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The article investigates several excerpts from Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground and twelve of its English translations to consider the problem of equivalent translation of Dostoevsky’s works. The analysis focuses on fragments linked with the anti-axiologemes zlo (evil) and zlost’ (anger, spite, malice, wickedness) and with allusions to St. Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae. Rendering these fragments correctly has crucial importance for preserving Dostoevsky’s vertically structured tri-partite universe where the human being is connected simultaneously with God and with other people, and none of these ties can be broken without detriment to the other one. When human beings’ tie to God is severed, humans cease having agency and free will and transform into puppets at the mercy of impersonal and unknowable forces; such a puppet also has no responsibility for its own actions. This is the world of severed connections between people who are no longer capable of truly free action or of meaningful interactions. In Dostoevsky, this is the world of the “environment” where human beings are completely dependent on society. When we are dealing with literature in translation, it also means that the protagonist’s situation is no longer universally applicable to any person at any time, and instead, this person becomes the product exclusively of their own time and their own society. Since equivalent translation entails “fully rendering the denotative contents of the original,” research aims to see whether translators succeeded in fully rendering the original semantics as well as Biblical and theological allusions that had been identified by Dostoevsky’s contemporaries even in the censored version of Notes from Underground.

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

“The poem is a bridge extending across time and encompassing all horizons,”1 writes the renowned Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani. It is through this bridge of poetry that he continues to traverse and speak to his Arab audience. As an homage to Qabbani—a master of metaphor in all his writings—this paper will compare Qabbani’s poetry in its original Arabic to that of his English translators, who have and continue to strive to bring his foreign readers from one world and language into his own poetic garden. By using examples of his approved English translations and the Skopos theory, I will argue in this paper that the bridge of translation cannot function in the same way as Qabbani’s bridge and that what prevents this bridge from succeeding is the deficiency of linguistic and cultural substances embedded in the text.

In translation studies, intersemiotic translation, which is the transference of a verbal sign system to a non-verbal sign, vice-versa or between two non-verbal modes, is a dynamically creative form of translation often involving literary works. Intersemiotic translations make it possible for written source texts to be brought to life in various artistic ways; they can usurp the power of the written word to transfer sense and meaning through unforgettable images from one culture to another. Folktales, documented in writings, have been translated into many different forms, such as in performing arts, animations, paintings, and illustrated books. This article examines the intersemiotic translation of the evergreen Malay folktale, “Puteri Gunung Ledang” or “The Princess of Mount Ledang” recreated in the form of batik paintings by the batik artist, Mat Dollah. The first specific objective of this study is to identify the variant and invariant features in Mat Dollah’s representation of the folktale by comparing his batik paintings to its original written account. The second objective is to investigate Mat Dollah’s skopos or purpose for recreating the folktale in his batik paintings in the ways that he has represented it. Six selected batik paintings of the folktale are analysed using Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (2006) multimodality approaches in visual grammar focusing on social actor representations and viewer networks (2008), colour (2011) and modality to fulfil the first objective. Transcripts from an email interview with the painter are analysed to fulfil the second objective. In this study, Vermeer's Skopos Theory underpins the overall discussion. The findings show that one invariant core links the batik paintings to the written source text. Next, the skopos or purpose of the artist in producing these recreations in his own unique ways is strongly influenced by his personal experience, his work as an artist, and his perspectives of the world. Two key insights can be surmised about intersemiotic translations from these findings. Firstly, it is the translators’ intent that determines the translation strategies used, ultimately shaping the final translated product. Secondly, this makes the translator’s presence highly visible in intersemiotic translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alman Dili ve Edebiyati Dergisi / Studien zur Deutschen Sprache & Literatur is the property of Alman Dili ve Edebiyall Dergisi / Studien Zur Deutschen Sprache & Literatur and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a functional approach to audio describing foreign films. First, a functional model of audio description (AD) is outlined, aimed at identifying functional priorities in audio-visual content with a view to determining AD macro- and micro-strategies. Second, the skopos theory is discussed and its principles adapted for AD purposes, by proposing four rules that stand in a hierarchical order: the Skopos rule (i.e. the fact that AD should be determined by its purpose), the cohesion rule (i.e. that the AD should be internally coherent as a text), the coherence rule (i.e. that the AD should be coherent for the target audience given their presupposed background knowledge and socio-cultural circumstances), and the correspondence rule (i.e. that there should be intersemiotic coherence between the source text and the AD). Then, the article presents a case study in which it is demonstrated how the functional aspects may have an impact on the audio describer's choices both in terms of content and form of AD, and how one film may have different ADs depending on its target audiences and the intended purposes. All in all, it is argued that functionalism in general and the skopos theory in particular as applied to AD provide a theoretical conceptualisation of AD, but more importantly, may serve as a practical tool for effective audio description as well as translation of AD scripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the challenges in translating literary texts is the cultural elements, and this is especially important in the translation of dramatic literature due to the use of drama, i.e., performance on stage. One of the approaches in translation that takes into account the purpose of translation and the function of the text in the target language and gives a special place to the audience's understanding in the