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Food production is of symbolic and practical importance in sustainable cities. Vegetable gardening in public spaces and community gardens is one of the most important topics to investigate as a possibility of food production in modern cities. The aim of this research is to explore how the application of ˈRhyzo BZˈ fertilizer microparticles could increase the stability and viability of biological and chemical agents for a longer time period with the time-release mechanism during pepper (Capsicum annuum var. macrocarpum L.) cultivation in urban gardens. The cultivation environment was monitored by an agrometeorological station continuously logging the following parameters: air temperature, humidity and pressure, soil temperature and humidity, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and leaf wetness. The optimization process of ˈRhyzo BZˈ fertilizer encapsulation in the biopolymers microcapsules was performed under optimal conditions of concentrations of sodium alginate (2 %) and calcium nitrate(1.5%), for optimal microcapsules enriched production. The experimental urban garden was set up in Zagreb (Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing). Planting of pepper seedlings (cultivar ˈSlonovo uhoˈ) was done on May 26, 2021. Harvest of pepper fruits lasted from July 13 to October 12, 2021. After harvest, in samples of pepper fruits some chemical properties were determined (polyphenols and carotenoids. The obtained results showed that the application of ˈRhyzo BZˈ fertilizer microparticles increased the morphological and chemical properties of the fruits cultivated in urban gardens.

Sustav komunikacije stroja sa strojem i Internet stvari postaju sveprisutni, sa sve brojnijom primjenom u različitim domenama. Krajnji uređaji u sustavu na koje se spajaju senzori i aktuatori su često napajani baterijama, što olakšava njihovo postavljanje. Energetska učinkovitost je bitan čimbenik u takvom okružju. U ovoj disertaciji je predložen sustav za energetski učinkovito pružanje usluga s glavnom zadaćom raspoređivanja poslova od kojih se sastoje usluge na krajnje uređaje. Sustav predložen u disertaciji je usmjeren korisniku jer omogućuje upravljanje uslugama prema korisničkim potrebama. Time se omogućuje očuvanje energije jer se poslovi ne izvršavaju kad za njih ne postoji interes. Poslovi se raspoređuju na krajnje uređaje uzimajući u obzir vrijeme dostupnosti usluga koje je definirano kao vrijeme u kojem se usluga može izvoditi na barem jednom čvoru u sustavu. Znanstveni doprinos doktorskog rada je sadržan u sljedećem. Definiran je energetski model pružanja usluge u sustavu komunikacije stroja sa strojem, koji se sastoji od poslova opisanih parametrima relevantnim za izvođenje na krajnjim uređajima, proširen parametrom o potrošnji energije. Nadalje, specificirana je metrika za procjenu dostupnosti usluga. Konačno, implementiran je algoritam za raspoređivanje poslova u sustavu komunikacije stroja sa strojem s ciljem produljenja vremena dostupnosti usluga s višim prioritetom pri čemu se uzimaju u obzir raspoloživa energija i potrošnja energije uređaja. Prioritet usluga je uveden da bi korisnici mogli iskazati koje su im usluge značajnije u odnosu na druge. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) systems and Internet of Things (IoT) are becoming ubiquitous, with numerous deployments spanning various domains. Sensors and actuators are attached to end devices that are often battery powered. This makes the deployment of M2M/IoT systems cable-free and hence less complex. Energy efficiency is an important aspect in such environments. This dissertation presents a system for energy efficient service provisioning with main assignment to allocate tasks which compose services to end devices. The system proposed in this dissertation is user-centric since it manages services according to user requirements. This enables energy conservation since tasks are not executed when there is no interest in their results. The tasks are allocated to end devices by taking into account service lifetime defined as the time in which a service can be executed on at least one node in the system. The scientific contributions of the dissertation are the following. Firstly, an energy model for service provisioning in M2M systems is defined consisting of tasks described by parameters relevant for their execution on end devices and extended by a parameter specifying energy consumption. Furthermore, metrics is specified for service lifetime evaluation. Finally, the algorithm is implemented for task allocation in M2M systems with a goal to extend lifetime of services with higher priority. Algorithm takes into account energy consumption on specific end devices and energy available to the devices in the system. Service priority is introduced as a parameter allowing users to express importance of each service.

This deliverable reports the initial design of the symbIoTe Smart Space and Smart Device levels, including architectural diagrams and component descriptions.

Internet of Things (IoT) systems have become ubiquitous, with many deployments spanning various domains. In settings where IoT devices are battery powered, energy-efficiency is an important aspect that needs to be taken into account. One of the key concerns is the fact that data from IoT devices is often sent in streams even when users do not have a need or interest for it. In our energy-efficient approach, the system is designed in a user- centric way, enabling control of IoT devices according to user needs or user-defined rules, thus conserving the energy when no interest in IoT data is expressed. Furthermore, the proposed system enables data analysis in the fog, and deciding on the node where it is more energy- efficient to perform analysis tasks. In the system more services can be executed on one IoT device, and decision on the best allocation is made with a goal to prolong the lifetime of services with higher priority. The results show how the allocation mechanism which takes advantage of the aforementioned features increases the lifetime of prioritized services.

