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Pengkaji membincangkan implikasi terjemahan semula novel grafik Kampung Boy dalam bahasa Jepun. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti ciri teks terjemahan Kampung Boy dalam bahasa Jepun dan menentukan kedudukannya dalam industri terjemahan di Jepun. Dalam kajian ini, pengkaji membandingkan teks terjemahan antara edisi pertama dengan edisi terbaharu teks tersebut. Teks asal turut dirujuk apabila sesuatu bahagian menimbulkan gambaran yang berbeza antara kedua-dua edisi tersebut. Menerusi kajian ini, didapati bahawa perbezaan teks terjemahan dipengaruhi oleh perbezaan bahasa sumber dan perbezaan Skopos. Edisi pertama yang diterjemahkan daripada teks berbahasa Inggeris cenderung kepada penghuraian yang lebih eksplisit disebabkan oleh budaya konteks yang rendah. Edisi terbaharu yang diterjemahkan daripada teks berbahasa Melayu pula menunjukkan ekspresi yang lebih implisit disebabkan oleh budaya konteks yang tinggi. Dari segi perbezaan Skopos, edisi pertama menitikberatkan unsur nostalgia, manakala edisi terbaharu menambah nilai akademia. Oleh itu, edisi pertama menggunakan bahasa yang mudah dengan strategi berunsur tempatan, sedangkan edisi terbaharu menggunakan bahasa yang sederhana dengan lebih memfokuskan unsur asing. Dalam erti kata lain, edisi pertama mementingkan kelancaran bahasa dengan menggugurkan, meringkaskan atau menggantikan unsur budaya tradisional Melayu. Sebaliknya, edisi terbaharu mengekalkan konteks asal dengan mengisi kekosongan leksikon dan menambah keterangannya.

Schlager was used as a term for songs on the Swedish popular music market from the 1920s and on. Coincidentally, song translation practices developed that varied rather seamlessly between liberty and fidelity. Nevertheless, based on an extensive corpus of Swedish target song lyrics, released 1916–2011, I identify and name six roughly distinguishable text methods: near-enough translation, perspective-shift translation, hook transposition, single-phrase spinoff, phonetic calque, and all-new target song lyrics. Examining the chronological distribution of the variation, most exploration of the experimental middle ground was found in the 1960s and 1970s. One decisive factor may be increased tailoring of lyrics for specific performers or venues. From the 1980s and on, changing circumstances seem to have made imported music released with Swedish lyrics less prevalent on the market, but widely variable song translation methods continue to be practiced in later decades too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A decade ago I translated Romeo and Juliet into Romanian for a student performance, which premiered on February 14, 2013 and has since participated in four international theatre festivals. Three years later, having joined the team of the Shakespeare for the New Millennium project – devoted to the retranslation of Shakespeare’s complete works – I embarked on what I thought would be merely a revision of my previous translation for the stage, but soon turned into a very different translatorial experience, which resulted in an entirely new Romanian version, mainly due to the twofold, yet more clearly defined purpose of the translation project. This new version, published in vol. 13 (2018) of the latest scholarly edition of Shakespeare’s complete works (2010-2019), has recently passed the performability test as well, in a compelling stage production which premiered, to great acclaim, on December 17, 2022 at the “Mihai Eminescu” National Theatre in Chișinău (Moldova). Thus, my article sets out to explore – self-reflectively, retrospectively and through the lens of Skopos theory – how in each case my approach to the task in hand, my decisions and my solutions to various translation problems were guided by what I knew or assumed about the aims, requirements and prospective audience of each translation. Thus, a translator’s practical experience is brought to bear on what has been both hailed and criticised as “a new paradigm” in translation studies, in an attempt to test its hypotheses against the actual practice (as well as the outcomes) of translating the same text for different purposes.

