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Cognitive-communication disorders are characterised by impairments to attention, memory and/or executive functioning, impacting inferencing, discourse and pragmatics. Research and clinical findings indicate that social interaction is problematic in this population, but few studies have empirically explored everyday conversations. Turn-taking in conversation has a well-established body of research in typical populations, with turn permeation (i.e., points where the initial speaker's turn is incomplete when the recipient begins to talk) revealing the complex intricacies of the turn-taking process. Exploration of turn permeation in conversations with people who have cognitive-communication disorders may provide a sensitive means to uncover problematic aspects of interaction that have proven difficult to explore through quantitative and experimental studies to date. Utilizing qualitative collection-based conversation analytic methods, this study explores turn permeability with three participants with a cognitive-communication disorder, in everyday conversations with their familiar communication partners. Three separate conversations (two triadic, one dyadic), each approximately 50 minutes, were audio and video recorded. 45 instances in which a participant's turn at talk was permeated were identified and analysed. These analyses show that aspects of turn design accomplishing next-speaker selection between turns are also relevant for managing participation within turns. This enables speakers to invite participation in a turn in progress, or may enable recipients to participate without invitation. Whether participation is invited influences the social actions accomplished through turn permeation. Participants with a cognitive-communication disorder engage in turn permeation in ways largely consistent with typical participants. Sporadic and heterogeneous atypicalities were noted, suggesting a possible tendency for participants with cognitive-communication disorders to misread the current action. Additionally, conduct following instances of permeation evaluates or ratifies the permeating talk. This conduct is shown to play a role in promoting progressivity and adapting to unusual moments in interaction. These findings contribute to knowledge of turn-taking, and offer potential areas for future research on its applications to assessment and intervention for people with a cognitive-communication disorder.

Viruses that infect birds pose major threats—to the global supply of chicken, the major, universally-acceptable meat, and as zoonotic agents (e.g. avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H7N9). Controlling these viruses in birds as well as understanding their emergence into, and transmission amongst, humans will require considerable ingenuity and understanding of how different species defend themselves. The type I interferon-coordinated response constitutes the major antiviral innate defence. Although interferon was discovered in chicken cells, details of the response, particularly the identity of hundreds of stimulated genes, are far better described in mammals. Viruses induce interferon-stimulated genes but they also regulate the expression of many hundreds of cellular metabolic and structural genes to facilitate their replication. This study focusses on the potentially anti-viral genes by identifying those induced just by interferon in primary chick embryo fibroblasts. Three transcriptomic technologies were exploited: RNA-seq, a classical 3′-biased chicken microarray and a high density, “sense target”, whole transcriptome chicken microarray, with each recognising 120–150 regulated genes (curated for duplication and incorrect assignment of some microarray probesets). Overall, the results are considered robust because 128 of the compiled, curated list of 193 regulated genes were detected by two, or more, of the technologies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0363-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Additional file 1. Table of curated ChISGs identified by individual or multiple technologies. (1) An asterisk indicates a Gene ID not annotated in ENSEMBL. (2) Technologies identifying significant IRGs are listed as ‘1’ RNA-seq (using Kal’s Z test); ‘2’ Affymetrix 32K GeneChip Chicken Genome Array and ‘3’ Chicken Gene 1.0 ST Array’. ChISGs significant by one or both microarrays and RNA-seq using Kal’s Z test under relaxed criteria (FC > 2.5 or FDR

application/pdf, 紀要論文, This paper considers some conceptual issues around ‘work-life’ analysis (especially ‘work/care regimes’ and ‘work/care chains’ before reviewing some empirical outcomes of existing arrangements for Australian workers, along with their households. The paper explores factors that underpin work-life outcomes and, building on empirical findings, offers a model depicting some of the key contributors to worklife outcomes. I argue that an ethic of care needs to accompany Australia’s well developed ethic of work, and that new arrangements are necessary to govern their simultaneous realisation in Australia if negative interaction between the spheres of work and the rest of life are to be minimised. The paper is in three parts: first a discussion of the conceptualisation of work and life issues; secondly the state of work and life in Australia; and thirdly some brief reflections on policy implications. The paper draws on the 2007 Australian Work and Life Index (AWALI) (Pocock et al. 2007a). I acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues Dr Natalie Skinner and Dr Philippa Williams to the paper.

Climate change is leading to an increased frequency and severity of heat waves. Spells of several consecutive days of unusually high temperatures have led to increased mortality rates for the more vulnerable in the community. The problem is compounded by the escalating energy costs and increasing peak electrical demand as people become more reliant on air conditioning. Domestic air conditioning is the primary determinant of peak power demand which has been a major driver of higher electricity costs. This report presents the findings of multidisciplinary research which develops a national framework to evaluate the potential impacts of heat waves. It presents a technical, social and economic approach to adapt Australian residential buildings to ameliorate the impact of heat waves in the community and reduce the risk of its adverse outcomes. Through the development of a methodology for estimating the impact of global warming on key weather parameters in 2030 and 2050, it is possible to re-evaluate the size and anticipated energy consumption of air conditioners in future years for various climate zones in Australia. Over the coming decades it is likely that mainland Australia will require more cooling than heating. While in some parts the total electricity usage for heating and cooling may remain unchanged, there is an overall significant increase in peak electricity demand, likely to further drive electricity prices. Through monitoring groups of households in South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland, the impact of heat waves on both thermal comfort sensation and energy consumption for air conditioning has been evaluated. The results show that households are likely to be able to tolerate slightly increased temperature levels indoors during periods of high outside temperatures. The research identified that household electricity costs are likely to rise above what is currently projected due to the impact of climate change. Through a number of regulatory changes to both household design and air conditioners, this impact can be minimised. A number of proposed retrofit and design measures are provided, which can readily reduce electricity usage for cooling at minimal cost to the household. Using a number of social research instruments, it is evident that households are willing to change behaviour rather than to spend money. Those on lower income and elderly individuals are the least able to afford the use of air conditioning and should be a priority for interventions and assistance. Increasing community awareness of cost effective strategies to manage comfort and health during heat waves is a high priority recommended action. Overall, the research showed that a combined approach including behaviour change, dwelling modification and improved air conditioner selection can readily adapt Australian households to the impact of heat waves, reducing the risk of heat related deaths and household energy costs.