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The study aimed to determine the concentration of energy-related hormones in cow’s milk and to consider them from a public health perspective. Fourteen Holstein cows were subjected to milk and blood sampling on the following days in lactation (DIL): 10, 30, 60, 90, 150, 180, 210, 250 and 280 to determine milk hormones, fat and protein content and blood biochemical parameters. For the same purpose, bulk-tank milk was sampled and samples of retail m ilk with 1.5% (CM1.5) and 3.2% (CM3.2) fat was purchased. Milk insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) values were signifi cantly lower at 90, 150, 180, 210 and 250 and signifi cantly higher at 10, 30 and 60 DIL than lactation average (LA). Milk insulin concentrations were signifi cantly lower at 30, 60 and 90 and higher at 210, 250 and 280 DIL than LA. Free thyroxine (fT4) level in the milk was higher at 250 DIL, while milk free triiodothyronine (fT3) concentrations were lower at 30, 60, 90 and 280 DIL, and signifi cantly higher at 10 and 180 DIL than respective LA. Milk cortisol levels were lower at 60 and 280 DIL than LA. All measured milk hormones were signifi cantly lower in CM1.5 compared to CM3.2, bulk-tank milk and LA. An exception was the LA of IGF-1, which was signifi cantly lower than the IGF1 content in CM1.5. Blood biochemical parameters fl uctuated evenly during lactation and were within the reference range. Hormone concentrations in cow’s milk fl uctuate during lactation, giving milk an important role in the context of public health., Istraživanje je imalo za cilj određivanje koncentracije hormona u mleku krava u različitim fazama laktacije, mleku iz laktofriza i maloprodajnom mleku. Uzorci mleka i krvi prikupljeni su 10., 30., 60., 90., 150., 180., 210., 250. i 280 dana laktacije od četrnaest krava holštajn rase radi određivanja koncentracije hormona, masti i proteina u mleku i biohemijskih parametara krvi. U iste svrhe uzorkovano je mleko iz laktofriza i nabavljeno je komercijalno mleko sa 1,5% (CM1,5) i 3,2% (CM3,2) mlečne masti. Koncentracije insulinu-sličnog faktora rasta-1 (IGF-1) u mleku bile su značajno niže 90., 150., 180., 210. i 250. dana i značajno više 10., 30. i 60. dana laktacije poredeći sa laktacionim prosekom (LP). Insulin je imao značajno niže koncentracije u mleku 30., 60. i 90. dana i značajno više koncentracije 210., 250. i 280. dana laktacije poredeći sa LP. Koncentracija slobodnog tiroksina (fT4) je bila viša 250. dana, dok je nivo slobodnog trijodotironina (fT3) bio značajno niži 30., 60., 90. i 280. dana i značajno viši 10. i 180. dana u poređenju sa odgovarajućim LP. Nivo kortizola u mleku je bio niži 60. i 280. dana laktacije poredeći sa LP. Svi hormoni su imali značajno niže koncentracije u CM1,5 nego u CM3,2, mleku iz laktofriza i LP. Izuzetak je LP za IGF-1, koji je bio značajno niži nego nivo IGF-1 u CM1,5. Biohemijski parametri krvi su blago fl uktuirali tokom laktacije, ali su ostali u referentnom opsegu. Koncentracije hormona u kravljem mleku fl uktuiraju tokom laktacije, što daje značaj mleku u kontekstu javnog zdravlja.

This study examines the effect of season-related heat stress in dams on mineral status, and hematological profile of their calves. Ten Holstein dams (LowT group) were exposed to the 49-day-long period of low air temperature (5.2 ± 0.5 °C) and ten dams (HighT group) were exposed to a 53-day-long high air temperature (27.4 ± 0.4 °C). The dams' blood samples were taken one hour after parturition, while colostrum was sampled at 2, 14, and 26 h after calving. Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were significantly lower while Cu and Co concentrations were significantly higher at least in two examined colostrum sampling points in HighT group. Calf`s blood samples were taken before 1st colostrum intake, and on days 1, 2, 3, and 7 postnatal. Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, and Co were significantly lower while concentration of Mg was significantly higher in calves that originated from HighT group at least at two examined sampling points. Season affected dam's blood mineral status but the pattern was not always the same as in calves, since Na, K, Cu, and Co were significantly higher in HighT group. Calves that originated from HighT group had significantly lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MPV values, as well as neutrophils and monocyte counts, while platelets, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher. Season-related heat stress leads to a reduction of the most minerals in both dams' colostrum and calves' blood and certain minerals' deficiencies are linked to impaired calves' hematological adaptation.

