up was 30 years., Methods: Cox proportional hazards regression models (Hazard Ratios and their 95% Confidence Intervals) adjusted by age, sex and covariates were used to assess the effect of baseline bruxism status in 1990 on future mortality in 1990-2020., Results: The risk of mortality among all participants (n = 12 040), independent of missing covariates and adjusted by age and sex, was 40% higher in weekly bruxers than in never bruxers (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.16-1.68, p < .001). However, when adjusted by all studied covariates, (n = 11 427) the risk was no longer observed (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.25, p = .717). Despite the overall lack of between bruxism and mortality after adjustment for covariates, we examined the cause-specific risks for major cause-of-death groups. There were no substantial associations of weekly bruxism with major disease outcomes by the fully adjusted hazard ratios for them., Conclusion: Bruxism does not kill-in line with its definition of being rather a behaviour (with all its phenotypes) than a disease., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Due to different assessment modes employed, a clear picture of the prevalence of sleep bruxism across time cannot be formed. Moreover, studies on the persistent or fluctuating nature of sleep bruxism have yielded divergent and even contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in a nationwide twin cohort whether self-reported sleep bruxism was correlated longitudinally, pairwise and cross-twin over a 20-year period., Objectives: Self-reported bruxism was assessed in 1990 and 2011 by mailed questionnaires in the Finnish Twin Cohort study of same-sex twins born 1945-1957., Methods: We assessed the phenotypic stability over time for all participating individuals (n = 4992). Among zygosity verified pairs (n = 516 MZ and n = 837 DZ), we estimated the cross-sectional zygosity correlations and the zygosity-specific cross-twin cross-time correlations., Results: Reported bruxism appeared rather persistent over time without significant difference regarding zygosity. The overall phenotypic longitudinal correlation was 0.540 and somewhat higher in men (0.596) than in women (0.507). Pairwise trait correlations in 1990 and 2011 were higher in MZ than in DZ pairs. The cross-twin cross-time correlations were higher in MZ twins than in DZ twins, but less than the cross-sectional MZ and DZ pairwise correlations., Conclusions: The higher correlation of reported sleep bruxism in the cross-twin cross-time analyses in MZ than in DZ pairs implies a genetic background for bruxism persistence. Also, bruxism over time in individual twins appears to be fairly persistent and somewhat higher in men than women., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background and Objective: This review paper focuses on sleep bruxism (SB) in children and adolescents. It aims to assess the landscape of knowledge published in the last 20 years., Methods: A total of 144 relevant publications from 386 previously identified through Medline were included, of which 83 were on possible SB, 37 on probable SB, 20 on definite SB and 4 were non-applicable. The review places emphasis on the recent evidence on prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of SB in children and adolescents, with special focus on probable and definitive SB., Results: The prevalence ranges from 5% to 50% depending on the age range and on the SB diagnosis (possible, probable or definitive). The pathophysiology is multifactorial, arousal associated and with behavioural problems and sleep disorders (obstructive sleep apnoea, snoring, nightmares) as risk factors, as well as respiratory conditions (allergies, oral breathing). Screening should include questionnaires and dental assessment. Instrumental recording is helpful to confirm diagnosis although more studies are needed to validate this approach in children. SB management includes controlling orofacial and dental consequences and assessing for any other comorbidity. Management options include occlusal splints, oral appliances (advancement mandibular), rapid maxillary expansion and some medications, although this last option is supported by limited evidences in children., Conclusion: Suggestions of future topics in research are delivered to better understand comorbidities, diagnosis and management with improved outcomes compared to what is currently available., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Bruxism is a parafunctional activity characterised by grinding or clenching of teeth and is a common oral health concern in individuals with down syndrome (DS). Understanding the prevalence of bruxism in this population is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to investigate the prevalence of bruxism among individuals with DS and explore its association with other oral health issues., Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple electronic databases to identify relevant studies. Cross-sectional and observational studies were included. Data on bruxism prevalence and associated factors were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed using both fixed-effects (FE) and random-effects (RE) models of MedCalc software. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using I 2 statistics. New Castle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate methodological quality of the included studies., Results: Eight studies met the pre-defined inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Seven studies used a questionnaire to assess bruxism. The pooled proportion estimate for occurrence of DS across the included studies was found to be 0.33 (95% CI: 0.22-0.45) as per the RE model and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.31-0.450) as per FE model in the quantitative analysis. All studies exhibited good methodological quality., Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide evidence of a significant prevalence of bruxism among individuals with DS. The findings highlight the association of bruxism with other oral health issues and specific chromosomal abnormalities. Comprehensive oral health assessments, including diagnostic procedures like Polysomnography, are essential for addressing the unique oral health needs of individuals with DS. Further studies are recommended with a valid tool for the diagnosis. Early interventions and management strategies need to be tailored to this population, considering the multifaceted nature of oral health concerns in individuals with DS., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: Understanding the impact of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic social restrictions on the lives of children and adolescents is of utmost importance to enable timely diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of anxiety, sleep bruxism, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and change in dietary and brushing habits and their association with COVID-19 social restrictions., Methods: Parents of fit and healthy Qatari children and adolescents were recruited and interviewed by the research team, whereby validated questioners were used to assess the prevalence of children's/adolescents' anxiety, sleep bruxism and TMD. Furthermore, changes in dietary and brushing habits were also evaluated., Results: A total of 199 parents of children and adolescents (mean age = 9.3 ± 3.2 years old) were included. Overall anxiety symptoms, sleep bruxism and TMD were evident in 29.6%, 5.7% and 23.1%, respectively. An increased consumption of food, sweets and worsening of brushing habits were evident in 51.8%, 62.8% and 31.2%, respectively., Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, pandemic-related social restrictions could result in elevated levels of anxiety, specifically, social phobia, amongst children and adolescents, which could inevitably lead to unwanted dental consequences., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between sleep habits and sleep bruxism (SB) in schoolaged children., Methods: Survey data were collected from the parents of 500 children (267 males and 233 females; age range 6-12 years). The American Academy of Sleep Medicine diagnostic criteria were used to evaluate SB. A Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was conducted to determine sleep habits. The chi-square test was used for statistical evaluation., Results: SB was observed in 160 children (32%). SB awareness was 5.4%. The presence of SB in other family members, mothers' education ≤8 years, and income below minimum wage were found as family risk factors. The presence of sleep disorders was 61.4% and observed to be statistically higher in those with SB., Conclusion: SB is a prevalent disorder that might be associated with sleep disorders. The parents of children with SB had inadequate knowledge and awareness pertaining to SB.

