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1. Benchmarking the design of the cryogenics system for the underground argon in DarkSide-20k

Author: Collaboration, DarkSide-20k, Acerbi, F., Adhikari, P., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Angiolilli, M., Aprile, E., Ardito, R., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. C., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Batignani, G., Bhowmick, P., Blua, S., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buchowicz, A., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Calabrese, R., Camillo, V., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Coadou, Y., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Costa, B. S., Czubak, M., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Darbo, G., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Ludovico, A., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dias, L. K., Mairena, D. Díaz, Ding, X., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Dronik, V., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ficorella, A., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Gatti, H. Frandini, Frolov, E., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Galiński, G., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gawdzik, A., Gendotti, A., Ghisi, A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grandi, L., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hu, J., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, A., Ippolito, V., Jamil, A., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Keloth, R., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kish, A., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kotsiopoulou, L., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kunzé, P., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., Kuzwa, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Martinez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Merzi, S., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Minutoli, S., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, M., Murra, M., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikoloudaki, E., Nowak, J., Olchanski, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Papi, D., Pastuszak, G., Paternoster, G., Peck, A., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Perez, R., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S. I., Pino, N., Plante, G., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Puglia, S., Bazetto, M. Queiroga, Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Ravinthiran, S., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rudik, D., Sabia, M., Salomone, P., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santos, E. M., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shalamova, V., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sotnikov, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Sunny, C., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Taborda, O., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thompson, A., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil, T. J., Van Uffelen, M., Velazquez-Fernandez, L., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Vyas, B., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, M., Wojcik, M. M., Wright, T., Xiao, X., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Yin, J., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: DarkSide-20k (DS-20k) is a dark matter detection experiment under construction at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. It utilises ~100 t of low radioactivity argon from an underground source (UAr) in its inner detector, with half serving as target in a dual-phase time projection chamber (TPC). The UAr cryogenics system must maintain stable thermodynamic conditions throughout the experiment's lifetime of >10 years. Continuous removal of impurities and radon from the UAr is essential for maximising signal yield and mitigating background. We are developing an efficient and powerful cryogenics system with a gas purification loop with a target circulation rate of 1000 slpm. Central to its design is a condenser operated with liquid nitrogen which is paired with a gas heat exchanger cascade, delivering a combined cooling power of >8 kW. Here we present the design choices in view of the DS-20k requirements, in particular the condenser's working principle and the cooling control, and we show test results obtained with a dedicated benchmarking platform at CERN and LNGS. We find that the thermal efficiency of the recirculation loop, defined in terms of nitrogen consumption per argon flow rate, is 95 % and the pressure in the test cryostat can be maintained within $\pm$(0.1-0.2) mbar. We further detail a 5-day cool-down procedure of the test cryostat, maintaining a cooling rate typically within -2 K/h, as required for the DS-20k inner detector. Additionally, we assess the circuit's flow resistance, and the heat transfer capabilities of two heat exchanger geometries for argon phase change, used to provide gas for recirculation. We conclude by discussing how our findings influence the finalisation of the system design, including necessary modifications to meet requirements and ongoing testing activities., Comment: 45 pages, 24 figures
Published: 2024