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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A decade ago I translated Romeo and Juliet into Romanian for a student performance, which premiered on February 14, 2013 and has since participated in four international theatre festivals. Three years later, having joined the team of the Shakespeare for the New Millennium project – devoted to the retranslation of Shakespeare's complete works – I embarked on what I thought would be merely a revision of my previous translation for the stage, but soon turned into a very different translatorial experience, which resulted in an entirely new Romanian version, mainly due to the twofold, yet more clearly defined purpose of the translation project. This new version, published in vol. 13 (2018) of the latest scholarly edition of Shakespeare's complete works (2010-2019), has recently passed the performability test as well, in a compelling stage production which premiered, to great acclaim, on December 17, 2022 at the "Mihai Eminescu" National Theatre in Chișinău (Moldova). Thus, my article sets out to explore – self-reflectively, retrospectively and through the lens of Skopos theory – how in each case my approach to the task in hand, my decisions and my solutions to various translation problems were guided by what I knew or assumed about the aims, requirements and prospective audience of each translation. Thus, a translator's practical experience is brought to bear on what has been both hailed and criticised as "a new paradigm" in translation studies, in an attempt to test its hypotheses against the actual practice (as well as the outcomes) of translating the same text for different purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revises the implementation of the functional typology by Christiane Nord in the translation and localization of the corporate newsletters from English (Great Britain, EN-GB) to Spanish (Spain, ES-ES). Christiane Nord defines the following text functions: referential, expressive, appellative and phatic. At the same time, she distinguishes between documental and instrumental (equifunctional or heterofunctional) texts and their respective translations. Following this typology, the paper analyses different text types that can be found in corporate newsletters and makes an insight on applicability and usability of this theory for the translation of this kind of texts. The examples belong to the corporate newsletters of the British fashion company Burberry.

Several shifts related to cultural references take place during the translation process. The ‎current article deals with the attempts the translator Denys Johnson-Davies takes in ‎order to address the rich cultural references in The Wedding of Zein by the Sudanese ‎writer Tayeb Salih. These attempts are the target of the current study. This paper focuses ‎on how theories of translation attempt to explain the rationale behind the translator’s ‎decisions and actions, specifically when dealing with culture-specific references. This ‎article demonstrates that the target reader (TR) is the centre of Johnson-Davies’ ‎translation of the source text (ST). The paper shows that translators do not follow one ‎single approach when rendering a text but rather a plethora of techniques to help the ‎reader digest the literature in their hands. ‎

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Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jokes have increasingly become the medium through which people in different Arab countries express their concerns. Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter are full of jokes tackling various spheres of life. Those jokes serve as a secure resort for people to raise issues they may not be able to express openly. The present study deals with the complications involved in the translation of Arabic jokes in general, and political jokes in particular into English. It sheds some light on the extent to which the translations of those jokes retain the force of their originals. The corpus of this study consists of 100 jokes that have been collected from different websites. The theoretical framework is eclectic, as it considers theories of translation and linguistics. It is based on Hans Vermeer's skopos theory (Nord, 1997; Reiss and Vermeer, 2014; Vermeer, 1989), and Halliday's theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Halliday, 1985/1994). This study concludes that understanding a joke and then reproducing and translating it depends on a combination of linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The joke tellers may embrace various ideologies, and translators are required to be familiar with those ideologies to render the text adequately. The fidelity of translation will never be preserved unless all those aspects are taken into consideration.