translation of dramatic texts is the Skopos theory. This research aims to extract the main cultural elements in the play The Man Outside based on the division of cultural elements into two categories of "tangible cultural elements" and "intangible cultural elements" by Newmark and Chiaro, and accordingly, evaluate the performance of the translator from the perspective of Skopos theory when it is performed on stage. The result of this research shows that although Golshiri's translation has been used in theatrical performances, his transfer of tangible cultural elements is not in line with the goal of the play, which is performance on stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Language Academy is the property of Rota Kariyer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper aims to explore the functional approach to translation, which focuses on the purpose, function and intended effect of the translated text. The main proponents of the functionalist approaches Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Christiane Nord acknowledge that translation does not imply only linguistic correspondence between the target and source text and promote the idea according to which it is the communicative function of the text in the target culture that determines the method of translation. They start from the assumption that the texttype allows the translator to recognize the function and the purpose of the text as well as the author’s intention. Thus, s/he will inevitably resort to different techniques and strategies in order to successfully render the source text meaning into the target language. The examination of the most important studies related to this approach has provided us the theoretical framework that will serve as a foundation for our research: the translation of medical/pharmaceutical texts.

Skopos approach based on the TT reader-oriented principles seeks a translation purpose, which focuses merely on the final result. It acquires a specific or additional quality when applied to the so-called “mediated” or “intermediate translation”, as the product that will function in an exact environment, becomes of vital significance for the so-called secondary translation (translation from translation) within a different/additional communicative situation. The ST once translated for a certain socio-cultural community and reencoded for an exact cultural environment undergoes additional reencoding within a different communicative situation. The present article focuses on the identification of the translation purpose and respectively translation motivated goals through intra-textual constituents within the scope of indirect translation.

Skopos approach based on the TT reader-oriented principles seeks a translation purpose, which focuses merely on the final result. It acquires a specific or additional quality when applied to the so-called "mediated" or "intermediate translation," as the product that will function in an exact environment, becomes of vital significance for the so-called secondary translation (translation from translation) within a different/additional communicative situation. The ST once translated for a certain socio-cultural community and reencoded for an exact cultural environment undergoes additional reencoding within a different communicative situation. The present article focuses on the identification of the translation purpose and respectively translation motivated goals through intra-textual constituents within the scope of indirect translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of globalization and the more frequent cultural exchange worldwide, people have more opportunities to enjoy music from different cultures. Chinese traditional music is the inherent characteristic music of the Chinese people. Therefore, it's getting more and more important to translate Chinese traditional music terms properly so as to promote Chinese culture. However, the difficulties of English translation still exist, including the standardization of Chinese traditional music terms. From the perspective of Skopos Theory, this paper explores the translating methods of Chinese traditional music terms, which will be helpful for translators to achieve the different features of the Chinese traditional music terms in a structured way so as to improve cross-cultural communication ability and spread Chinese traditional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on evaluating the techniques used by KKU students majoring in the English language, and they study a translation course about translating Islamic religious texts. Furthermore, it accentuates the notion of untranslatability, its causes, and its types. The study also explains the challenges of translating Islamic religious texts. Additionally, the study demonstrates translation strategies taught to the students throughout the course for the purpose of translating Islamic religious texts. The study is based on a qualitative approach entailing a critical interpretative translation case study design, and it employs purposive sampling without a statistical representation, focusing on the students’ implementation of translational strategies and techniques at a micro level and macro level regarding untranslated items in the Holy Quran and Hadith. The data was collected by skimming and scanning every verse that was possibly interposed by students’ translational work of a focus group. Moreover, the researchers use interviewing as a form of data collection, which involves asking participants open-ended questions. The study concludes that teaching the students strategies and techniques of translating Islamic religious texts, accompanied by immediate practice in terms of tasks, assists students in translating in high quality regarding accuracy and adequacy. The study recommends that students should be taught techniques of translating Islamic religious texts segmentally accompanying from both perspectives -theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bible translation activities have been documented since the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity in the period of the 5th century BCE (Before the Common Era). In Ghana, the earliest translation of portions of Scripture was in Ga in 1805. Bible translation into mother tongues overtly or covertly employs one or more of the philosophies known in translating the Bible. This article examined the philosophy that underpinned the translation of the Asante-Twi Bible, a mother-tongue Scripture that is widely used by the Akan-speaking people of Ghana. Two texts (Acts 1:12 and Hebrews 12:1) were examined exegetically through the lens of mother tongue biblical hermeneutics. The researcher discovered that the two main theories of formal and dynamic equivalences have been employed where appropriate in the translation. However, there are a lot of passages (such as Jewish systems of measurements and dates) that call for using appropriate equivalences in the mother-tongue to make the message of the New Testament understandable and unambiguous. The article also argues for the need for commentaries in the mother-tongue Bibles.