2. Measurement of the $^8$B Solar Neutrino Flux Using the Full SNO+ Water Phase

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Allega, A., Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Bacon, A., Baker, J., Barão, F., Barros, N., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Chen, M., Cheng, S., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Corning, J., Cox, M. A., Dehghani, R., Deloye, J., Depatie, M. M., Di Lodovico, F., Dima, C., Dittmer, J., Dixon, K. H., Esmaeilian, M. S., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R., Gaur, A., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hall, S., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hewitt, C., Howard, V., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Huang, P., Hunt-Stokes, R., Hussain, S. M. A., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaluzienski, S., Kaptanoglu, T., Khan, H., Kladnik, J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupová, T., Lake, C., Lebanowski, L., Lefebvre, C., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Milton, G., Colina, A. Molina, Morris, D., Mubasher, M., Naugle, S., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Page, J., Paleshi, K., Parker, W., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pickard, L., Quenallata, B., Ravi, P., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Semenec, I., Simms, J., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Smith, J., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tseng, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Ward, M., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. R., Wilson, J. D., Wright, A., Yang, S., Yeh, M., Ye, Z., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The SNO+ detector operated initially as a water Cherenkov detector. The implementation of a sealed covergas system midway through water data taking resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of $^{222}$Rn daughters in the detector and allowed the lowest background to the solar electron scattering signal above 5 MeV achieved to date. This paper reports an updated SNO+ water phase $^8$B solar neutrino analysis with a total livetime of 282.4 days and an analysis threshold of 3.5 MeV. The $^8$B solar neutrino flux is found to be $\left(2.32^{+0.18}_{-0.17}\text{(stat.)}^{+0.07}_{-0.05}\text{(syst.)}\right)\times10^{6}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ assuming no neutrino oscillations, or $\left(5.36^{+0.41}_{-0.39}\text{(stat.)}^{+0.17}_{-0.16}\text{(syst.)} \right)\times10^{6}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ assuming standard neutrino oscillation parameters, in good agreement with both previous measurements and Standard Solar Model Calculations. The electron recoil spectrum is presented above 3.5 MeV.
Published: 2024

3. Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of PEDOT:PSS for use as Transparent Electrodes in the DarkSide-20k Time Projection Chamber

Author: Swidinsky, Nicholas, Ellingwood, Emma, Hucker, Jonathan, Skensved, Peter, Di Stefano, Philippe, Mason, Jeffery, Boulay, Mark, Kemp, Ashlea, Schuckman, Frederick, and Wang, Yi
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Dual-phase time-projection chambers (TPCs) filled with noble elements are used for particle detection, with many focusing on rare-event searches. These detectors measure two signals: one from scintillation light, and another from drifting ionized electrons. The DarkSide-20k design uses a transparent vessel with external photodetectors. Electrodes, used to drift the electrons, are located between the active medium and the photodetectors, requiring them to be transparent to allow scintillation light to transmit through them. The transparent electrode coating for DarkSide-20k is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) or Clevios. For rare-event search detectors, the fluorescence of materials that are between the active volume and the photodetectors may lead to backgrounds in the data. Since Clevios is a new material for TPC electrodes, its fluorescent properties need to be characterized to understand their potential impact on backgrounds. Previous studies have indicated that Clevios can fluoresce, with maximal fluorescence produced using UV-excitation. Our study analyzes the fluorescence of Clevios, under UV-excitation, using both time-resolved and spectral techniques between 4 K and 300 K. We find that the fluorescence of Clevios is negligible when compared to the fluorescence of common fluorescent materials used in TPCs, such as 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB)., Comment: 22 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2024