The concept of retranslation is a relatively new in translation studies, because the activity of retraslation is quite recent. Paradoxically, translations become obsolete to a greater extent than the original texts, considering the evolution of target language et culture, but also the changes in translation norms, that's why retranslations should give a new life to literary works. In light of that, this paper aims to prove the necessity for the retranslation of Mademoiselle Maussade by Iulia Hasdeu, on the assumption that a new version of this work could pique the interest of young readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers what influences the translation process for writers in Indian journalism: tools that guide, and structures that constrict. From in-depth interviews with Indian journalists conducted in New Delhi from 2018 to 2019, I examine creative agency in the context of multilingual reporting in India, to examine news stories not just as factual bytes of daily events but as creatively written short essays of journalistic translation. Indian journalists offer perspective on their writing processes from the initial assignment of a story idea to the fruition of the piece in publication. This research delves into how Indian journalists think about the multilingual reporting they do and the attention they pay to journalistic translation when moving from a spoken Hindi interview to an English-language article. I broadly interrogate the skopos, or aim, of journalistic translation in the context of Indian news, noting the vernacular push-and-pull of multilingual reporting disseminated in Hindi and English, or other Indian languages. I investigate how Indian journalists cope with moments of the "untranslatable" in their everyday work, if and when they recognize situations of journalistic translation, and what they consider to be underlying impacts of translated news in multilingual reporting from India. Journalists have creative agency in the way they share information that influences the skopos of multilingual reporting. Thus, the language transferred from sources to readers takes on new meanings that can have major impacts on audiences' reading of news stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates Lin Yutang's (林語堂) bilingualism and cosmopolitanism under different circumstances to further the current discourse on dynamic language equivalences and culture-crossing. Different from previous critical works, this study covers Lin's major self-translated works from distinctive historical periods, Zi jian Nanzi/Confucius Saw Nancy (1928/1929), "A Hymn to Shanghai"/"Shanghai zhi ge" (1930/1933), and Between Tears and Laughter/Ti xiao jie fei (1943/1943), by examining the publishing environment into which these works entered, the historical contexts that drove him to self-translate, the various translation methods he adopted for specific situations, and the manifold changes he made with the shifts of skopos. The study brings to light a tendency of self-translators to revise their originals, which allows their works to benefit from the insights gained in self-translation, and contends that Lin's contribution to translation studies is much greater than is generally believed in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qur'an has been revealed in Arabic language as mentioned in the Quran: "we have revealed it as an Arabic Quran". It is, no doubt, a gift, a token of Love to humanity from the Creator. Due to the diversity of languages its translation in other languages is the responsibility of the scholars to convey the message of Allah. The translation of the Word of Allah by the words of human is impossible whereas their meanings to some extent can be transferred. In a multi-sectarian society, the translation of the meanings of the Holy Quran becomes a real challenge. The research suggests Skopos Model for the translation of Quranic verses that contain various connotations. The Greek word 'Skopos' means 'aims and purpose'. Hans j. Vermeer, a theorist of German Functionalist Approach, presented Skopos theory of translation. It includes, the intention of the client from the text which is explained in the 'translation brief'; it includes, the target audience, the purpose of the translated text and the place where the translation is used. The thesis is to use the Skopos for the translation of the verse regarding the physical status of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in a multiethnic society of Pakistan to reduce the level of tension created by the religious debates due to the translations of such sensitive verses. The study selected two verses that narrate the physical and spiritual status of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) analyzing their translation in various Urdu Quran Translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim. The subject of the research was the text of the novel Nibynoc by Jay Kristoff and its translation. The aim was to determine skopos in the translation into Polish. Methods. A comparative analysis was made, mainly of neologisms created by the author, in comparison with Małgorzata Strzelec's translation. A comprehensive comparison of both works was also made in order to find skopos in the translator's actions. Results and conclusions. It has been shown that despite a few exceptions, the translator adopted a specific translation method for each type of neologism present in the book. Her goal can be considered as a faithful rendition of the content in the target language. The elements of exoticisation that appeared were intended to allow the reader to have a deeper experience of the fictional world. Cognitive value. Fantasy literature has great research potential, not only in the case of scopos. Addressing the topic of skopos in fantasy literature can inspire the analysis of other literary genres and encourage the search for deeper