This paper intends to show how a translation competition, namely the “translation duel,” can be turned into a useful pedagogical tool to train translation students to adapt their target text to imposed discursive parameters and consequently learn the skopos theory in an intuitive, applied, and playful way. A translation duel can be defined as a translation competition between two translators (or two teams of translators) who compete against the clock to translate a source text under the constraint of imposed discursive parameters. The target text of both translators is projected on large screens to let spectators see the translations typed in real time including idea changes, correction of spelling mistakes, last-minute editing, etc. Finally, at the end of the round, the target texts are read out loud and the spectators can vote for their favorite target text. The concept of translation duel is largely inspired by the “lucha libro,” which is a creative writing competition in which writers are invited to produce a creative text in a very short time. This paper guides the reader through the implementation of a real translation duel that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic between translation students from the University of Mons (Belgium) and translation students from the Université Laval (Canada). Most importantly, this article argues that this type of activity provides four main advantages: first, a translation duel provides an intuitive introduction to the skopos theory. Secondly, it enables students to develop the natural skills on which a professional translator usually relies, such as rapidity, creativity, composure, team spirit, and interpersonal competence. Thirdly, it can take place either on-site, remotely, or in hybrid mode, with translators competing (and spectators watching) from different parts of the world. Finally, the translation duel can be seen a gamified activity that allows to enhance learning.

Copyright of Fordítástudomány is the property of Faculty of Humanities ELTE, Department of Translations & Interpreting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, overall strategies of the English translation of Report On the Work of the Government 2023 are first analyzed with the aid of four main theories in the perspective of the functional paradigm, namely the text-type theory, the translational action theory, the skopos theory, and the localization theory. After that, specific translation strategies of the vocabulary of Chinese characteristics are illustrated using examples taken from the Report, which can be summarized into provincial translation, conversion, addition and equivalence. In closing, it is emphasized that translators should embrace more flexibilities in "reconstructing" based on the characteristics of source text so as to provide easier access for international readers to know what China is actually like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within translation studies, functionalist translations and even more specifically, translations guided by Skopos theory are very much purposeful activities. Skopos theory applied to Bible translation, however, is sometimes met with resistance by practitioners who believe that Skopos theory betrays too much of the source text. This article began by outlining Skopos theory and the additional notion of loyalty as introduced by Christiane Nord. Even with loyalty applied to the theory, many Bible translation practitioners continue to fear it. After the initial presentation of Skopos theory plus loyalty, the Hebrew lexeme חֶסֶד (ḥesed) was introduced in this article and discussed in relation to its biblical use. The discussion of ḥesed was then widened to functionalist Bible translation to redeem the loyalty notion as applied to Bible translation. This article claimed that ḥesed as loyalty further helps to protect both the source text and target audiences from radical or unacceptable translations. Contribution: Bible translation is a purposeful activity. This article attempted to allay the fears that some Bible translation practitioners have about the possibility of radical translations undertaken using Skopos theory. Loyalty as understood through the lens of the Hebrew חֶסֶד (ḥesed) was utilised afresh to allay these fears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos & Littera: Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches to Text is the property of University of Montenegro, Faculty of Philology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, the transfer of as much information as possible as quickly as possible is becoming the norm, with the accelerating development of the modern world, the social function of translation as an activity is also changing. At this time, the degree of the translation unit adequacy is under challenge. The postulate of the adequacy of translation known to all professionals in the field of translation, according to which every author's message should be translated as close to its meaning as possible and must accentuate its content, is taking a back seat. Skopos theory in 1978 authored by the German linguist and translator H. Vermeer pushed a reconceptualization of translation activity where the goal (skopos) conforming to which a translation piece is made and the function determined by the addressee are focused. The revolutionary idea of this theory