Introduction: Some of the conditions affected by the COVID-19 pandemic were Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and bruxism. The present study compares the effect of the pandemic on TMD and bruxism (sleep and awake) in three time periods: before the pandemic (pre-COV), during the pandemic (during-COV) and after the pandemic subsided (post-COVR)., Material and Methods: A total of 587 adult patients (108 in the pre-COV group, 180 in the during-COV group and 252 in the post-COVR group) who arrived for a routine dental treatment between October 2018 and January 2023 were evaluated according to Axis I diagnosis of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Each patient received a DC/TMD Axis I diagnosis as follows: (i) Painful TMD (defined by the presence of at least one of the following - local myalgia, myofascial pain with referral, arthralgia or headache attributed to TMD); (ii) Non painful TMD (defined by the presence of disc displacement with/without reduction, degenerative joint disorders and/or dislocation), (iii) Possible sleep bruxism (SB) and/or (iv) Possible awake bruxism (AB)., Statistical Methods: Logistic regression analyses were conducted to establish the impact of time and gender on the prospects of painful TMD, non-painful TMD, SB and AB., Results: The odds of subjects to be diagnosed with painful TMD at the post-COVR era were 3.3 times higher compared to the pre-pandemic time period (pre-COV, 95% C.I. 1.438-7.585). The odds of subjects to be diagnosed with non-painful TMD during-COV were 4 times higher compared to the pre-COV era (95% C.I. 1.332-12.542). The odds of subjects to present possible SB at post-COVR were 2.7 times higher compared to pre-pandemic (pre-COV, 95% C.I. 1.258-5.889, p < 0.05) and the odds to present possible AB after the pandemic subsided (post-COVR) were 3.2 times compared to the pre-pandemic period (95% C.I. 1.496-6.949). The odds of female subjects to be diagnosed with either painful or non-painful TMD were 3.7-4.4 times higher, compared to males., Conclusions: Results indicate that with regard to TMD and bruxism the pandemic adverse effects persist also after COVID-19 subsides and the restrictions caused by it are abolished. Apparently, during the pandemic females were affected more seriously by painful and non-painful TMD than males., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of probable sleep bruxism (SB) in children aged 7-8 years and its association with sleep pattern and the time spent using devices with a screen., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with children from Pelotas, Brazil (n = 556). Parents/caregivers were interviewed and provided demographic/socioeconomic information, children's daily screen time, nighttime tooth grinding or clenching, sleep duration and answered the Biological Rhythms Interview for Assessment in Neuropsychiatry for Kids (BRIAN-K-sleep domain). Probable SB was determined based on a positive clinical inspection with/without a positive parental/caregiver's reports of tooth clenching or grinding. Hierarchical Poisson regression was performed., Results: The prevalence of probable SB was 15.83% (n = 88). There was no difference in the probable SB prevalence according to the daily screen time (p = 0.744), and low family socioeconomic status was associated with higher SB prevalence (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 1.95; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI]: 1.21-3.17; p = 0.006). Higher scores in the sleep domain of the BRIAN-K scale were associated with probable SB [PR = 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.30; p = 0.013]., Conclusions: Difficulties in maintaining sleep and low family socioeconomic status were associated with probable SB in schoolchildren, while screen time spent using devices with a screen was not associated., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: Bruxism is a common oral behaviour. This study aimed to compare oral health-related quality of life, sleep quality, and oral health literacy in patients with and without possible sleep bruxism (SB) and awake bruxism (AB)., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study including 249 volunteers was conducted in a family medicine clinic of a tertiary hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. The American Sleep Medicine Association Bruxism Diagnostic Criteria, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) tool, Decay Missing Filled Total Teeth (DMFT) score, and Health Literacy Dental Scale-Short Form (HeLD-14) were assessed by face-to-face interviews. Data were examined using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, Spearman correlation, and logistic regression analysis., Results: The presence of SB and AB was detected as 41.4% and 21.7%, respectively, among 91 males and 158 females, with a mean age of 36.64 ± 11.60 years. Sleep and awake bruxers had a lower oral health-related quality of life (odds ratio (OR): 0.816, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.770-0.864 and OR: 0.923, 95% CI = 0.956-0.982, respectively). Poor sleep quality was detected 1.28 times higher in sleep bruxism (OR: 1.277, 95% CI = 1.152-1.415) and 1.14 times higher in awake bruxism (OR: 1.141, 95% CI = 1.230-1.058). The DMFT score was found to be 1.13 times higher in SB (OR: 1.129, 95% CI = 1.043-1.223). A higher HeLD-14 score was associated with a lower DMFT score ( p < 0.001; r  = -0.240). The oral health literacy score was lower in AB and SB groups than in patients without bruxism, but it was not statistically significant ( p = 0.267, p = 0.376)., Conclusion: A lower oral health-related quality of life and poor sleep quality would be expected in the presence of SB or AB. However, patients may not be aware of it unless asked by a physician regardless of oral health literacy level., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Melike Mercan Başpınar et al.)