4. DarkSide-20k sensitivity to light dark matter particles

Author: Collaboration, DarkSide-20k, Acerbi, F., Adhikari, P., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Angiolilli, M., Aprile, E., Ardito, R., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. C., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Batignani, G., Bhowmick, P., Blua, S., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buchowicz, A., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Calabrese, R., Camillo, V., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Coadou, Y., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Costa, B. S., Czubak, M., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Darbo, G., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Ludovico, A., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dias, L. K., Mairena, D. Díaz, Ding, X., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Dronik, V., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ficorella, A., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Gatti, H. Frandini, Frolov, E., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Galiński, G., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gawdzik, A., Gendotti, A., Ghisi, A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grandi, L., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hu, J., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, A., Ippolito, V., Jamil, A., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Keloth, R., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kotsiopoulou, L., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kunzé, P., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., Kuzwa, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Martinez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Merzi, S., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Minutoli, S., Mitra, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, M., Murra, M., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikoloudaki, E., Nowak, J., Olchanski, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Papi, D., Pastuszak, G., Paternoster, G., Peck, A., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Perez, R., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S. I., Pino, N., Plante, G., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Puglia, S., Bazetto, M. Queiroga, Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Ravinthiran, S., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rudik, D., Sabia, M., Salomone, P., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santos, E. M., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shalamova, V., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sotnikov, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Sunny, C., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Taborda, O., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thompson, A., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil, T. J., Van Uffelen, M., Velazquez-Fernandez, L., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Vyas, B., Walczak, M. B., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, M., Wojcik, M. M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Yin, J., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber is presently one of the leading technologies to search for dark matter particles with masses below 10 GeV/c$^2$. This was demonstrated by the DarkSide-50 experiment with approximately 50 kg of low-radioactivity liquid argon as target material. The next generation experiment DarkSide-20k, currently under construction, will use 1,000 times more argon and is expected to start operation in 2027. Based on the DarkSide-50 experience, here we assess the DarkSide-20k sensitivity to models predicting light dark matter particles, including Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) and sub-GeV/c$^2$ particles interacting with electrons in argon atoms. With one year of data, a sensitivity improvement to dark matter interaction cross-sections by at least one order of magnitude with respect to DarkSide-50 is expected for all these models. A sensitivity to WIMP--nucleon interaction cross-sections below $1\times10^{-42}$ cm$^2$ is achievable for WIMP masses above 800 MeV/c$^2$. With 10 years exposure, the neutrino fog can be reached for WIMP masses around 5 GeV/c$^2$., Comment: submitted to Nature Communications
Published: 2024

5. Relative Measurement and Extrapolation of the Scintillation Quenching Factor of $\alpha$-Particles in Liquid Argon using DEAP-3600 Data

Author: The DEAP Collaboration, Adhikari, P., Alpízar-Venegas, M., Amaudruz, P. -A., Anstey, J., Auty, D. J., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bonivento, W., Boulay, M. G., Bueno, J. F., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Choudhary, S., Cleveland, B. T., Crampton, R., Daugherty, S., DelGobbo, P., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Doria, L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Ellingwood, E., Erlandson, A., Farahani, S. S., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Ford, R. J., Gahan, D., Gallacher, D., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Giménez-Alcázar, A., Goeldi, D., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Haskins, S., Hu, J., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Ilyasov, A., Jigmeddorj, B., Jillings, C. J., Kaur, G., Yazdi, M. Khoshraftar, Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., La Zia, F., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lehnert, B., Levashko, N., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Machulin, I., Maru, A., Mason, J., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mielnichuk, C., Mirasola, L., Moharana, A., Monroe, J., Murray, A., Ng, C., Oliviéro, G., Olszewski, M., Pal, S., Papi, D., Park, B., Perry, M., Pesudo, V., Pollmann, T. R., Rad, F., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Roszkowski, L., Santorelli, R., Schuckman II, F. G., Seth, S., Shalamova, V., Skensved, P., Smirnova, T., Sobotkiewich, K., Sonley, T., Sosiak, J., Soukup, J., Stainforth, R., Stringer, M., Tang, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Viel, S., Vyas, B., Walczak, M., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., and Wormington, R.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The knowledge of scintillation quenching of $\alpha$-particles plays a paramount role in understanding $\alpha$-induced backgrounds and improving the sensitivity of liquid argon-based direct detection of dark matter experiments. We performed a relative measurement of scintillation quenching in the MeV energy region using radioactive isotopes ($^{222}$Rn, $^{218}$Po and $^{214}$Po isotopes) present in trace amounts in the DEAP-3600 detector and quantified the uncertainty of extrapolating the quenching factor to the low-energy region., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures (added 1 figure, revised 3 figures), 2 tables, revised sections 3, 4, 5. Accepted in Eur. Phys. J. C
Published: 2024