lies in the fact that it decrowns the dominance of the source text and emphasizes the role of the translator as the creator of the translation text, giving priority to the skopos that was set to create this translation, and bringing the customer out of the shadow of the translation. The main ideas of this theory as well as the interest that is actively shown in foreign translation studies determine the urgency of this research. This article presents arguments for the foundations of this theory that may be used to reproduce modern functional translation, in particular in the scientific and technical field. The purpose of our investigation is to form specific procedures for translation activities in order to reproduce high-quality narrowly specialized translation from the perspective of the target direction of translation activities according to Skopos theory. A scientific and technical text, in terms of its functional characteristics, is best suited for the Skopos theory adaptation. Based on the study of this theory’s foundations, we tried to create some recommendations for translators that may be of interest for the development of specific procedures for the translation of scientific and technical texts. The methodology of comparing the generally accepted theory of adequacy and Skopos-theory makes it possible to identify those attractive features of the latter that add to the creation of high-quality translation text, which indicates the current direction of this work in the field of the Ukrainian scientific and technical translation studies. The given research includes general logical and general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive and comparative methods to render our own conclusions regarding the analyzed theory. In the course of our research, it became possible to determine the paradigm of the main provisions of Skopos theory, which can guide scientific and technical translators in their activity, and on the basis of these provisions’ study to reproduce certain recommendations for professional translators regarding the translation of scientific and technical texts The overall intention of the paper was not to dictate mandatory rules to be followed by a translator, but rather to explain a new methodological approach and to form some appropriate techniques that can teach specialists in scientific and technical translation to evaluate their work as well as to take responsibility for a final translation product in face of both, the customer of the translation and the audience for which this translation is intended.

Planning for and managing a new Bible translation project is best undertaken when the context of the situation is well understood. This article uses Skopos theory and contextual frames as tools for understanding the Yawo contexts of Mozambique, Malawi, and Tanzania, as it relates to the choice of terms for God in Bible translation - particularly םיהִלֹאֱ (ʾᵉlōhim) in the Hebrew Bible and θεός (theos) in the New Testament, but also applicable to other terms such as the personal name of Israel's god, הוהי (yhwh). Skopos theory and narrative frame theory provide the theoretical basis of this article as African traditional religion and Islam are explored in the Yawo context. Special attention is paid to these narrative frames in application to translating adequate terms for the Supreme Being, or "God", in Ciyawo Bible translation. This article shows that successful Bible translation in any context is possible when the relevant situation is understood and managed well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages, when mediating, speakers need to apply a series of strategies such as condensation, reformulation, and translation to transmit the content of a text. Differences between trained translators and learners are quite frequent. The pedagogical challenge that arises here can be addressed by using textual mediation activities to help students define a 'skopos' and to avoid interferences from the source text. In this study, we compared the results of 15 translation and 15 mediation activities carried out by two groups of university students (L1 Spanish, L2 German) in an economic translation course. Results showed that linguistic mistakes decreased in some cases in the mediation activity, as students were able to detach themselves from the original structures with greater confidence. The pedagogical implications of these results may help open a new pathway in the design and application of activities and courses in the initial stages of translation training in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to show how a translation competition, namely the "translation duel," can be turned into a useful pedagogical tool to train translation students to adapt their target text to imposed discursive parameters and consequently learn the skopos theory in an intuitive, applied, and playful way. A translation duel can be defined as a translation competition between two translators (or two teams of translators) who compete against the clock to translate a source text under the constraint of imposed discursive parameters. The target text of both translators is projected on large screens to let spectators see the translations typed in real time including idea changes, correction of spelling mistakes, last-minute editing, etc. Finally, at the end of the round, the target texts