Background: Information on the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) or possible/probable bruxism in seniors is heterogeneous and sparse., Objectives: To elucidate the prevalence of TMD and possible/probable bruxism in German adults aged 60 years and older., Methods: Participants of the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) born between 1950-1952 (C1) and 1930-1932 (C2) were examined in 2014-2016 (fourth wave). The participants were surveyed and clinically examined by one calibrated examiner. Two questions of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) were utilised to evaluate self-reported bruxism. The clinical examination included signs of probable bruxism and the RDC/TMD examination protocol., Results: Data from 191 participants were available. No RDC/TMD diagnosis was made in 83.2%. Of the participants, 15.2% received a single diagnosis and 1.6% multiple diagnoses that included disc displacements (9.4%) and degenerative joint diseases (8.9%). A total of 24.7% reported bruxism that included self-reported awake bruxism in 11.9% and sleep bruxism in 16.2%. Wear was clinically identified in 27.2% of the participants. No sex-related differences were observed. Significant differences were detected for probable bruxism between C1 (14.1%) and C2 (54.3%)., Conclusion: In the German population aged 60 years and older, the prevalence of TMD is 16.8%. TMD is characterised by temporomandibular joint disorders, including disc displacements and degenerative joint disorders. Bruxism was observed in a quarter of the old population., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether self-reported sleep bruxism among musicians is associated with sleep-related problems and/or psychological stress., Methods: Eight hundred-thirty-one Finnish orchestra musicians completed a questionnaire that covered, among others, indicators of sleep-related problems, possible sleep bruxism, and stress., Results: In total, 488 questionnaires were completed. The single variable ordinal logistic regression models revealed at least moderate associations between frequency of sleep bruxism and female gender, shorter sleep duration, longer sleep latency, problems in sleeping during concert season, feeling more often tired during the daytime, restless legs, a poor self-rated sleep quality, and more stress experience. The variables that remained in the final model were sleep duration, gender, and stress., Conclusion: Musicians who sleep 7 hours or less per night report more sleep bruxism, as compared to those who sleep 8 hours or more. Female gender and high-stress experience were associated with more sleep bruxism.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of self-reported bruxism and its association with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). The hypothesis of the study was that self-reported bruxism is associated with TMD., Methods: The data were gathered from 1962 subjects who participated in a field study in 2012-2013, including a questionnaire concerning bruxism and TMD symptoms as well as clinical sub-diagnoses of TMD using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Statistical method was chi-square test. Bonferroni correction was made, and a p -value of <0.003 was considered as significant., Results: The prevalence of self-reported bruxism was 39.6%: 34.0% in men and 44.5% in women. Those who reported sleep bruxism (SB) or awake bruxism (AB) had significantly more pain-related TMD symptoms and signs compared to those not reporting bruxism., Conclusion: The prevalence of self-reported bruxism is high among middle-aged adults and is associated with TMD pain-related symptoms and signs, as well as TMD diagnoses.