Cow milk is widely consumed by human children and adults due to its nutritional value. Besides nutrients, milk contains naturally occurring hormones, including insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), that may alter their blood levels in the consumers. At the same time, the impact of IGF1 on human health is still unclear and controversial. The aim of the study was to determine IGF-1 concentrations in cow colostrum and milk and to discuss them from the aspect of human health. Twenty Holstein cows were enrolled in the study and subjected to colostrum, milk and venous blood sampling in order to determine the IGF-1 concentration by the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Colostrum was sampled at 2, 14 and 26 hours (1st, 2nd and 3rd colostrum) after calving, while milk and venous blood were taken 10 days after calving. The concentration of IGF-1 was the highest in the 1 st colostrum and decreased significantly with each subsequent sampling, so the lowest concentrations were detected in milk sampled 10 days after calving. High concentrations of IGF-1 observed in colostrum, especially in the 1st colostrum, reflect its potential for eventually use in the treatment of various intestinal diseases. However, further research should determine the conditions and limitations of its application. On the other hand, additional research is needed to determine whether IGF-1 in milk has harmful effects on human health and whether it is necessary to limit the permitted presence of this hormone in cow milk.

This paper describes a case of generalized sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in a stray dog found in the Kotor Varoš Municipality. Clinical and dermatological examinations revealed the suspicion of Sarcoptic mange in the dog, which was confirmed by the finding of eggs and adult forms of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. As a secondary complication of mange, the presence of staphylococcal pyotraumatic folliculitis was determined. Hematological examination revealed anemia and leukocytosis. In basic therapy, 0.4 mg/kg of ivermectin was administered parenterally, with cephalexin administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 12 hours. The therapy lasted 30 days. Control examinations did not reveal parasitic elements in the scraped surface layer of the skin. In the discussion of this paper, the epizootiological characteristics of the disease and the list of dog`s skin diseases, that should be distinguished from sarcoptic mange in everyday practice, are presented.

Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj upotrebe antiektoparazitika na sprečavanje nastanka hroničnog stresa, kroz određivanje koncentracije kortizola i kortikosterona u krvi, dlaci i mleku, kao i na proizvodne sposobnosti životinja, kroz određivanje količine proizvedenog mleka, sastava mleka i broja somatskih ćelija u mleku. Pre izvođenja samog ogleda utvrđene su bazalne vrednosti kortizola u krvi, dlaci i mleku kod holštajn rase goveda, uz ispitivanje uticaja laktacije i rase na koncentracije ovog hormona. Za utvrđivanje bazalnih vrednosti kortizola u krvi i dlaci odabrano je 25 jedinki holštajn rase (13 krava i 12 junica) i 24 jedinke buša rase (13 krava i 11 junica). Kod istih krava određena je i bazalna vrednost kortizola u mleku, dok je kod junica određena i razlika u koncentraciji kortizola u opranoj i neopranoj dlaci. Kod dodatnih 12 krava holštajn rase i istih junica holštajn rase utvrđena je razlika između konentracije kortizola u beloj i crnoj dlaci. Za ispitivanje vrednosti indikatora stresa u uslovima tretmana antiektoparaziticima odabrano je 26 krava holštajn rase. Ogled je izveden tokom letnjeg perioda 2014. godine. Krave su na početku ogleda podeljene u dve grupe, netretirana (n=13) i tretirana (n=13), ali su zbog pojave mastitisa iz tretirane grupe isključene 3 krave, a iz netretirane 1 krava. Pre izvođenja ogleda posmatranjem i daljom identifikacijom je utvrđeno značajno prisustvo ektoparazita, štalske muve (Stomoxys calcitrans), na kravama. Odabrana grupa krava je tretirana antiektoparazitikom na bazi ciflutrina 0., 28. i 56. dana ogleda. Od svih krava su tokom trajanja ogleda uzimani uzorci krvi, mleka i dlake 0., 21., 42., 63. i 84. dana ogleda (periodi P0, P1, P2, P3 i P4), za određivanje koncentracije kortizola i kortikosterona kao i uzorci mleka za određivanje hemijskog sastava i broja somatskih ćelija u mleku. Takođe, u uzorcima krvi određena je koncentracija glukoze, ukupnih proteina, albumina, globulina, uree, ukupnog bil, The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to