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The standard treatment procedures for managing renal calculi in the pediatric population are similar to those in adults. The application of flexible ureteroscopy has contributed to the increased popularity of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) as an alternative therapeutic modality that can be successfully applied in children. One of the most significant innovations of the last decade is the introduction of single-use flexible ureteroscopes (fURSs). In this case report, we present the case of a 2-year-old boy with multiple large calculi in his right kidney, which were successfully removed after a single session of RIRS using a 7.5 F single-use fURS and high-power laser settings. The total operative and lithotripsy times were estimated at 90 and 75 min, respectively. No complications were recorded. The hemoglobin loss was calculated at 0.3 mg/dL, while the creatinine level was decreased by 0.1 mg/dL. The urethral catheter was removed on the first postoperative day, and the patient was discharged. The management of multiple or large kidney stones is very challenging in the pediatric population under the age of three years. Convenient preoperative planning and the appropriate use of available equipment may lead to excellent outcomes accompanied by a reduced risk for complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal hernias in preterm neonates, although rare, can arise due to various anatomical and physiological factors associated with prematurity. We report a case of a preterm infant with symptoms of suspected necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that turned out to be an internal hernia during surgical exploration. Given the overlapping symptoms, it is crucial to maintain a high index of suspicion and utilize the appropriate imaging techniques, such as ultrasound or radiographic studies, to aid in the differentiation between NEC and internal hernia, especially when responding to cases that do not improve with standard NEC management or exhibit atypical features. Early recognition and accurate differentiation are crucial for appropriate management and prevention of complications in affected neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morgagni hernia (MH), also known as a retrosternal or parasternal hernia, is a rare type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) characterized by a defect in the anterior diaphragm. Patients with late-diagnosed MH typically present with vague gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms. In some instances, MH is incidentally identified through chest X-rays performed for other reasons, such as foreign body ingestion, as illustrated in our presented case. We present a case of a delayed congenital diaphragmatic hernia of the Morgagni type in a two-year-old boy with a history of foreign body ingestion and severe abdominal pain. Diagnostic imaging, including chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan, confirmed the diaphragmatic defect. Surgical repair, performed laparoscopically, resulted in an uncomplicated postoperative course and a favorable long-term outcome., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kanna et al.)