The aims of this study were to perform an exploratory analysis of probable awake (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB) prevalence using of different diagnosis criteria based on the International Consensus; evaluate the associations between self-report and clinical signs/symptoms in adolescents. Participated in this cross-sectional study 403 adolescents aged 12- to 19-years-old enrolled in public and private schools from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic status and adolescents' health status. Adolescents answered a questionnaire evaluating AB (e.g., grinding and clenching) and SB (e.g., grinding, bracing, and thrusting) activities and frequent headaches. A clinical examination was performed on adolescents to evaluate bruxism clinical signs/symptoms (pain upon palpation on masseter and temporal, linea alba, indentation on the tongue and attrition wear severity). Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Qui-square test were performed (P≤0.05). Adolescents mean age was 14.3±1.5 years, and 58.1% were female. Self-report of SB was identified in 31% of participants and self-report of AB in 51.6%. Almost all adolescents (99%) presented at least one tooth with attrition wear (98.5% on enamel and 0.5% on dentin), with a mean number of 12.4±5.7 teeth. Depending on the diagnosis criteria, the prevalence of probable SB and AB varied from 0- 99% and 0.2- 99%, respectively. A high inconsistency was found for the prevalence of probable AB and SB in adolescents, which were influenced by the different clinical sings/symptoms used as diagnosis criteria. Frequent headaches and pain upon palpation on masseter and temporal muscle were associated to self-report of AB and SB among adolescents.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of school bullying and oral health-related verbal bullying on the occurrence of bruxism associated with poor sleep quality among adolescents. This cross-sectional study was nested in a cohort study performed with a sample of children from southern Brazil. Possible sleep bruxism was determined by the question: "Has anyone told you that you grind your teeth in your sleep?" Sleep quality was determined by answering the following question: "How would you classify the quality of your sleep?". The outcome was created by combining occurrence of sleep bruxism and poor sleep quality. The Sense of Coherence (SOC) was assessed using the SOC-13 scale. Bullying was investigated using the victim scale of the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire and oral health-related verbal bullying using an item from the Child Perceptions Questionnaire-11-14. Demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and clinical data were also collected. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used. Results were expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A total of 429 adolescents with a mean age of 12.6 (standard deviation 1.3) years were evaluated. The prevalence of bruxism associated with poor sleep quality was 23.7%. Victims of school bullying (PR 2.06; 95%CI: 1.01-4.22) and oral health-related verbal bullying (PR 1.87; 95%CI: 1.18-2.95) presented higher prevalence of bruxism associated with poor sleep quality. Factors such as skin color and SOC were also associated with the outcome. These findings suggest an association between episodes of bullying and bruxism related to poor sleep quality.

Introduction: Sleep bruxism is a parasomnia caused by rhythmic and non-rhythmic activity of the masticatory muscles during sleep. Prevalence of sleep bruxism is reported up to 40.6% in the literature. Sleep bruxism is a multifactorial issue and associated with multiple dental complications, sleep-related disorders, and psychosocial problems. We aimed to investigate if children with sleep bruxism suffer more from lower urinary tract conditions., Materials and Methods: Prospectively 128 children were included in this study. Sixty-four children constituted in the bruxism group and 64 children constituted in the control group. Children who admitted to the pediatric dentistry clinic with bruxism symptoms were recruited in the bruxism group. Control group constituted of consecutive 64 children who admitted to the pediatric dentistry clinic for routine dental examination. Parents were asked to fill out a questionnaire including Dysfunctional Voiding and Incontinence Scoring System (DVISS) form. Children's demographic data, presence of urinary frequency, presence of urgency, behaviour of voiding postponement, presence of daytime urinary incontinence, presence of enuresis nocturna, presence of fecal incontinence, presence of constipation, status of circumcision, and presence of bruxism related symptoms were recorded. Children with a DVISS score above 8 were considered to have functional voiding disorder. All children underwent a dental examination., Results: The mean age of children was 73.3 ± 26.9 months. For all children (n = 128), the girl to boy ratio was 40:88. Mean DVISS score was 2.5 ± 3.8 and the mean QOL score was 0.1 ± 0.4 for all children. Eight (6.3%) children were found to have functional voiding disorder based on the DVISS score. There was no statistically significant difference for any lower urinary tract condition between the bruxism group and the control group (Table). Children with bruxism significantly had more tooth wear and masseter muscle hypertrophy (<0.001 and < 0.05)., Discussion: Sleep bruxism has been linked to a number of health issues including dental, systemic and psychosocial problems. Tooth wears, fatigue/pain in chewing muscles, gum recession, facial pain, masseter muscle hypertrophy and temporomandibular joint damage are the main complications of bruxism. Moreover, bruxism has been associated with systemic diseases and sypmtoms like asthma, respiratory illnesses, enuresis nocturna, anxiety, and stress., Conclusions: Children with sleep bruxism suffer more from tooth wear, masseter muscle hypertrophy, and regional pain over the jaw. Additionally morning fatigue, relationship issues, and respiratory illnesses are more common in bruxist children. Lower urinary tract conditions are not more frequent in children with sleep bruxism., (Copyright © 2022 Journal of Pediatric Urology Company. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the self-reported SB prevalence and explore associated risk factors in puerperal women who had given birth in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil., Methods: A single, standardized questionnaire was given within the 48 h postpartum period. Self-reported SB was the main outcome investigated. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used in the multivariate analysis., Results: A total of 2225 women were included. Only 79 (3.6%) of these reported clenching or grinding their teeth during sleep. Adjusted analysis showed that the higher education level of the mothers (PR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.49-6.28; P = 0.006); living with three or more persons in the household (PR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.34-0.84; P = 0.007); medication intake during pregnancy (PR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.09-2.58; P = 0.017); smoking (PR = 1.93; 1.16-3.23; P = 0.024), or ever smoked (PR = 1.82; 95% CI 0.85-3.90; P = 0.024); severe anxiety (PR = 1.36; 95% CI 0.61-3.02; P = 0.005); and headache upon waking (PR = 4.19; 95% CI 1.95-9.00; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with self-reported SB., Conclusion for Practice: Our data pointed towards new factors in a specific group of women that may be relevant for preventing sleep-related behaviors in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle. The higher levels of education, medication intake, smoking or even smoked, severe anxiety, the higher the probability of puerperal woman to self-report SB. The nighttime tooth clenching strongly increased headache upon waking., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