examine impact of antie-ctoparasitic drugs usage on chronic stress prevention, by determining of blood, hair and milk cortisol and corticosterone concentrations, as well as on productive capability of animals, by determining milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count in milk. Before the beginning of the experiment, the basal values of blood, hair and milk cortisol concentrations were established for Holstein breed, including examination of effects of lactation and breed on concentration of this hormone. Twenty five Holstein breed animals (13 cows and 12 heifers) and 24 Busha breed animals (13 cows and 11 heifers) were chosen for determination of blood and hair basal cortisol concentrations. The same cows were used for determination of milk basal cortisol concentrations, while differences in cortisol concentrations between washed and unwashed hair were determined using same heifers. Additional 12 Holstein cows and same heifers were used for estimation of cortisol concentrations difference between white and black hair. Twenty six Holstein cows were included in study for examination of impact of anti-ectoparasitic grugs usage on stress indicators values. Study was obtained during summer season of year 2014. Initially, cows were divided in two groups, non-treated (N=13) and treated (N=13), but due to mastitis, 3 cows from treated and 1 cow from non-treated group were excluded. Before treatment, significant presence of Stable fly ectoparasitic (Stomoxys calcitrans) was obtained on cows, by observation and identification. Treated group of cows was treated with anti-ectoparasitic ciflutrin on days 0., 28. and 56. of experiment. Blood, hair and milk samples were taken from all cows in experiment at days 0., 21., 42., 63. and 84. of experiment (periods P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4), for determining cortisol and corticosterone concentrations, as well as milk samples for determination of milk chemical composition and somatic cell

The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to examine impact of antie-ctoparasitic drugs usage on chronic stress prevention, by determining of blood, hair and milk cortisol and corticosterone concentrations, as well as on productive capability of animals, by determining milk yield, milk composition and somatic cell count in milk. Before the beginning of the experiment, the basal values of blood, hair and milk cortisol concentrations were established for Holstein breed, including examination of effects of lactation and breed on concentration of this hormone. Twenty five Holstein breed animals (13 cows and 12 heifers) and 24 Busha breed animals (13 cows and 11 heifers) were chosen for determination of blood and hair basal cortisol concentrations. The same cows were used for determination of milk basal cortisol concentrations, while differences in cortisol concentrations between washed and unwashed hair were determined using same heifers. Additional 12 Holstein cows and same heifers were used for estimation of cortisol concentrations difference between white and black hair. Twenty six Holstein cows were included in study for examination of impact of anti-ectoparasitic grugs usage on stress indicators values. Study was obtained during summer season of year 2014. Initially, cows were divided in two groups, non-treated (N=13) and treated (N=13), but due to mastitis, 3 cows from treated and 1 cow from non-treated group were excluded. Before treatment, significant presence of Stable fly ectoparasitic (Stomoxys calcitrans) was obtained on cows, by observation and identification. Treated group of cows was treated with anti-ectoparasitic ciflutrin on days 0., 28. and 56. of experiment. Blood, hair and milk samples were taken from all cows in experiment at days 0., 21., 42., 63. and 84. of experiment (periods P0, P1, P2, P3 and P4), for determining cortisol and corticosterone concentrations, as well as milk samples for determination of milk chemical composition and somatic cell, Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se ispita uticaj upotrebe antiektoparazitika na sprečavanje nastanka hroničnog stresa, kroz određivanje koncentracije kortizola i kortikosterona u krvi, dlaci i mleku, kao i na proizvodne sposobnosti životinja, kroz određivanje količine proizvedenog mleka, sastava mleka i broja somatskih ćelija u mleku. Pre izvođenja samog ogleda utvrđene su bazalne vrednosti kortizola u krvi, dlaci i mleku kod holštajn rase goveda, uz ispitivanje uticaja laktacije i rase na koncentracije ovog hormona. Za utvrđivanje