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication systems enable autonomous communication between heterogeneous devices. In many applications those devices are used to obtain measurements from sensors connected to them. By integrating M2M with the Internet of things (IoT) paradigm, sensors and the data they obtain can be easily accessed via Internet infrastructure. This novelty, along with the advancement of processing power on small devices and the possibility to connect more sensors to one sensing device, poses new challenges and opens new opportunities in the area. This paper presents an algorithm and a protocol devised for task allocation to nodes of the M2M architecture where M2M devices are battery powered. The presented mechanism tackles some of the identified challenges within the area. First challenge is to determine the right node for performing data analysis. Certain data analysis tasks can be performed on device, instead of only on servers, which is a traditional approach. Another challenge is to relate the process of obtaining measurements with user needs, i.e. to collect data only when users have interest in it. The last identified challenge is to extend lifetime of services with higher priority, instead of prolonging lifetime of all devices within the network. Adoption of the proposed mechanism is justified on specific services in a smart home environment.

The ACM DEBS Grand Challenge 2015 focuses on real- time analytics over a high volume geospatial data stream composed of taxi trip reports from New York City. The goal of the challenge is to provide a solution which continuously identifies the most frequent routes (query 1) and most profitable areas (query 2) for taxis in New York City. The solution needs to process the incoming data stream in near real-time to provide valid information about taxi positions to end-users in a real-world deployment. We propose a modular processing engine design which is configured to offer efficient performance with a high data throughput and low processing latency. It consists of three main components: an input processor which pre-processes data objects to detect outliers, and two independent query processors tailored to the requirements of challenge queries. To efficiently compute query results, query processors use algorithms customized to the distribution of the taxi- generated data stream. Our experimental evaluation shows that the system can on average process 350, 000 input events per second in a distributed mode, while achieving an average latency of less than 1 ms for both queries. Due to their excellent performance, the proposed algorithms are well suited for efficient tracking of a large number of vehicles that are present in modern urban areas.

Since the amount of content offered to users by service providers is rapidly rising every day, it is not an easy task for users to find content which would fit their interest. To deal with that problem, personalization services are being developed which monitor users’ content consumption in order to try to offer content which is believed to correspond to preferences of a certain user. Alongside the problem that it is difficult for users to find the appropriate content, it is also difficult for service providers to procure and offer content for which users could be interested in. In this paper we focus on one content type - games for mobile phones and propose a model which enables analyzing data collected while users are playing a game. By using the results of the analysis, our model enables recommending new games to users, and also, what is the focus of this paper, acquiring new games which would fit users’ skills and preferences. By purchasing distribution rights for new games which are believed to be appropriate for users, service provider can be more certain that the offered games would be widely adopted.

Number of connected devices in Machine-to- Machine (M2M) systems is rapidly growing: according to famous predictions made by Ericsson, by the end of 2020 there will be 50 billion devices in M2M systems around the world. The idea to connect a plethora of devices, whether they are fixed, movable or fully mobile, that communicate through different technologies (e.g. wireline, 2G/3G/4G, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth) and thus create a heterogeneous environment provides remarkable opportunities. Such device and communication technology diversity offers new business concepts in numerous market verticals, creating a truly connected environment with seamless and automated flow of data and services. In this paper we explain current efforts in the area of M2M identification and addressing, and propose a new identification scheme that allows M2M Devices to establish communication with M2M Server or other M2M Devices in all available scenarios (i.e. with or without intermediary devices).

Višeagentski sustav za analizu podataka prikupljenih igranjem digitalnih igara

Nowadays energy consumption is on the rise which is not sustainable in the long run. Household energy consumption accounts for about 25% of the countries' total energy consumption and it continues to grow. One of the ways to decrease energy consumption is by increasing consumer awareness. People are often careless when it comes to lowering energy consumption, even though it could reflect well on their household budget. The development of various kinds of technologies enabled improved control over energy consumption remotely (i.e., via mobile devices and computers). In this paper, we present Home-in-Palm – a mobile service for remote control of household energy consumption which enables remote control of household appliances, automatic appliance status changes based on user's location or particular moment in time, and automatic reduction of household energy consumption. These features bring lower cost and reduced energy consumption.