There is a broad consensus accepting that psychological variables such as stress, anxiety, or depression play an important role in bruxism. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in stress, anxiety, and depression levels. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on possible awake and sleep bruxism prevalence and on the psychological factors associated with bruxism, comparing pre-pandemic, pandemic/lockdown, and post-pandemic samples of first-year students. A total of 274 dentistry students from the Complutense University of Madrid participated in the study: 92 from 2018/2019 (pre-pandemic), 90 from 2020/2021 (pandemic), and 92 students from 2021/2022 (post-pandemic) academic years. The participants filled out a thorough battery of validated questionnaires evaluating bruxism and different psychological characteristics, such as anxiety, depression, somatization, personality, and stress coping styles. While sleep bruxism prevalence was significantly higher for the pandemic group, awake bruxism was smaller in comparison to pre-pandemic and post-pandemic groups. The post-pandemic group also presented higher levels of neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits, and positive reappraisal than the pre-pandemic group, with the pandemic group somewhere in between. Additionally, both the pandemic and post-pandemic group showed higher levels of depression and acceptance/resignation coping styles than the pre-pandemic group. Thus, among the three groups of students, the post-pandemic group was the one that showed a larger effect of the pandemic situation in their psychological variables, presenting higher levels of anxiety (state and trait), depression, acceptation/resignation coping style, higher neuroticism (emotional instability trait), and lower agreeableness trait. Nonetheless, the increase of positive reappraisal in the post-pandemic group (an adaptive coping stress style) might be also a sign of recovery. The higher sleep bruxism for the pandemic group might be related to the pandemic situation and lockdown, passively suffered, possibly promoting feelings of impotency, increased levels of depression and acceptance/resignation (normally considered a passive/maladaptive coping style), while acute stressful situations derived from daily personal social interactions might have increased anxiety levels and induced higher levels of awake bruxism observed in both the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic groups. However, further research, including larger and more representative samples, is needed to confirm this possible relationship.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms reported by parents and the variables sleep problems, possible sleep bruxism, possible awake bruxism and dental trauma (DT), and its mode of occurrence in children and adolescents.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the parents of 144 four- to 16-year-old subjects through a questionnaire on demographics, subjects' sleep, self-reported bruxism and DT mode of occurrence. The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham scale IV was used to assess ADHD signs and subtypes. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed ( P <0.05).
Results: The subjects' mean age was 7.9 years (±2.8 years) and 50.7 percent were boys. DT was reported in 80 percent of those with the hyperactive/impulsive subtype (ADHD-HI) and 72.7 percent of those with the combined subtype (ADHD-C). DT was caused solely by falls in the ADHD-C and inattention subtypes (ADHD-I). ADHD-C was associated with somniloquy (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.075; P =0.010). ADHD-HI was associated with bad sleep quality (PR=1.194; P =0.005), possible sleep bruxism (PR=1.088, 95% confidence interval=1.006 to 1.176; P =0.034), possible awake bruxism (PR=1.146; P =0.024) and sleep duration (PR=0.88; P =0.02).
Conclusion: ADHD-C and -HI subtypes were associated with sleep characteristics. Possible sleep and awake bruxism were associated with symptoms of ADHD-HI. Despite no significant association, DT was present in most ADHD subjects, mostly due to falls.

Objectives: Determine the prevalence of possible bruxism in the adult population of Campinas, Brazil, and investigate its association with health behaviors, health status, and multimorbidity., Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the 2014/2015 Campinas Health Survey. The sample was composed of 1986 adults (≥20 years of age). The data were collected with the aid of a pre-coded questionnaire, and the dependent variable was self-reported bruxism (possible bruxism). The prevalence of possible bruxism was estimated according to the independent variables (health-related behaviors, morbidities, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics). A hierarchical model was employed using stepwise backward regression in two stages. Principal component analysis was also performed to identify multimorbidity patterns., Results: The prevalence of possible bruxism was 13.6%. Associations were found with the consumption of alcoholic beverages, sleep quality, and the number of chronic diseases/health problems. Bruxism was more associated with multimorbidity pattern 2, which was composed of asthma, rhinitis, sinusitis, dizziness/vertigo, migraine/headache, emotional/mental problem, back pain, and allergy., Conclusion: The present findings justify the planning of actions directed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages and can help guide the health actions of the multidisciplinary team, prioritizing a reduction in the harm caused by the simultaneous presence of health problems associated with possible bruxism., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Investigate the association between sleep disorders and probable sleep bruxism (SB) in children eight to ten years of age., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 schoolchildren in Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the sleep disturbance scale for children, and the Circadian Energy Scale. Parafunctional habits were evaluated using the Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening. Multivariate logistic regression was performed (α = 5%), and a directed acyclic graph was used in the statistical model., Results: The prevalence of probable SB was 9.1% and 58.6% of the children had sleep disorders. In the final model, having unmarried parents/guardians (OR = 1.98; 95% CI: 1.07-3.65), exhibiting parafunctional habits (OR = 2.02; CI: 1.01-4.06), not practicing sports (OR = 1.92; CI: 1.04-3.54), sleep-wake transition disorders (SWTD) (OR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.12-3.62), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (OR = 2.17; 95%CI: 1.11-4.29) were significant associated with probable SB., Conclusion: The occurrence of probable sleep bruxism was influenced by the marital status of the parents/guardians, parafunctional habits, the non-practice of sports, and sleep disturbance (SWTD and EDS). This research contributes to the planning of public policies that include educational regimens at school to prevent sleep disorders and favor the reduction in sleep bruxism prevalence., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Bruxism is defined as a repetitive masticatory muscle activity, characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible. Although the bruxism etiology can be bidirectionally described with sleep disorders, there are few studies available to understand the association of sleep duration with bruxism behavior in