bazalnih vrednosti kortizola u krvi i dlaci odabrano je 25 jedinki holštajn rase (13 krava i 12 junica) i 24 jedinke buša rase (13 krava i 11 junica). Kod istih krava određena je i bazalna vrednost kortizola u mleku, dok je kod junica određena i razlika u koncentraciji kortizola u opranoj i neopranoj dlaci. Kod dodatnih 12 krava holštajn rase i istih junica holštajn rase utvrđena je razlika između konentracije kortizola u beloj i crnoj dlaci. Za ispitivanje vrednosti indikatora stresa u uslovima tretmana antiektoparaziticima odabrano je 26 krava holštajn rase. Ogled je izveden tokom letnjeg perioda 2014. godine. Krave su na početku ogleda podeljene u dve grupe, netretirana (n=13) i tretirana (n=13), ali su zbog pojave mastitisa iz tretirane grupe isključene 3 krave, a iz netretirane 1 krava. Pre izvođenja ogleda posmatranjem i daljom identifikacijom je utvrđeno značajno prisustvo ektoparazita, štalske muve (Stomoxys calcitrans), na kravama. Odabrana grupa krava je tretirana antiektoparazitikom na bazi ciflutrina 0., 28. i 56. dana ogleda. Od svih krava su tokom trajanja ogleda uzimani uzorci krvi, mleka i dlake 0., 21., 42., 63. i 84. dana ogleda (periodi P0, P1, P2, P3 i P4), za određivanje koncentracije kortizola i kortikosterona kao i uzorci mleka za određivanje hemijskog sastava i broja somatskih ćelija u mleku. Takođe, u uzorcima krvi određena je koncentracija glukoze, ukupnih proteina, albumina, globulina, uree, ukupnog bil

The aim of our study was to investigate if the thyroid axis of newborn calves is affected by prenatal application of propylthyouracil (PTU). The study included 20 late pregnant Holstein cows. One group (n=10) was treated with PTU (4 mg/kg of BW daily) from day 20 before expected calving until the day of calving. The other group (n=10) was non-treated. Placental samples of dams were obtained for measuring mRNA expression of iodothyronine deiodinases type I (D1), type II (D2) and type III (D3). After parturition calves were separated from the dams and included in the study. Blood samples were taken daily from each calf starting on the day of birth until day 7 of age. Blood T3, T4 and TSH concentrations were measured. PCR analysis of the placental tissue revealed an abundance of all three types of placental deiodinases in non-treated cows, and a significant elevation of mRNA levels for all three types of deiodinases after PTU treatment. Calves that originated from dams treated with PTU had significantly lower T3 and T4 and significantly higher TSH concentrations compared to non-treated calves during the first 2 days of life. Starting from day 4 until day 6 of life the opposite effect was observed meaning that calves prenatally exposed to PTU had significantly higher T3 and T4 and slightly lower TSH. Our study, for the first time, provides information related to iodothyronine deiodinases mRNA expression in bovine placenta, and confirm that PTU treatment of pregnant dams provokes depression of thyroid function in newborns during the first days of life., Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita da li je tireoidna osovina novorođene teladi promenjena nakon prenatalne aplikacije propiltiouracila (PTU). U ogled je uključeno 20 krava holštajn rase u kasnom graviditetu. Prva grupa (n=10) je tretirana PTU (4 mg/kg telesne mase, dnevna doza) počevši od 20 dana pre očekivanog teljenja do dana teljenja. Druga grupa (n=10) nije tretirana. Uzorci placente krava uzimani su u cilju određivanja ekspresije iRNK dejodinaza tipa I (D1), tipa II (D2) i tipa III (D3). Nakon teljenja, telad su odvojena od majki i uključena u ispitivanja. Uzorci krvi su uzimani dnevno od svakog teleta počevši od dana rođenja do 7. dana života. U krvi su merene koncentracije T3, T4 i TSH. PCR analiza tkiva placente je pokazala zastupljenost sva tri tipa dejodinaza kod netretiranih krava, i značajno povećanje nivoa iRNK sva tri tipa dejodinaza nakon tretmana PTU. Telad koja su poticala od majki tretiranih PTU imala su značajno niže koncentracije T3 i T4 i značajno više koncentracije TSH u odnosu na telad poreklom od netretiranih majki, tokom prva dva dana života. U periodu od 4. do 6. dana života, utvrđen je suprotan efekat, što znači da su telad prenatalno izložena delovanju PTU imala značajno više koncentracije T3 i T4 i značajno niže koncentracije TSH u odnosu na netretiranu telad. Naša studija, po prvi put, daje informacije vezane za ekspresiju dejodinaza u bovinoj placenti i potvrđuje da tretman gravidnih majki sa PTU izaziva depresiju funkcije tireoidne osovine kod novorođenčadi tokom prva dva dana neonatalnog života.