meaning in the actions taken by translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All countries issue certificates – marriage certificates, birth certificates, medical certificates, graduation certificates, degrees, driver's licenses, and business permits – for various purposes, so the translation of certificates is common in the translation market. For cultural, practical, and administrative reasons, certificates issued by different countries and in different languages often take different forms and contain different information. Because translated certificates may be required for specific purposes, the appropriate translation of certificates can therefore pose challenges for translators. This paper presents a study on the translation of various certificates from Chinese into English. It attempts to compare and analyze different features of certificates in Chinese and English, identify issues encountered in the translation of certificates, and explore different translation strategies, taking into account linguistic, pragmatic, cultural, and communicative factors. Based on the findings of the data analysis, the study suggests that when translating Chinese certificates into English, it is necessary to consult the potential users of the translated certificates to identify the purposes of the translation and decide which translation strategy is appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is intended to analyze and assess sample translations of advertising headlines in the light of functional theories with special focus on the translatorial action theory which indicates that translation should be performed to achieve a communicative function and that it must be primarily oriented towards action . Accordingly, the traditional views of the notion of equivalence in translation are departed in favour of a new functional view from a different perspective. The new functional approach involves a departure from the inherent focus on the ST to the TT and to the process of translation, hence, translation turns into a purposeful activity whose primary concern is fulfilling the intended communicative message beyond enslavement to the ST. So its primary concern shifts to highlighting the TL cultural, geographic and linguistic peculiarities. Besides, the current study aims to show that translation analysis in terms of functional theory in general and translatorial action theory in particular would indicate that advertisement text producers/ translators normally pay special attention to headlines and sub headlines out of a recognition that they form the key to the reader`s decision to read on and go through the details contained in the body of the text .And accordingly, a greater chance of commercializing the product(s) can be fulfilled which is the essence of the functional approach to translation. While the translator may resort to different techniques and procedures to render the meanings involved in a headline, some of these can be consistent with the skopos and action- oriented functional approach and best serve the intended advertising purpose, others fall short of realizing this due to lack of sufficient knowledge of the cultural, psychological and linguistic realities of the TL or a failure in grasping the intended meaning .So, the analysis involves highlighting the areas of success and failure and how to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article hereby is an inquiry into a case of translation republishing, where extensive changes in the latter version are present despite the fact that the agents of the process are the same. The case is a fruitful source of discussion for translation studies since it provides constancy of significant variables while the translation products are considerably different. Through a descriptive study of such a case, varying constraints under which the agents operate are attempted to be revealed. Such revelation is also significant insofar as it provides a new perspective on the motives behind retranslation, which has been an amply discussed issue. In addition, the observed change in the constraints leading to non-conformism and a related change of macro-strategy observed in the retranslation seem to provide significant insight into the role of cultural, communicative and contextual factors in translator behaviour, which has important implications for translator training. The analyzed case also provides ground for the reconsideration of some of the common central concepts in translation studies today, as it seems to be buoyed up in the blurry boundaries between these concepts. Such conceptual discussion is increasingly becoming essential for translation studies as the body of research in translation studies calls for more and more precise terminology with each passing day.

The current paper presents the analysis of translation strategies and linguistic characteristics in Slovene translations of commercial car slogans from English and German. There is no uniform definition of the advertising slogan in the scientific literature; therefore, we attempt to provide the definition of a slogan in the context of marketing communication. One of the main functions of both social and commercial advertising is to provide information to the target audience and make it act in the way desired by the advertisers. In contemporary Translation Studies, translation is defined as a transnational and intercultural communication activity. Therefore, one of the primary tasks of translators is to mediate not only between languages but also between cultures. The objective of the paper has been to identify and describe the language features of car slogans at phonological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels, with due attention to the functionality of these messages in comparison with the messages relayed by slogans in other trades. The study has revealed that, due to the specific market niche, most car slogans tend to use specific language devices and discourse. The theoretical framework is based on German functionalist approaches in Translation Studies – Holz-Mänttäri's theory of action (Handlungstheorie) and Reiß/Vermeer's theory of translation's purpose (Skopostheorie). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Theoretical context The Afrikaans Bible translation of 2020 took cognisance of Christiane Nord's (1997, 2001) functionalistic model of translation, in conjunction with Reiss and Vermeer's (1984) skopos theory. A function of this translation, in addition to the aim of providing an authoritative basis for the faith of its readership, was to ensure that the source text is presented as an authentic representation of the culture(s) in which it originated, as well as being understood clearly by the target readers of today, in due regard of the text genre of the relevant source text (such as narrative, poetry, prophetic enunciations, wisdom literature, genealogical register). This is articulated in the skopos, or translation mandate by the initiator, it is the Bible Society of South Africa. This mandate was further informed by Gutt's (1991) notion of a "direct" translation, in that the source text is not interpreted and indirectly reported by the translator as narrator, but addresses the reader directly, as though the author had written the text in the receiving language. The intended function would then be to empower the translated text with the same status and authority as the source text. Address forms One aspect of the translation process does, however, require a degree of interpretation on the linguistic level, namely the use of second person pronouns as a form of address in Afrikaans. The choice of an appropriate pronoun is often determined or influenced by the relation between the speaker and the addressee (which may vary through time), such as the relative social position of the interlocutors, and the style of the dialogue, and can be generalised to a binary distinction between a formal (u) and an informal address form (jy). This choice does not, however, reflect only factors such as formality or social asymmetry between speaker and addressee, as mentioned above, but also attitudes and emotions, such as respect, solidarity or disdain, or even strategies to achieve a particular speech act objective (illocution). In the literature (Brown & Gilman 2003), the abbreviations V (from the Latin vos) and T (from tu) have been introduced to refer to such forms in various languages, and are indicative of a dynamic of power (or authority) and a dynamic of solidarity, respectively. The article traces the origin of this distinction from the era of the Holy Roman Empire to the emergence of this phenomenon in the European languages, inluding English and Dutch. Initial capitals A further complication is that the Afrikaans translation, following the tradition of the seventeenth-century Dutch Statenvertaling, also utilises an orthographical marker, namely an (intrasentential) initial capital to indicate respect toward the Divinity in appellations of God, as well as in pronouns referring to God as subject or object of a sentence. The source texts do not contain any overt (orthographical) features indicating such reverence, since capitals are not distinguished in Hebrew, and in Greek, only proper nouns are capitalised as a rule. This then amounts to another level of distinction, in particular in relation to addressing Jesus as human being, but at the same time recognising his divine nature. Application In this article, the application of these criteria is illustrated with reference to a number of selected verses in both the Old and New Testaments in Afrikaans. Secondly, since Afrikaans and Dutch share a history of applying pragmatic criteria in order to indicate such distinctions, a comparison is made between recent translations of relevant verses to determine the similarities and/or differences in address forms. Finally, with reference to the Gospel of Matthew, consecutive translations in Afrikaans from 1895 to 2020 are compared to determine how address forms in this language evolved over time, something which also reflects in a limited way a change in societal traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are currently at least six readily available Afrikaans translations of the Bible. The Bible Society of South Africa has just published another translation at the request of churches that use the Afrikaans Bible. According to the so-called "retranslation hypothesis", retranslations tend to move closer to the source texts on which they are based. However, the history of Afrikaans translations of the Bible over the past forty years does not confirm this hypothesis, as most were, in fact, functionally equivalent translations or paraphrases, subscribing to the principle that understanding the meaning of the source text was more important than formal equivalence to it. It is almost ironic that the most recent retranslation of the Bible into Afrikaans indeed confirms the above-mentioned retranslation hypothesis. It is, namely, a translation that tries to address a need that has been expressed by the churches for a translation that would be as close as possible to the source text. The following problem presents itself: How do the translators of an ancient religious text come "closer to the source text"? The central question that this study addresses is: What makes this retranslation and its attempt to stay close to the source text so different from any other existing Afrikaans translation? Undoubtedly, it can be argued that there are a number of factors that determined the nature of the 2020 translation of the Bible into Afrikaans - notably, the research that preceded it, the extensive negotiations that were conducted with the churches, the number and diversity of the co-workers, and the research