are read out loud and the spectators can vote for their favorite target text. The concept of translation duel is largely inspired by the "lucha libro," which is a creative writing competition in which writers are invited to produce a creative text in a very short time. This paper guides the reader through the implementation of a real translation duel that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic between translation students from the University of Mons (Belgium) and translation students from the Université Laval (Canada). Most importantly, this article argues that this type of activity provides four main advantages: first, a translation duel provides an intuitive introduction to the skopos theory. Secondly, it enables students to develop the natural skills on which a professional translator usually relies, such as rapidity, creativity, composure, team spirit, and interpersonal competence. Thirdly, it can take place either on-site, remotely, or in hybrid mode, with translators competing (and spectators watching) from different parts of the world. Finally, the translation duel can be seen a gamified activity that allows to enhance learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rendering humor in translation is an especially challenging activity, as comicity is directly linked to linguistic structures and cultural specificities. And when humorous passages are at the heart of a work, their transference to the translated text should be prioritized so that the text's function is maintained. The purpose of this article is to investigate the North-American English translation of wordplays in the novel O xangô de Baker Street, by Jô Soares, and to verify whether the translator, Clifford Landers, managed to render in the translated text the function of these puns, identified semi-automatically through Corpus Linguistics tools. Furthermore, we aim to discuss whether his translation choices are consistent with his stated preference for domesticating. We conclude that the translator used both domesticating and foreignizing strategies to translate wordplays, and the options did not always reach the desired maintenance of the source text's effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folkloric translation is a branch of translation that has to contend not just with lexical transfers but also with cultural transfers. A good understanding of the target text even after a translation is not assured as some speech environments, situations and conditions translated are either partially or totally inexistent in the target culture. But the transfer can be enhanced by a translator who is very conversant with the culture that informs the source text and that of the target text. The decision of what to translate and how to translate it can only be decided by the translator when the purpose of the translation is already determined, hence the use of Vermeer's Skopos theory of translation as the framework on which this study is anchored. The aim of this paper is to translate an Igbo folk tale, Udeze Nwanne m, into English, with a view to concretizing the difficulties of folkloric translations as highlighted by Luciana Penteliuc-Cotoman and expose the importance of explanations in the transfer of meaning from the culture of the source text to another culture that knows next to nothing about the source culture. This paper also contributes to the enrichment of the existing repertoire of folklore. It was discovered that comprehension of folklore was better achieved with explanations of the cultural referents of the source text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hermeneus is the property of Revista Hermeneus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To explain the translation strategies of cultural texts, the researcher examines the subtitle translation strategies of the TV series the Empress in the Palace from the perspective of Skopos theory. The main principles of Skopos theory and its applicability to subtitle translation are discussed, and examples of subtitle translation are explored to provide a reference strategy and methodology for the translation of cultural texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable health care overseas and the huge development of medical science, practice and technology create a constant demand for competent medical translators, the profile of whom is full of prerequisites. As mistranslation of medical texts can lead to serious clinical or financial consequences, there is no doubt that medical translations which are produced in good quality are in high demand. Moreover, time pressure and budget limits are inevitable concerns for both the healthcare and translation industries due to rapid developments and globalization issues. Therefore, there is demand for competent medical translators who can not only show an excellent usage of languages of medicine and demonstrate strong translation skills while rendering medical texts but also produce good-quality medical translations within set deadline and cost. Hence, the question, how today’s potential medical translators should be trained, needs to be answered. Drawing on such a requirement, the aim of this paper is to explore the applicability of the ISO 17100:2015 Quality Standard in designing a training program for future medical translators with a focus on the competences to be developed.