In order to ascertain the effects of addition of bentonite as a pelleting medium in the feed mixture for calves, fourteen 30d-old calves were randomly distributed into two equal groups (CON and EXP). From 30 to 120d of age the EXP group was fed a feed mixture containing 1.5% of natural bentonite while the CON group was fed the same pellets without added bentonite. Body weight was determined before and at the end of the trial. Feed intake was measured daily. Health status was monitored daily. Blood and rumen content samples were taken at 50 and 90d of experiment and analyzed for select parameters. The addition of bentonite had no effect (P > 0.05) on average daily gain, feed intake and health. Blood pH, total number and motility of ruminal protozoa in the EXP group were significantly (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05; respectively) higher than in CON group at both the periods. At 120d of age the EXP calves had a significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01; respectively) higher serum total protein, albumin and triglyceride concentrations and lower iron and IGF-I (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) concentrations than respective controls values. It is concluded that the use of pelleted feed containing bentonite tended to improve growth of calves as well as the activity of protozoa in the rumen. Additionally, the results indicate a positive influence of the function of hepatocytes concomitant to a reduction in serum iron and IGF-I concentrations.

The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of blood variables obtained simultaneously from the jugular and mammary veins of dairy cows. Eighty Holstein cows were divided into four equal groups: dry, low- (LY), medium- (MY) and high-yielding (HY). Blood insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and urea concentrations were measured. The jugular and mammary vein (J/M) ratio between concentrations of each variable was calculated. Differences between the groups of cows in concentrations of variables in the jugular vein were not in accordance with those obtained for the mammary vein. J/M values for insulin and glucose concentrations were above 1.0 in all groups of cows. The ratios for NEFA and BHBA concentrations were under or equal to 1.0 in dry and LY cows but above 1.0 in the MY and HY groups, indicating that in MY and HY cows those metabolites are apparently utilised by the mammary gland. J/M values for urea were above 1.0 in dry and LY cows but less than 1.0 in groups MY and HY, indicating that in the latter case urea is apparently released by the mammary gland. In conclusion, J/M for NEFA, BHBA and urea may be useful for estimation of the critical point when the mammary gland receives insufficient energy precursors for its current activity.