projects that guided the translation process. Granting the significance of these factors, the main hypothesis I wish to put forward in this article is that the linguistic and translation models on which this retranslation is based, and their implications for the translation choices made distinguish it from the other Afrikaans translations. Following the introduction, section 2 describes the dilemma created by the request of the churches that use the Afrikaans Bible. On the one hand, it was evident by the beginning of this century that it was no longer possible to assume that a word-for-word translation of the Bible would bring the translation closer to what is said in the source texts. On the other hand, many aspects of the dynamic (also called functional) equivalent model of Bible translation that had enjoyed well-nigh canonical status from the 1960s onwards have since been severely criticised. A new translation model that uses idiomatic Afrikaans but stays as close as possible to the source texts had to be developed. The features of this model, based on the insights of Christiane Nord and Ernst-August Gutt, are summarised in section 3. This alternative translation model sets an almost impossible task for translators, namely, to write the translation as if the original authors were being quoted directly in idiomatic Afrikaans. For this purpose the linguistic model underpinning the translation model needed careful consideration. Section 4 consequently describes the cognitive linguistic model on which the translation model is based. Many of the insights of cognitive linguistics are not completely new. Rather, they represent further developments and/or refinements of the wisdom of traditional historical philology. An example in this regard is the fact that language is deeply embedded in the culture and experiences of the speakers of the language concerned. This implies, of course, that the chances are good that some of the translations of an ancient text could be misunderstood by modern readers, unless they are complemented by explanatory notes. This was what the Reformed fathers of the Statenvertaling had already realised; hence the many annotations in the 1637 Dutch translation. A distinctive feature of the 2020 translation is its supplementary information (introductions to the different biblical books, its footnotes and extensive glossary). Section 5 describes some of the valuable insights gained from cognitive linguistics by showing how the 2020 translation options differ from those of the 1953, 1983 and the New Living translations. With reference to the insights gained from cognitive linguistics, examples ranging from a culturally specific expression and a highly polysemous body part term to a frequently occurring conjunction that is also polysemous are provided. These examples illustrate a) that a distinction must be made between the prototypical and less-prototypical sense of a linguistic expression; b) that sense extensions are gradual and part and parcel of human language, but often difficult to discern; and c) sense extensions can typically be associated with particular co-textual as well as contextual frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present paper focuses on the issue of translating operatic libretti in the form of surtitles. This is a very specific type of translation, and it becomes even more challenging when operatic productions for which surtitles are created are modernised. In such cases the application of skopos theory proves to be the most useful and effective, even though some of its premises may be regarded as controversial. The data for the present study come from the most reputable opera houses, for example the Metropolitan Opera House or Royal Opera House, as they are known for providing their audiences with high-quality libretti translations.

This research on translation problems aims to examine the translation of cultural words in the novel Entrok (2010) into The Years of the Voiceless (2013). This research was conducted by applying qualitative and functional approaches, while the data were analyzed by applying Williams and Chesterman’s causal comparative model to identify the translation procedures which were applied to fulfill the available skopos. Based on Newmark’s categorization of cultural words, the researcher identified 80 cultural words which were categorized into three general groups: (1) material culture; (2) social culture and leisure; and (3) organization, customs, procedure, activity, and concept. The data were collected through library research and an interview with the translator. The researcher then used the causal comparative technique to compare between cultural words contained in the source text and their respective equivalents, and to analyze the translation procedures chosen by the translator to fulfill the skopos. There are four translation problems found in this research: (1) an SL concept and referent does not have the same TL concept and referent, (2) an SL concept and referent is not lexicalized in TL, (3) TL lacks of specific words, and (4) SL and TL have different ways of viewing a referent. To deal with those translation problems, the translator applied nine procedures consisting of explicitation, generalization, literal equivalent, calque, couplet (transference and footnote, transposition and cultural equivalent, and transposition and functional equivalent), cultural equivalent, descriptive equivalent, functional equivalent, and transference. The skopos was fulfilled through the application of translation procedures by taking account of ST context. According to a number of TT readers, the translator is considered successful in maintaining the author’s language style and producing the atmosphere of the source culture. The use of footnotes helps TT readers to understand ST cultural words better, but it also reduces the readers’ comfort in reading the TT.

