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Objective: The main drivers for persisting neurological symptoms after CNS injury are secondary pathophysiological changes, such as astrogliosis and glial scarring, inhibiting axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Thus, targeting the astroglial scar has become a promising experimental treatment [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Objective: Although Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has been extensively researched on its effects in early neurogenesis and brain development since its discovery in 1980, its recently described crucial neuroprotective effects implicate important underlying mechanisms on neuronal homeostasis and repair, especially [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death worldwide. After the primary injury, a cascade of secondary injury processes is initiated, including a complex inflammatory reaction. As a critical and vulnerable brain region, the hippocampus is commonly affected by such neuroinflammation. [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Objective: Traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI) is a devastating event, often associated with lifelong disability. Secondary to the primary injury, a cascade of secondary injury processes including blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disintegration and neuroinflammation is initiated, leading to aggravation [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]

Objective: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a devastating event with no neuroprotective treatment currently available. Disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) with subsequent edema formation and neuroinflammation contributes to the disease’s seriousness. It has been linked[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 72. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Polnischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Objective: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating event with limited functional recovery. As a potential treatment approach, neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation has shown beneficial effects on neuroregeneration. However, survival and differentiation of transplanted NPCs and thus[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 71. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), 9. Joint Meeting mit der Japanischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Objective: Posttraumatic inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) is non-resolving and still present in chronic injury stages. It is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of SCI and has been associated with further neurodegeneration and impaired functional recovery. Neural Precursor Cells[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 69. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Mexikanischen und Kolumbianischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Background: Neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation after spinal cord injury (SCI) has shown beneficial effects on neuroregeneration. However, functional recovery may be limited due to astrogliosis and cyst formation. Treadmill training (TT) following SCI is thought to reduce these negative effects.[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 69. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Mexikanischen und Kolumbianischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 24. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Arterioskleroseforschung

The specification and innervation of cerebral subregions is a complex layer-specific process, primed by region-specific transcription factor expression and axonal guidance cues. In Emx2-/- mice, the hippocampus fails to form a normal dentate gyrus as well as the normal layering of principal neurons in the hippocampus proper. Here, we analyzed the late embryonic and postnatal development of the hippocampal formation and its axonal projections in mice lacking Emx2 expression in vitro. As these mutants die perinatally, we used slice cultures of Emx2 mutant hippocampus to circumvent this problem. In late embryonic Emx2-/- cultivated hippocampi, both the perforant path as well as the distribution of calretinin-positive cells are affected. Traced entorhinal afferents in co-cultures with hippocampus from embryonic Emx2-/- mice terminate diffusely in the prospective dentate gyrus in contrast to the layer-specific termination of co-cultures from wild-type littermates. In addition, in brain slice cultures from null mutants the presumptive dentate gyrus failed to develop its normal cytoarchitecture and mature dentate granule cells, including the lack of their mossy fiber projection. Our data indicate that Emx2 is essential for the terminal differentiation of granular cells and the correct formation of extrinsic and intrinsic hippocampal connections.

Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor antagonist and sigma-receptor-active neuroleptic drug, is cytotoxic to primary hippocampal neurones, C6 glioma cells and NCB20 cells. A 24 h challenge of these cells with haloperidol resulted in reduced cell viability and ultimately cell lysis. The most dramatic changes in cellular morphology were the retraction of cellular extensions, development of membrane blebs, and finally cell detachment from the culture dish. DNA isolated from haloperidol-treated cells was randomly degraded, indicating a necrotic rather than an apoptotic pathway of cell death. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), a lipophilic free radical scavenger, prevented haloperidol-induced DNA fragmentation and ultimately cell death. These findings suggest that haloperidol induces necrotic cell death in which free radicals play a major role.

There has been a long persisting dilemma about potential ovarian stem cells in adult mammalian ovaries, including human, and now there is steadily increasing experimental evidence on their existence. After some previous indirect evidence about the presence of stem cells in adult mouse ovaries, an important breakthrough was made by Zou and his coworkers who successfully established long-persisting pluripotent/multipotent ovarian stem cell lines in neonatal and adult mice, and were followed by some other important studies in mouse and human. Moreover, oocyte-like cells can be developed in vitro from pluripotent stem cells of different origins (embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, fetal skin stem cells, pancreatic stem cells). The aim of this article is to elucidate the fast growing new knowledge on the ovarian stem cells and potential in vitro oogenesis in mammals.