early childhood., Methods: A dataset of children (n = 90,148) from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) - an ongoing nationwide, prospective birth cohort study - was used to investigate the prospective association of the infant's sleep duration with bruxism behavior, which were acquired using self-reported questionnaire. After multiple imputation of data, the association between sleep duration and bruxism behavior in early childhood was examined using a binomial logistic regression analysis. It was conducted with adjustments for several maternal (e.g., age at delivery and sleep duration) and child-related (e.g., sex and sleep position) variables., Results: The prevalence of bruxism behavior at the ages of two and four were 16.2% and 22.5%, respectively. Using the shortest sleep duration group's participants (≤13 h) as the reference, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for prevalence of bruxism behavior decreased with longer sleep duration at one month of age, but not at 36 months of age, after covariate adjustments. Furthermore, in comparison with the impacts between daytime and nighttime sleep, nighttime sleep with longer duration were dominantly associated with bruxism behavior., Conclusion: The sleep duration in infant stage, especially during newborn stage was associated with the prevalence of bruxism behavior in children., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether possible awake bruxism (AB) is associated with the use of electronic devices and the practice of sports in schoolchildren aged eight to ten years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 739 students in public and private schools in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic data. The children answered questions about use of electronic devices, practice of sports, and AB. Statistical analysis involved robust logistic regression for complex samples (α = 5%). The prevalence of possible AB was 14.9%. Being female (OR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.11-2.63), being the middle child (OR = 2.19, 95%CI: 1.14-3.88), having unmarried parents (OR = 1.73, 95%CI: 1.13-2.65), daily use of a cell phone/tablet/computer (OR = 1.82, 95%CI: 1.19-2.80), use of electronic devices for two or more hours per day (OR = 1.97, 95%CI: 1.35-2.86), and playing sports in and/or out of school (OR = 1.60, 95%CI: 1.18-2.52) remained associated with possible AB in the final model. The presence of possible AB was influenced by the use of electronic devices and the practice of sports among schoolchildren aged eight to ten years.

Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and may be part of the aetiology of awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB). Investigating the associations between PTSD symptoms on the one hand, and painful TMD, AB and SB on the other, can help tailoring treatment to the needs of this patient group., Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between PTSD symptoms and painful TMD, AB and SB among patients with PTSD, focusing on prevalence, symptom severity and the influence of trauma history on the presence of painful TMD, AB and SB., Methods: Individuals (N = 673) attending a specialised PTSD clinic were assessed (pre-treatment) for painful TMD (TMD pain screener), AB and SB (Oral Behaviours Checklist), PTSD symptoms (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale) and type of traumatic events (Life Events Checklist)., Results: Painful TMD, AB and SB were more prevalent among patients with PTSD (28.4%, 48.3% and 40.1%, respectively) than in the general population (8.0%, 31.0% and 15.3%, respectively; all p's < .001). PTSD symptom severity was found to be significantly, but poorly, associated with the severity of painful TMD (r s  = .126, p = .001), AB (r s  = .155, p < .001) and SB (r s  = .084, p = .029). Patients who had been exposed to sexual assault were more likely to report AB than patients who had not. Similarly, exposure to physical violence was associated with increased odds for SB., Conclusion: Patients with severe PTSD are more likely to experience painful TMD, AB or SB, whereas type of traumatic event can be of influence. These findings can contribute to selecting appropriate treatment modalities when treating patients with painful TMD, AB and SB., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: By being aware of the associated factors of primary snoring (PS) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in sleep bruxism (SB) patients, dentists may contribute to the screening and early recognition of SB patients with PS or OSA., Objective: To identify the associated factors of PS and OSA from questionnaire-based data in SB patients., Methods: A total of 968 self-reported SB patients (31.6% men; median age 44.5 years) were retrospectively enrolled. Self-reported sleep-related breathing status (viz., no sleep-related breathing condition, PS and OSA) was the dependent variable. Independent variables were questionnaire-based data on demographics, lifestyle, psychological status, pain and sleep., Results: For PS, no statistically significant associated factor was identified in analyses. For OSA, increased age (OR = 1.04 [1.03-1.06]), male gender (OR = 3.33 [2.17-5.00]), daily alcohol consumption (OR = 1.96 [1.18-3.33]), depression (OR = 1.10 [1.06-1.14]), daytime sleepiness (OR = 2.94 [1.85-4.76]) and high risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD; OR = 2.63 [1.52-4.76]) were found to be significant risk factors, while high risk of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain (OR = 0.51 [0.30-0.86]) and chronic pain (OR = 0.73 [0.59-0.90]) were significant protective factors. These results were confirmed in the subsequent network analysis., Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, no associated factor is identified for PS. For OSA, dentists should keep in mind that increased age, male gender, daily alcohol consumption, depression, daytime sleepiness and high GERD risk are associated with increased OSA risk in SB patients, while high TMD-pain risk and chronic pain are associated with decreased OSA risk in this population., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Sleeping problems are common in the pediatric population. Their potential relationship with oral manifestations is in the scope of researchers' interest., Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible associations between sleeping habits and sleep bruxism, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and dental caries among children by using Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ)., Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Dentistry of Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey, with a representative sample of 100 children aged 6-13 years. The CSHQ was completed by their parents. In addition, an intraoral examination was carried out in a clinical setting and sleep bruxism was recorded. The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) were examined and TMD were rated according to the Helkimo anamnestic and clinical dysfunction index. Data was analyzed with Fisher's exact test and the χ2 test., Results: Among sleeping habits, bedtime resistance was found to be significantly associated with sleep bruxism and TMD symptoms in children. Sleep behavior problems were also found to be related to TMD. Untreated dental caries was significantly associated with sleep fragmentation., Conclusions: Sleep bruxism, TMD and untreated dental caries might have a negative impact on children's sleeping habits and characteristics. Pediatricians and pedodontists should collaborate to identify the causes and clinical features of sleeping habits and disorders in order to avoid adverse effects on the child's stomatognathic system.