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I. n his late works Vita Moysis (The Life of Moses) and In Canticum Canticorum (Homilies on the Song of Songs), Gregory of Nyssa employs allegorical exegesis to interpret the Scripture, expressing his theological thought through biblical narratives. To Gregory, it is important for the exegete to identify the inherent skopos (aim) and akolouthia (sequence) in Scripture. The true meaning of the divinelyinspired Scripture is spiritual, which depicts the journey of the soul towards God. Starting with Gregory's hermeneutic method, this article explores his apology for allegory and his use of it. Furthermore, it analyzes the content and paradigms of these two books. Finally, it endeavors to present a preliminary evaluation of Gregory's understanding of spirituality and mysticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides an overview of five sixteenth-century translations of Francisco López de Gómara's Historia de la conquista de México (1552), namely, Agostino di Cravaliz's and Lucio Mauro's into Italian, Thomas Nicholls's into English, and Martin Fumée's and Guillaume Le Breton's into French. The article is organized into two main sections. The first one casts some light upon the socio-historical context in which the translations were written by analysing several paratexts (e.g., acknowledgements and introductions). The second section focuses on the manner in which passages regarding Cortés's origins and death were rendered, discussing translators' techniques, skopos, and target audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation is practically as old as writing itself, and for almost as long as humans have been writing they have been translating. The mechanical substitution of word units can be effective under certain conditions and up to a point. Some simple forms can be converted in this way from one language to another. But if translation were solely the replacement of words, the appropriate procedure would be to consult a bilingual dictionary. This can only be feasible if there is a certain amount of equivalence in-between the languages. However, if translations are supposed to bring in information that is new to a language or culture, then they cannot be expected to be naturally equal. That is, new ideas and concepts will eventually require new terms and expressions. The twentieth century saw a blossoming of diverse approaches, each inventing useful tools to facilitate the translation process. Unfortunately, none of them provide a comprehensive clue. Equivalence operates more at the level of beliefs, or fictions, while Hans Vermeer’s skopos postulates that the most important ingredient in any translation is its purpose, viewing the process as a communicative activity performed for a specific reason. Texts are written for a specific purpose, which greatly affects and determines what the best approach to their translation should be. Grammatical knowledge should also enable the translator to distinguish between optional and obligatory forms in the language, those matters that have to be expressed as such, and those that have alternatives. To understand the ambiguities and to avoid compounding them in the process of translating, we must dismantle the languages and look at the component parts. It is important to realize that while none of the existing approaches to translation on their own can yield an infallible model, they can provide adequate raw material that can be used to devise an informed and acceptable model to guide our practical work.

Mihael Ende (1929–1994) je jedan od najpoznatijih nemačkih autora dečije književnosti 20. veka. Kao predstavnik fantastične književnosti, Ende se vrlo često igra rečima kod davanja imena svojim likovima, različitim predmetima i mestima, što predstavlja izvestan izazov prilikom prevođenja njegovih dela. Od njegovih brojnih književnih ostvarenja, na srpski jezik su prevedene kultne knjige: Beskrajna priča (Unendliche Geschichte) i Momo (Momo), avanture neobičnog dečaka Džima u dva dela, Džim Dugme i mašinovođa Luka i Džim i Divljih 13 (Jim Knopf und Lukas, der Lokomotivführer, Jim Knopf und die wilde 13), knjiga o magiji Napitak želja (Der satanarchäolügenialkohöllische Wunschpunsch) i zbirka priča Škola čarobnjaštva (Die Zauberschule). Kod imena u ovim delima prevodioci su morali često biti kreativni i opredeliti se za određeni pristup prilikom prevođenja. U ovom radu se razmatraju prevodi imena sa stanovišta funkcionalnog pristupa Hansa J. Fermera i Katarine Rajs (Hans. J.Vermeer, Katharina Reiß), pod nazivom teorija skoposa (Skopostheorie). Prema toj teoriji, za prevođenje su ključni: svrha (intencionalnost) i cilj (finalnost) teksta, odnosno njegova funkcija, koje mogu, a i ne moraju da budu identične u originalu i prevodu, o čemu presuđuje čitav niz eksternih faktora. Kad je reč o prevođenju dečije književnosti, njena funkcija i svrha jesu složene i ne menjaju se prilikom prevoda na strani jezik.