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The aims of this study were to analyze how many translation strategies found as applied in translating process of song lyrics entitled Hingga Akhir Waktu translated into English version by Chirstian Bautista as a singer and also the translator. The data were analyzed by Rainer Schulte and John Biuret’s translation strategies. Since the data consists of words and sentences, qualitative descriptive was applied in this research. The result of the study showed that there were certain types of translation strategies found in the process of translating song lyrics. The findings showed that the rules of Skopos theory in the translating process were running well. Keywords: Skopos Theory; Translation Strategies; Song Lyrics; Hingga Akhir Waktu

Translation is a human activity and like all human activities, it has its difficulties and satisfactions. With the aim to enlighten some theories regarding the translations, we are going to explore the studies of the theorists Anca Greere (2003), Hans J. Vermeer (2000) and Christiane Nord (1997). By examining the above theories, our goal is to obtain a clearer view upon the difficulties encountered in the translating activity, on the one hand and on the other, to find the proper way to surpass these difficulties. The translator as a professional has to take into account different aspects in order to comply with the translation task. Thus, the translator has to consider aspects related to the analysis of the source text, this constituting a source of information. On the other hand, the translator has to consider aspects regarding the text type, the text production and the recipient of the target text. In addition to presenting theoretical considerations on functional approaches, the applicative part of our paper will bring to attention four types of translation mistakes, which any translator should avoid and some viable solutions to the problems they pose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong's bilingual street signs declare a kind of correspondence, equivalence and thus translation between the English and Chinese languages. This study finds four translation phenomena among the street signs: domestication with positive connotation, foreignisation with negative connotation, bilingual incompatibilities, and cross-street complexities. The interplay of, and the tension between, the four features open up a space where the local and the foreign, the vulgar and the elegant, alternate and experiment with each other, creating a kaleidoscope of methods for expressing and domesticating foreign otherness by virtue of translation. An analysis of the phenomena from the functional perspective reveals how translation has been emancipated to inform a variety of dimensions. This study also renews our understanding of translation as both a concept and a practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syntactical problems in the translation of English patent documents are discussed with the three translation principles of Vermeers Skopos theory. Some specific translation methods are accordingly proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sven Birkerts (1951-) is an American essayist. His essay The Strange Days is well received by readers. In the context of globalization, literary translation is an important part of cultural exchanges. The Skopos Theory is the theory that applies the Skopos concept to translation. The core concept of Skopos Theory is that translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose of translation. In the process of translation, the translator should follow three principles, namely, skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. The translation of literary texts coincides with the idea of Skopos Theory. This paper analyzes the advantages of Skopos Theory in the selection of translation strategies for the translation of The Strange Days from the perspective of the principle of skopos, coherence and fidelity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation theory has entered a new paradigm when defining translation as action determined by a purpose and by placing the translator in the center of the translation process, allowing him a much larger degree of freedom within the borders of a rigourously defined practice. This paradigm shift has also brought about the replacing of the concept of equivalence with that of adequacy, thus enabling the translator a more creative approach to the text. The skopos theory might contribute to bridging the gap between theory and practice in the field of translation. The article intends to briefly describe the most important aspects of the skopos theory and to discuss its possible applicability in the translation of a corpus of texts representing witness depositions and court records of the witch trials in Sibiu, Transylvania, during the 17th century, at the hight of the witch persecutions. A short description of the specific aspects of Transylvanian witch trials will also be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I attempt a critical reading of Steyn's widely acclaimed biography (1998, named above) by using diverse critical frameworks and theories. In accordance with views advanced in narratology, writing a historical narrative is seen as a venture that cannot escape subjectivity, despite the historicist's being bound by factual writing and oral accounts of chronicles and facts. In a previous study (Van Coller 2019a), history-writing has been compared with the process of translation because the historian also has to choose between two modes of presentation, namely foreignisation and domestication (Venutti 1995). The present study, however, focuses on another influential and important translation theory, namely the skopos theory, propounded by the German scholar Christiane Nord (1991; 2006). According to this theory, translation is function-driven and the translator has no free play in translation. The translator is bound by "loyalty" - loyalty towards the initiator who commissioned or assigned the translation (the translation brief), the target audience and the source text. It follows that any strategic choices exercised are closely related to the needs (values and knowledge) of the target audience. These insights apply mutatis mutandis to the biographer, who has the same loyalty to the initiator, his target readers and, particularly, the subject of his biography. In a recent study (Van Coller 2019b), I also reviewed Steyn's biographies of Piet Cillié, former newspaper editor (of Die Burger) and influential political analyst, and MER (Miemie Rothman), an Afrikaans journalist, writer and member of the Carnegie commission of inquiry (1929-1932) into extreme poverty among white people. The conclusion in that study was that although both biographies can be regarded as thorough, the presentation of especially Piet Cillié was skewed because key aspects of his life have been manipulated in the sense that many of his obvious shortcomings were underplayed or treated in a manner to present him in a more positive light. This could perhaps be ascribed to the fact that the Cillié biography was commissioned by Naspers (which, at the time, also paid Steyn's salary, while Cillié was one of the pivotal figures in the organisation). Likewise, MER also had close ties with Naspers. In the present study, one of the findings is that Truida Louw, widow of NP van Wyk Louw, apparently strongly influenced the Van Wyk Louw biography as she reportedly favoured Steyn as the biographer (and may therefore be viewed as co-initiator) and that she (as well as her children, Reinet and Peter) granted Steyn interviews and even had access to the biography at the manuscript stage. This involvement of the Louw family without a doubt had a bearing on the final, published version: quite a few cuts had been made in the manuscript, almost all of them aimed at improving the posture (Meizoz 2010) of Louw or Truida, although it cannot be categorically stated that all of these changes resulted from their comments. One of the most important findings of this study is that while Louw, in the main, has been represented by Steyn - notwithstanding his obvious admiration for Louw - "warts and all", the representation of other key players in this "drama" has been manipulated. The posture of Truida - in accordance with positioning theory - is extremely positive (both with reference to her illicit affair with Louw from 1936 to 1938, and during his extramarital affair with Sheila Cussons from 1950 to 1956 in Amsterdam). However, Steyn does not portray Cussons, who declined point-blank to contribute to this biography, very sympathetically. After the publication of this two-part biography, Cussons responded and refuted several claims made in the biography, particularly the assumption that her relationship with Louw had been merely a fleeting affair. According to her, it was a serious love relationship and even more profoundly a poetic one. In the interview concerned, some of the most important poems in Louw's last published volume of poems were mentioned, all of them directly related to their relationship: dedicated to Cussons, alluding to the relationship or resulting directly from their poetic interaction and cooperation. In conclusion, it can be argued that although Steyn's biography is undoubtedly a beacon in biographical writing in Afrikaans, not even this scientific and comprehensive study can lay claim to absolute objectivity. The writing of any historical account is a hermeneutical endeavour, therefore always prone to subjective elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous improvement of China's overall national strength and the constant improvement of infrastructure, the national charm continues to increase. More and more foreign friends have been attracted to travel to China. The translations of public signs in scenic spots are of great importance for foreign visitors because of the language barrier and cultural difference existing between China and foreign countries. These translations should convey information accurately, providing the function of bringing convenience to visitors and spreading Chinese culture. However, in reality, there exist various problems among the translations of public signs in scenic spots, which will definitely make foreign visitors feel puzzled. So it is of great urgency to make the translation more standard. This study takes public signs of various scenic spots as the research material to explore the translation of the public signs of tourist attractions from the perspective of Skopos theory. This essay summarizes the errors and mistakes in the examples. By comparing and analyzing the unqualified translations in the examples and their polished versions, some specific translation strategies are proposed and explained in detail to provide useful guidance for the translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the essays by Nicola Chiaromonte analyzed from the perspective of the skopos theory. According to this theory, translator of any text should take into consideration the cultural context of work he renders in another language, its axiological aspect as well as requirements of its recipients. The dialogue Chiaromonte had with his Italian readers has been transferred into Polish literary discourse by Wojciech Karpiński. The translations he produced provide their Polish recipients with such a vision of the Italian author, his way of understanding the world, oneself and other people, that the essays in Polish clearly reveal a new usage and intellectual potential of ancient philosophical and artistic legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The expansion of intercultural interaction between countries and cultures requires the training of modern specialists who know both foreign languages and intercultural communication. However, in the training of translators, there is a lack of authentic material offered by the native speakers of the corresponding language and culture. The purpose of the article is to suggest strategies for teaching the translation of advertising texts and anthroponyms in the Russian-Chinese discourse. The methodological basis of the research is the theory of skopos considering translation as a practical type of activity, as well as a comparative analysis of anthroponyms. As a result of the research, there proposed strategies for translating advertising texts (working with linguistic forms, cultural content, adding and omitting information, combining these strategies) and anthroponyms (using transliteration from Russian into Chinese, it is necessary not only to choose suitable Chinese hieroglyphs but also take into account their meanings, special cases). Comparing Russian and Chinese names, an important difference is found: transliterating Russian names, a person’s gender information can be expressed through Chinese hieroglyphs but this effect cannot be achieved when transliterating Chinese names. Russian-Chinese discourse has a strong cultural connotation, reflecting the unique way of people’s life. The task of the translator is to reproduce not only the formal but also the cultural information of the original text. The novelty of the work is determined by the need to research the Sino-Tibetan language group in order to improve the methodology of teaching translation and intercultural communication as a practical activity.