6. Initial measurement of reactor antineutrino oscillation at SNO+

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Allega, A., Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Bacon, A., Baker, J., Barão, F., Barros, N., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bezerra, T. S., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Chen, M., Cheng, S., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Corning, J., Cox, M. A., Dehghani, R., Deloye, J., Depatie, M. M., Di Lodovico, F., Dima, C., Dittmer, J., Dixon, K. H., Esmaeilian, M. S., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R., Gaur, A., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hall, S., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hewitt, C., Howard, V., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Huang, P., Hunt-Stokes, R., Hussain, S. M. A., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaluzienski, S., Kaptanoglu, T., Khan, H., Kladnik, J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupová, T., Lake, C., Lebanowski, L., Lefebvre, C., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Mills, C., Milton, G., Colina, A. Molina, Morris, D., Morton-Blake, I., Mubasher, M., Naugle, S., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Page, J., Paleshi, K., Parker, W., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pickard, L., Quenallata, B., Ravi, P., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Semenec, I., Simms, J., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Smith, J., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tseng, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Ward, M., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. R., Wilson, J. D., Wright, A., Yang, S., Yeh, M., Ye, Z., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The SNO+ collaboration reports its first spectral analysis of long-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation using 114 tonne-years of data. Fitting the neutrino oscillation probability to the observed energy spectrum yields constraints on the neutrino mass-squared difference $\Delta m^2_{21}$. In the ranges allowed by previous measurements, the best-fit $\Delta m^2_{21}$ is (8.85$^{+1.10}_{-1.33}$) $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ eV$^2$. This measurement is continuing in the next phases of SNO+ and is expected to surpass the present global precision on $\Delta m^2_{21}$ with about three years of data.
Published: 2024

7. A new hybrid gadolinium nanoparticles-loaded polymeric material for neutron detection in rare event searches

Author: Collaboration, DarkSide-20k, Acerbi, F., Adhikari, P., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Angiolilli, M., Aprile, E., Ardito, R., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. C., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Batignani, G., Bhowmick, P., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buchowicz, A., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Calabrese, R., Camillo, V., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cavallo, D., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Coadou, Y., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Costa, B. S., Czubak, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Darbo, G., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Ludovico, A., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dias, L. K., Mairena, D. Díaz, Ding, X., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Dronik, V., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ficorella, A., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Gatti, H. Frandini, Frolov, E., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Galinski, G., Gallina, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gawdzik, A., Gendotti, A., Ghisi, A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grandi, L., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hu, J., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, A., Ippolito, V., Jamil, A., Jillings, C., Keloth, R., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kotsiopoulou, L., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kuss, M., Kuzniak, M., Kuzwa, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marini, A., Martinez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Merzi, S., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Minutoli, S., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, M., Murra, M., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikoloudaki, E., Nowak, J., Olchanski, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Papi, D., Pastuszak, G., Paternoster, G., Peddis, D., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Perez, R., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S. I., Pino, N., Plante, G., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Puglia, S., Bazetto, M. Queiroga, Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Ravinthiran, S., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rudik, D., Sabia, M., Sadashivajois, S., Salomone, P., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santos, E. M., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Slimani, S., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sotnikov, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Sunny, C., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Taborda, O., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thompson, A., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tosi, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil, T. J., Van Uffelen, M., Velazquez-Fernandez, L., Viant, T., Vicini, S., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Vyas, B., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wojaczynski, R., Wojcik, M. M., Wojcik, M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Yin, J., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zhang, Y., Zhu, T., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Experiments aimed at direct searches for WIMP dark matter require highly effective reduction of backgrounds and control of any residual radioactive contamination. In particular, neutrons interacting with atomic nuclei represent an important class of backgrounds due to the expected similarity of a WIMP-nucleon interaction, so that such experiments often feature a dedicated neutron detector surrounding the active target volume. In the context of the development of DarkSide-20k detector at INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), several R&D projects were conceived and developed for the creation of a new hybrid material rich in both hydrogen and gadolinium nuclei to be employed as an essential element of the neutron detector. Thanks to its very high cross-section for neutron capture, gadolinium is one of the most widely used elements in neutron detectors, while the hydrogen-rich material is instrumental in efficiently moderating the neutrons. In this paper results from one of the R&Ds are presented. In this effort the new hybrid material was obtained as a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix, loaded with gadolinium oxide in the form of nanoparticles. We describe its realization, including all phases of design, purification, construction, characterization, and determination of mechanical properties of the new material.
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Event-by-event direction reconstruction of solar neutrinos in a high light-yield liquid scintillator