Çeviribilimde etkin bir rol oynayan Skopos kuramı çeviride erek odaklılığı öne çıkaran bir kuram olmakla birlikte, kuramın bilimsel anlamda ağırlık noktasını çeviride amacı öncelemesi oluşturmaktadır. Kuramın öncüsü olan Alman çeviribilimci Hans J. Vermeer’in (1984) çevirinin hedef ve/veya amacını çeviribilim terminolojisi bağlamında Yunanca “Skopos”’ kavramı ile karşılaması tesadüf değildir. Bu çalışmada Yunanca hedef anlamına gelen Skopos’un kökeni, ilk anlamı ve tarihi serüveninde uğramış olduğu anlamsal değişiklikler ele alınacak olup, çeviribilim alanında çok tartışılan bir kuram olan Skopos kuramıyla ilgili yanlış anlama ve uygulamalar farklı bir bakış açısıyla irdelenecektir. Yine bu çalışmayla kavramsal köklerine inilmeksizin genel olarak ereklilik (finalistik) bağlamıyla değerlendirilen ve salt amaca yönelik anlaşılan Skopos kuramının, sadece erek metin üzerinden bir amaçla anlaşılamayacağının ve şimdiye dek süregelen yanlış anlaşılmasının düzeltilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.

This paper examines cultural mediation in three different cases of postcolonial translation: 1) the translation of the Treaty of Waitangi from English into Māori; 2) Patricia Grace's English-Māori writing 'Potiki', which issues challenges to postcolonial and neocolonial practices and philosophies; and 3) the German translation of 'Potiki'. The specific purpose of the translations was political or commercial and these purposes were achieved. Yet, cultural mediation to successfully bridge the respective cultural interstices was not desired in the translations of the former texts and not completely accomplished in the German text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Prispevek predstavlja avtoričin model za prevajanje pravnih besedil, v katerem so funkcionalistični prevodoslovni pristopi združeni z dognanji primerjalnega prava in pravnega jezikoslovja. Sestavljen je iz desetih smernic, ki prevajalca vodijo od določanja funkcije ciljnega besedila (skoposa) in izbire ustrezne vrste prevoda, prek primerjave pravnih sistemov udeleženih v prevodu ter analize memetske strukture izvirnega besedila in sorodnih besedil v ciljni kulturi do oblikovanja ciljnega besedila kot kulturema in zagotavljanja njegove pravne varnosti.

The application of an old notion of Platonic exegetes, that of the skopos of Platonic dialogue, may help to elucidate the course of the discussion proposed by Socrates in the Philebus. This discussion seems to be particularly tortuous and continues to puzzle modern exegetes of the dialogue. If we consider attentively: (a) the parts of the text consecrated to the analysis of pleasure, of intelligence and of the good, (b) the main movements of the dialogue and its structural elements, and (c) certain significant remarks of the persons, we may conclude that, contrary to the opinion of the majority of Neo-Platonic exegetes and of many modern scholars, the main subject-matter and the starting point of Socrates’ examination is the nature of pleasure which is undefined (apeiros), and the aim of the dialogue’s author is to determine the undefined pleasure. This aim is achieved when Socrates announces the place of pleasure in the whole of a well ordained human life. If we consider in this way the main line of the dialogue, we may see that the persons themselves in a way embody the fundamental notions of the discussion: Philebus is an apeiros pleasure, Socrates, intelligence providing measure, and Protarchus, a part of pleasure, that which is experiencing the action of intelligence.

Résumé: La conception de « fonction » en traductologie est loin de faire unanimité. Le terme est utilisé par plusieurs chercheurs et plusieurs écoles traductologiques, sans avoir toujours la même valeur. Nous proposons d’examiner l’évolution du concept de « fonction » à travers deux grandes théories traductologiques contemporaines (théorie du skopos, théorie du polysystème), en mentionnant certaines sources épistémologiques communes à ces écoles. Parmi les sources communes, nous mentionnons le structuralisme tchécoslovaque du Cercle linguistique de Prague de l’entre-deux-guerres, dont l’apport est décisif dans l’approche descriptive et fonctionnaliste des traductologues tchécoslovaques, Jiří Levý ou Anton Popovič, dans les années soixante et soixante-dix. Du point de vue méthodologique, notre article s’inscrit dans une métathéorie de la traduction et en même temps peut être considéré comme une contribution à la genèse et l’historiographie des théories traductologiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]