Introduction: Bruxism is defined as a repetitive activity of masticatory muscles, characterized by the clenching or grinding of the teeth, which can occur during wakefulness (awake bruxism) or during sleep (sleep bruxism)., Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of awake bruxism and its associated factors., Methods: Sample was composed by 50 participants of both genders, aged between 18 and 60 years, submitted to a clinical examination - to observe the presence of tooth wear, marks on the mucosa, or masseter muscles hypertrophy - and self-applied questionnaires, which evaluated the presence of TMD signs and symptoms, oral behaviors, lifestyles, anxiety level and sleep quality., Results: The prevalence of awake bruxism was 48%. Its presence was statistically and significantly associated with the presence of signs and symptoms of TMD (p= 0.002), poor sleep quality (p = 0.032), buccal mucosa indentations (p < 0.001) and tongue (p = 0.011). Age, gender, social characteristics, habits (such as coffee ingestion, smoking, alcoholism and physical activity) and tooth wear were variables that had no significant association with awake bruxism., Conclusions: It was concluded that awake bruxism shows a high prevalence and a positive association with signs and symptoms of TMD and worst sleep quality. In addition, awake bruxism is more likely to occur in individuals who have buccal mucosa indentation and who present high rates of oral habits and oral behaviors.

Study Objectives: To evaluate the available evidence on the putative relationships between sleep bruxism (SB) and, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to assess the extent of research on this topic, and to formulate suggestions for future research., Methods: A scoping review including studies examining temporal and overall association and prevalence of SB and OSA was performed. Six main databases and gray literature were searched. The studies selection was conducted by three independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the results was carried out., Results: Thirteen studies in adults and eight studies in children were finally included. The median of concomitant conditions prevalence was 39.3% in adults and 26.1% in children. Marked methodological variability was identified among studies in adults and even more when we compared detection methods in children. No significant association between OSA and SB emerged in most studies in adults, while an association may be possible in children., Conclusions: Based on the current literature, it is not possible to confirm that there is a relationship between SB and OSA in adults. In patients under pediatric care, although this association seems plausible, there is currently insufficient supportive evidence. Standardized validated methodologies for identifying SB should be consistently used in both populations before reaching any conclusion regarding such association. Furthermore, assessment of shared phenotypes between patients with SB and patients with OSA may reveal new insights that will contribute to personalized approaches aiming to optimize the management of such comorbidities., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The definition of sleep bruxism (SB) has changed over the years, and although it is no longer defined as a disorder, it is considered a risk factor that can result in prejudicial systemic and stomatognathic issues. The prevalence of SB in children is variable among studies, and its decrease during adolescence is a controversial matter among authors. We aimed to determine SB prevalence and assess its trend with age in a sample of pediatric patients who frequented the Lisbon Pediatric Dentistry Service. We conducted a retrospective observational study based on information provided by patients' parents/caregivers and without examination or polysomnography examination. Data were collected between August 2019 and December 2020 by five dentists. A total of 1900 patients were included, 50.6% and 49.4% of which were male and female, respectively. Of the total sample, 334 (17.6%, 95% confidence interval of 15.9-19.4%) had bruxism, corresponding to 18.9% and 16.2% of male and female patients, respectively ( p = 0.121). SB was reported in 20.7% of patients 0-6 years old, in 19.4% of those 7-11 years old, and in 14.6% of those 12-17 years old. In conclusion, SB showed a slightly higher prevalence among male pediatric patients, but further studies are needed to rule out confounding factors.