The objective of this work was to compare the composition of colostrum and milk of cows and sows (content of dry matter, protein, milk fat and lactose, concentration of IGF-I and insulin) in samples taken on the first, second, third and seventh day after parturition, and then based on the differences in composition to determine a biological significance of nutrition of newborn during the earliest stages of their life. The investigation included 14 cows of Holstein breed and 14 sows of Landrace breed. The content of dry matter and the concentration of proteins in both colostrum and milk samples were statistically significantly higher in regard to sows mammary glands secretion, taken on the first day after the parturition (p lt 0,01 and p lt 0,001, individually), but their decrease in mammary glands secretion was more pronounced in the cows than the sows, during the first seven days. The concentration IGF-I was statistically significantly higher in the cows colostrum and milk in regard to the sows during the whole investigation period, while the concentration of insulin was significantly higher in the sows in regard to the cows during the same period. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose in cows milk samples were significantly lower in regard to the sows in all period of the study. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in the composition of milk and colostrum of both the investigated animal species. The differences are probably the result of evolutionary adaptation of mammal gland function to nutrition, energy and protection requirements of these young animals in their early postnatal life., Cilj rada bio je da se uporedi sastav kolostruma i mleka krava i krmača (sadržaj suve materije, proteina, mlečne masti i laktoze, koncentracija IGF-I i insulina) u uzorcima uzetim prvog, drugog, trećeg i sedmog dana nakon porođaja i na osnovu razlika u sastavu ustanovi biološki značaj u ishrani njihovog podmlatka u najranijoj fazi života. U ispitivanje je uključeno 14 krava holštajn rase i 14 krmača rase landras. Procenat suve materije i koncentracija proteina u uzorcima kolostruma i mleka krava bili su statistički značajno viši u odnosu na sekret mlečne žlezde krmače u uzorcima uzetim prvog dana nakon porođaja (p lt 0,01 i p lt 0,001, pojedinačno) ali je smanjenje njihovog sadržaja u sekretu mlečne žlezde tokom prvih sedam dana bilo izraženije kod krava u odnosu na krmače. Koncentracija IGF-I bila je statistički značajno viša u kolostrumu i mleku krava u odnosu na krmače tokom celog perioda ispitivanja, dok je koncentracija insulina bila značajno viša kod krmača u odnosu na krave tokom istog perioda. Koncentracije mlečne masti i laktoze u uzorcima mleka krava bile su značajno niže u odnosu na krmače u svim periodima ispitivanja. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da postoje značajne razlike u sastavu kolostruma i mleka kod dve ispitivane vrste životinja. Te razlike su najverovatnije posledica evolutivnog prilagođavanja funkcije mlečne žlezde nutritivnim, energetskim i zaštitnim potrebama mladunčadi ovih vrsta životinja u panom postnatalnom životu.

The aim of this work was to investigate the change of metabolic profile of sows during the lactation period, taking into consideration both parity and number of piglets in a litter (litter size). In order to do this, 30 sows immediately after farrowing were taken and divided into three groups: sows with two farrowing (first group; n=10), ones with four farrowing (second group; n=10), and ones with five and more farrowing (third group; n=10). In regard to a litter size, 20 sows were divided into two groups: sows with eight piglets (first group; n=10), and sows with 10 and more piglets (second group; n=10). All the sows included in the experiment were mestizos of large Yorkshire and Swedish Landrace. Blood samples were taken on the 2nd and 28th day of lactation. In the blood serum samples there were de­termined the concentration of total proteins, albumins, Total bilirubin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The results have shown that there was not a significant difference in proteinemia between the groups on the 2nd day after farrowing, while on the 28th day of lactation, proteinemia was significantly lower only in the group with ten or more piglets in a litter. In all the groups, except for the group with ten or more piglets in the litter, proteinemia was significantly higher on the 28th compared to the 2nd day of lactation. Albumin concentration in blood serum of different groups of sows followed the same trend as protein concentration, with the only difference that albuminemia in sows with ten or more piglets in a litter was approximately the same on the 2nd and 28th day of lactation. Total bilirubin concentration in blood serum on the 2nd day after farrowing was equal in different groups of sows, provided that in sows with five or more farrowings it was significantly higher in regard to other groups. Similar divergence was also determined on the 28th day after farrowing. The sows of 4th parity had