Budući da je koncept pametnih domova sve aktualnije područje razvoja i istraživanja, a ujedno sve prisutniji i prihvaćeniji koncept od strane društva općenito, ovaj rad se bavi upravo tim područjem. Temeljna ideja rada razvoj je aplikacije za pametni sat, koja će korisnicima omogućiti još jednostavnije i pristupačnije upravljanje sustavom pametnog doma. Aplikacija je razvijena za operacijski sustav Tizen, kao centralni sustav pametnog doma korištena je platforma OpenHAB, a OpenHAB REST API je sučelje koje se koristi kako bi se omogućila potrebna komunikacija između aplikacije i sustava pametnog doma. In this thesis, concept of the smart homes is presented since the interest in this area is rising exponentially every day as the society is developing interest in newer technologies to make life easier and more efficient. The core idea of this thesis was to develop an application for the smart watch, which will make the user experience of controlling the smart home system easier and more accessible. The application was developed for the Tizen operation system, whereas OpenHAB was used as a central system for the smart home. OpenHAB is an interface which was used to enable the necessary communication between application and smart home system.

Paradigma Interneta stvari nova je mrežna paradigma koja je zahvaljujući svojoj inovativnosti, ali i širokoj domeni primjene u strelovitom porastu. Budući da je pred nama još mnogo tehnoloških izazova koje je potrebno savladati kako bi zaživjela svoj puni potencijal, predmet je mnogih istraživanja u akademskoj zajednici, a očekivanja od nje velika su. Kognitivni Internet stvari imitacijom osnovnih kognitivnih procesa i tehnika ljudske spoznaje omogućuje fizičkim i virtualnim uređajima da uče, razmišljaju i zaključuju iz okoline u kojoj se nalaze. Tako ih integriramo s čovjekom, ljudskim društvom i njegovim potrebama. Postaju inteligentni, te donose pametne odluke. Po uzoru na osnovne teorijske principe na kojima počiva paradigma kognitivnog Interneta stvari, razvijen je programski sustav za detekciju korisničkih preferencija o osvjetljenju u prostoriji koristeći unaprijedne potpuno povezane umjetne neuronske mreže, te za pregovaranje o optimalnoj razini istog s ostalima u prostoriji po uzoru na višeagentske sustave. Oblikovani sustav otvoren je za promjene, te ga je lako integrirati u vlastito okružje kako bi se koristio u komunikaciji sa stvarnim senzorskim i aktuatorskim uređajima. The Internet of Things is an emerging paradigm that is rapidly growing in popularity due to its innovation and widespread use cases. It still has not reached its full potential and faces lots of challenges, so it is currently very popular research topic in academia. Expectations of it are high. Cognitive Internet of Things imitates fundamental cognitive processes of human being and therefore enables physical and virtual devices to learn, think and infer from the environment. They are integrated with humans, human society and their needs. They become intelligent and make smart decisions. Inspired by the theoretical principles of Cognitive Internet of Things, a system was developed that detects user lighting preferences in a room using feed forward artificial neural networks. The same system negotiates about the optimal lighting in the room with others in form of a multiagent system. Designed system is opened for changes and is easily integrated with other environments where it can interact with real sensor and actuator devices.

Uređaji Interneta stvari (IoT-uređaji) koriste se u brojnim domenama zbog mogućnosti prikupljanja i odašiljanja podataka s različitih senzora. U domovima i zgradama se mogu koristiti za upravljanje osvjetljenjem, sustavima za grijanje i hlađenje i višemedijskim sustavima. Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje mogućnosti detekcije prisutnosti i praćenja broja osoba u prostoriji pomoću takvih uređaja. U okviru diplomskog rada istraženi su dostupni hardverski uređaji i mehanizmi za navedenu primjenu. Korištenjem PIR senzora, mikrokontrolera Waspmote, komunikacijskih modula XBee te senzorskih pločica postavljen je sustav za detekciju prisutnosti osoba u prostoriji. Također, razvijen je algoritam koji koristi podatke o prisutnosti sa senzora te vrši predviđanja o ukupnom broju ljudi u prostoriji. Na temelju stvarnih podataka o broju ljudi u prostoriji te podataka dobivenih algoritmom, izvršena je analiza performansi sustava u laboratorijskom okruženju. Internet of Things devices are used for various purposes because of their ability to collect and transmit data from various sensors. In homes and buildings, they can be used to control lighting, heating and cooling systems and multimedia systems. This thesis explores the possibilities of monitoring the number of people in the room and user presence detection by using IoT devices. Within this Master thesis, the available hardware devices and mechanisms for the mentioned domain were investigated. Using PIR sensors, Waspmote microcontrollers, XBee communication modules and sensor boards, a system for user presence detection was deployed. Furthermore, an algorithm that uses presence data from sensors and makes predictions about the total number of people in the room has been developed. Based on the actual number of people in the room and the data obtained by the algorithm, an analysis of the system performance was performed in the laboratory environment.