Objectives: To investigate the association between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia and their potential risk factors (eg, depression and anxiety), and to construct a network model with all these factors., Methods: We recruited 2251 participants from the Netherlands Sleep Registry. All participants completed questionnaires on self-reported sleep bruxism, insomnia, depression, anxiety, smoking frequency, and alcohol and caffeine consumption. The associations between self-reported sleep bruxism and other variables were analyzed by univariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and network analysis., Results: Although univariate analysis showed that there was a positive association between sleep bruxism and insomnia (P < 0.001), this association disappeared in the multivariate logistic regression model (P = 0.258). However, multivariate logistic regression did show an association between self-reported sleep bruxism and anxiety (OR = 1.087, 95% CI 1.041-1.134). The network model showed that there was no direct link between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia. However, there was an indirect link between self-reported sleep bruxism and insomnia via anxiety., Conclusions: Although self-reported sleep bruxism has no direct association with insomnia, anxiety is a bridging factor between these variables., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Bruxism is a repetitive activity of the masticatory muscles, which determine teeth grinding or clenching, associated with rigidity, bracing, or thrusting of the mandibula. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of possible bruxism in 328 students attending the Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, and its associations with stress and other manifestations of the temporo-mandibular disorder. This was a questionnaire-based study to collect information on self-evaluation of bruxism presence, frequency of specific episodes, stress, anxiety, and other manifestations of temporo-mandibular disorder. Self-evaluated bruxism was identified in 39.33% from the entire study group, allowing us to define two subgroups for further analysis. Sleep bruxism was present in 16.28% of participants; awake bruxism was present in 68.99%, while 14.73% of participants presented a combined form. The main manifestation of bruxism was reported as teeth grinding. Fatigue was identified as a common clinical sign of bruxism and temporo-mandibular disorder. Group distribution analysis (Chi-Square) indicated significant associations between bruxism and stress, panic, restlessness, or increased stress during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.05). Bruxism, and especially awake bruxism, has increased in prevalence among young students, and it has been associated with increased levels of stress.

This study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality and possible sleep bruxism (SB) in children eight to ten years of age. The study hypothesis was that sleep disturbances influenced a higher occurrence of bruxism during the COVID-19 pandemic. A longitudinal study was conducted at two time points: in person prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (T1), and online during the pandemic (T2). The sample comprised 105 children. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic characteristics, the use of electronic devices, reported (vs. clinical) SB, and the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) at both T1 and T2. McNemar's and Wilcoxon's tests were used to compare SB and sleep disorders at both time points. Poisson regression analysis determined the relative risk (RR) among the variables, and the incidence of possible SB (p≤0.05). The comparison of the two time points (T1 and T2) revealed a significant increase in possible SB (p<0.01) and sleep disorders (p < 0.04). Children whose parents had a lower schooling level (RR: 2.67; 95%CI: 1.19-6.01), those with their own electronic devices (RR: 1.97; 95%CI: 1.09-2.50), and those with sleep disorders during the pandemic (RR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.35-2.24) were at greater risk of developing SB during the pandemic. Moreover, the incidence of bruxism and sleep disorders was greater during the pandemic. The factors influencing SB incidence during the pandemic were a lower level of mothers' schooling, greater access to electronic devices, and the occurrence of sleep disorders.

Aims and Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between jaw function, neck disability, sleep quality, fatigue, and headache in patients with myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD) with sleep Bruxism (SB) and without it (non-SB)., Subjects and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with a total of 200 myofascial TMD patients, comprising 91 identified as SB and 109 as non-SB. The Jaw Function Limitations Scale (JFLS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) scales and indexes were used., Results: In the group with SB compared to the non-SB group, JFLS, NDI, PUKI, and FSS scores were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of visual analog scale (VAS) (P = 0.127) and HIT-6 scores (P = 0.365). The probability of having JFLS in patients with SB compared to those without was folded 3.551 times (P = 0.002), and the probability of having NDI increased 3.473 times (P = 0.002). In addition, SB was observed to trigger poor sleep quality (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant determinant of bruxism on FSS (P = 0.196), and on HIT-6 (P = 0.488)., Conclusion: It can be concluded that SB causes limitation of the jaw's functional activities, neck problems, and decreased sleep quality in myofascial TMD. These findings emphasize the importance of considering SB when evaluating and treating patients with myofascial TMD problems., Competing Interests: None

Purpose: The prevalence of bruxism in children varies considerably. The purpose of this study was to synthesize evidence of the prevalence of bruxism in Brazilian children and consider how proportions differ between genders, assessment approaches, and geographical regions. Methods: A search was conducted using five databases and in gray literature. Two independent investigators selected the studies and extracted data. The risk of bias was assessed via the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for studies on prevalence. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: Twenty-two cross-sectional studies were included after a two-step selection. Overall, 13,076 children from all regions of the country were assessed. The risk of bias ranged from high to low. Data were pooled in a random-effect model and resulted in an overall prevalence of sleep and awake bruxism of 25.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] equals 22.2 to 29.4; I2 equals 96 percent; prediction interval equals 0.07 to 0.44) and 20.1 percent (95% CI equals 18.0 to 22.3; I2 equals 30 percent; prediction interval equals 0.18 to 0.22), respectively. Subgroup and sensibility analysis showed distribution similarity between genders (P=0.96), assessment approaches (P=0.88), and geographical regions (P=0.44). Conclusions: "Possible" and "probable" sleep bruxism affects one in four Brazilian children, and there is evidence with a low level of certainty that its prevalence does not vary between genders, assessment approaches, or geographical regions. The distribution of bruxism is still an unknown subject and presumably occurs because of individual rather than regional or collective factors.