significantly lower and the ones with 10 or more farrowings higher, Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ispita promena metaboličkog profila krmača tokom laktacionog perioda, a uzimajući u obzir paritet i broj prasadi u leglu. Za ispitivanje je odabrano 30 krmača neposredno nakon prašenja, koje su prema paritetu podeljene u tri grupe: krmače sa dva prašenja (prva grupa; n=10), sa četiri prašenja (druga grupa; n=10) i sa pet i više prašenja (treća grupa; n=10). U odnosu na broj prasadi u leglu 20 krmača je podeljeno u dve grupe: krmače sa osam i manje prasadi (prva grupa; n=10) i krmače sa 10 i više prasadi (druga grupa; n=10). Sve krmače uključene u ovaj ogled bile su melezi velikog jokšira i švedskog landrasa. Uzorci krvi su uzeti 2. i 28. dan laktacije. U uzorcima krvnog seruma određivana je koncentracija ukupnih proteina, albumina, ukupnog bilirubina, kalcijuma i neorganskog fosfora. Rezultati su pokazali da nije bilo značajne razlike u proteinemiji između grupa 2. dana posle prašenja, dok je 28. dana laktacije proteinemija bila značajno niža jedino kod grupe sa deset i više prasadi u leglu. Kod svih grupa, izuzev grupe sa deset i više prasadi u leglu, proteinemija je bila značajno veća 28. u odnosu na 2. dan laktacije. Koncentracija albumina u krvnom serumu različitih grupa krmača je pratila isti trend kao koncentracija proteina, sa jedinom razlikom što je albuminemija kod krmača sa deset i više prasadi u leglu bila približno ista 2. i 28. dana laktacije. Koncentracija ukupnog bilirubina u krvnom serumu je 2. dana posle prašenja bila približno jednaka kod različitih grupa krmača s tim da je kod krmača sa pet i više prašenja bila značajno veća u odnosu na ostale grupe. Slična razlika između grupa je utvrđena i 28. dana posle prašenja. Krmače 4. pariteta su imale značajno nižu a krmače sa 10 i više prašenje značajno višu bilirubinemiju 28. U odnosu na 2. dan laktacije. Glikemija je bila značajno niža kod krmača sa deset i više prasadi u leglu u odnosu na druge grupe kako 2. tako i 28. dana laktacije. Kalcemija je kod svih grupa, izuzev gr

За испитивање је узорковано млеко добијено од сто крава 30. дана лактације током јутарње и вечерње муже. Анализом резултата установљено је да су краве биле у стању негативног биланса енергије. Није било значајне разлике у концентрацији масти и протеина између јутарње и вечерње муже, али је концентрација урее била значајно виша током јутарње муже, указујући да су јединке током ноћи гладовале односно да је распон између вечерњег и јутарњег храњења био значајно дужи. Због тога, протеини хране нису могли да буду искоришћени за синтезу високовредних протеина, већ су се њихови производи разлагања конвертовали у уреу, која се излучивала путем млека., Investigation was done using morning and evening milk samples from 100 cows that were 30 days in lactation. Obtained results showed that all cows were in state on negative energy balance. There was no significant difference between morning and evening milk samples in fat and protein concentrations, but urea concentration was significantly higher in morning compared to evening milk samples, indicating that cows were exposed to over-night starvation, meaning that period between evening and morning feeding were to long. Therefore, dietary proteins were not used for synthesis of animal proteins but were converted to urea that was excreted by milk.

Циљ рада био је да се утврди повезаност биохемијских параметара крви и стереотипног понашања крава. Испитивање је извршено на 80 Холштајн крава подељених у четири групе: засушење, пуерперијум, рана и касна лактацијa. Процена стереотипног понашања (игра језика) извршена је посматрањем живо- тиња 2–4 часа након јутарњег храњења. У узорцима крви одређиване су концен- трације најважнијих биохемијских параметара крви. Поремећаји у виду „игре језика“ су установљени код три од 20 животиња из пуерпералне групе крава када су установљене и значајно ниже вредности гликемије, протеинемије, уре- мије и магнезијемије у односу на антепарталне вредности. Концентрације били- рубина су у том периоду биле изнад, а укупних протеина и магнезијума испод физиолошких вредности. Резултати указују на вероватну повезаност испити- ваног стереотипног понашања и биохемијског састава крви., The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between stereotyped behavior and selected biochemical parameters in dairy cows. A total of 80 Holstein cows were randomly assigned into one of 4 groups: dry, puerperal, early and late lactating. Evaluation of stereotypes (tongue rolling) was performed by observation of animals 2 to 4 hours after morning feeding. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for main biochemical parameters. Tongue rolling was established in 3 of 20 puerperal cows. Puerperal cows had significantly lower values for glicemia, proteinemia, uremia and magnesiemia compared to antepartal cows. Total protein and Mg were below, whereas total bilirubin was above physiological ranges. These results support the possibility to link blood changes to the occurrence of changed behaviour.