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The object of this study is the force parameters of the working process when cleaning the udder nipples of cows from contamination. Failure to provide adequate care for a cow, especially concerning its udder, could lead to significant health and productivity problems. On the other hand, utilizing modern tools, devices, and materials could improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions for milking cows and udder care, thus leading to better overall outcomes. As part of the research, mathematical expressions were derived theoretically, allowing the determination of the force parameters of the working process for cleaning cows’ udders from contamination by expanding the range of the device’s functional characteristics. Distinctive features of the results regarding the solution to this problem is evaluation of the elasticity force exerted by the lint bundles on the nipple during the rotation of the brush device’s drum and the circular force generated by the brush lint. The developed algorithm of the work process aimed at cleaning the nipples and udders of cows made it possible to combine a set of clearly defined and sequentially performed operations into a single whole. It has been demonstrated that the efforts required to retain different types of contamination on the skin vary significantly. To objectively determine it, a new device has been designed. Its distinctive features are the precision of measurement and simplicity of operation. Following laboratory testing, it was established that the highest contaminant retention forces were exhibited by solid manure (Fret=40 ± 3.21 N), while the lowest values were observed for sawdust (Fret=19 ± 2.17 N) (p≤0.001). The developments are relevant and could be used at cattle breeding farms of various forms of ownership, the scientific community, and at industrial enterprises manufacturing technological equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postpartum period is one of the most important moments in a female's life. During this period caused by pregnancy and childbirth involutional changes in the reproductive system and the body as a whole occurs, which plays a crucial role in restoring reproductive function and milk productivity of cows. In this regard, the puerperium is the basis for structural and functional disorders in individual organs and systems, the disposition for the development of pathological processes and the negative impact on the reproduction of the herd, impaired fertility, calf yield and milk productivity. Diseases during the postpartum period in cows have species and age polymorbidity, specific in highly productive animals and first-borns and are especially common in hypovitaminosis and trace elements. Their occurrence is associated with unsatisfactory conditions for keeping and feeding cattle, mainly in the autumn-winter and winter-spring periods of the year, especially during the stable keeping of cows. The pathogenesis is based on metabolic disorders and endocrine dysfunctions with a decrease in the body's resistance, which is complicated by the action of adverse environmental factors. Puerperal pathologies are quite common and described in the literature as individual diseases, but limited - by their combination (co-, poly- and multimorbidity, multiorgan failure, multiple, complex, combined, and concomitant pathology, associated and multifactorial diseases or polypathy). Options of combining postpartum pathologies are diverse with the involvement of metro-and ovariopathies, udder diseases, fallopian tubes and metabolism in the form of inflammatory processes and dysfunctions. The hypogonadism development on the background of chronic metritis, or endometritis complicated by ovarian dysfunction, or subclinical chronic endometritis with hypoluteolysis, salpingo-oophoritis and salpingitis is widespread. Postpartum inflammatory processes in the genitals are the cause of prolonged symptomatic infertility and are often registered in the form of acute endometritis in combination with inflammatory processes of other genitals. For example, inflammation of the endometrium in many cases is accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membrane of other parts of the genitals - cervicitis, vaginitis, vestibulitis. Quite often the simultaneous course of inflammatory processes in the genitals and udder of cows, as well as pathologies of the uterus and ovaries are registered. Thus, one of the most common combined pathologies of the postpartum period in cows is acute subinvolution of the uterus with acute metritis. As a result, it should be noted that in the case of organ pathology, a combination in the form of hypogonadism-metritis, hypocalcemia-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis, retained placenta-metritis, ketosis-hypoluteolysis, ketosis-metritis, mastitis-metritis and uterine subinvolution-metritis, and of multiorgans - vaginitis-vestibulitis-metritis-subinvolution of the uterus-cervicitis, vaginitis-metritis-cervicitis, hypocalcemia-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-ketosis-metritis, hypoluteolysis-metritis-salpingitis-salpingo- oophoritis, retained placenta-mastitis-metritis, ketosis-mastitis-metritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groups of animals were formed at six months based on the physiological and selection index we invented. We studied postnatal development in heifers of the high-enzyme (experimental group) and low-enzyme (control group) constitution type. Thus, due to the main diameters of body parts, which characterize the exterior in postnatal ontogenesis, animals of the high-enzyme type (experimental group) prevailed over their analogues of the low-enzyme type (control group). According to indices of the body structure in postnatal ontogeny, the development of some relative to others is evaluated. In our studies, significant superiority in the experimental group over the control analogues wasn't noted in terms of these indicators. Consonant to the leading indicators characterizing oxidation-reduction processes in the body, animals of the high-enzyme type (experimental group) significantly outnumbered their analogues of the low-enzyme type (control group). Therefore, this indicates that the level of metabolic processes in the experimental group was much more intense compared to the control group. Thus, animals of the high-enzyme type (experimental group) significantly outnumbered their analogues of the low-enzyme type (control group). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]