Author: Allega, A, Anderson, MR, Andringa, S, Antunes, J, Askins, M, Auty, DJ, Bacon, A, Baker, J, Barros, N, Barão, F, Bayes, R, Beier, EW, Bezerra, TS, Bialek, A, Biller, SD, Blucher, E, Caden, E, Callaghan, EJ, Chen, M, Cheng, S, Cleveland, B, Cookman, D, Corning, J, Cox, MA, Dehghani, R, Deloye, J, Depatie, MM, Di Lodovico, F, Dittmer, J, Dixon, KH, Falk, E, Fatemighomi, N, Ford, R, Gaur, A, González-Reina, OI, Gooding, D, Grant, C, Grove, J, Hall, S, Hallin, AL, Heintzelman, WJ, Helmer, RL, Hewitt, C, Hreljac, B, Howard, V, Hu, J, Hunt-Stokes, R, Hussain, SMA, Inácio, AS, Jillings, CJ, Kaluzienski, S, Kaptanoglu, T, Khaghani, P, Khan, H, Klein, JR, Kormos, LL, Krar, B, Kraus, C, Krauss, CB, Kroupová, T, Lake, C, Lebanowski, L, Lee, J, Lefebvre, C, Lin, YH, Lozza, V, Luo, M, Maio, A, Manecki, S, Maneira, J, Martin, RD, McCauley, N, McDonald, AB, Mills, C, Milton, G, Morton-Blake, I, Mubasher, M, Colina, A Molina, Morris, D, Naugle, S, Nolan, LJ, O’Keeffe, HM, Gann, GD Orebi, Page, J, Paleshi, K, Parker, W, Paton, J, Peeters, SJM, Pickard, L, Ravi, P, Reichold, A, Riccetto, S, Rigan, M, Rose, J, Rosero, R, Rumleskie, J, Semenec, I, Skensved, P, Smiley, M, and Smith, J
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences
Abstract: The direction of individual B8 solar neutrinos has been reconstructed using the SNO+ liquid scintillator detector. Prompt, directional Cherenkov light was separated from the slower, isotropic scintillation light using time information, and a maximum likelihood method was used to reconstruct the direction of individual scattered electrons. A clear directional signal was observed, correlated with the solar angle. The observation was aided by a period of low primary fluor concentration that resulted in a slower scintillator decay time. This is the first time that event-by-event direction reconstruction in high light-yield liquid scintillator has been demonstrated in a large-scale detector.
Published: 2024

9. Directionality of nuclear recoils in a liquid argon time projection chamber

Author: Collaboration, The DarkSide-20k, Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Corona, M. Atzori, Ave, M., Avetisov, I. Ch., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Barrado-Olmedo, A., Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W. M., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Cappello, G., Capra, A., Caprioli, S., Caravati, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castello, P., Cataudella, V., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Chyhyrynets, E., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Cocco, V., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Covone, G., Czubak, M., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Davini, S., de Candia, A., De Cecco, S., De Gruttola, D., De Filippis, G., Dell'Aquila, D., De Pasquale, S., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Noto, L., Dionisi, C., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Elersich, A., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giganti, C., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A. L., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, A. A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kuss, M., Kuzniak, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Leoni, A., Li, X., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Margotti, A., Marik, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marini, A., Martínez, M., Martoff, C. J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A. B., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mróz, T., Muratova, V. N., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nowak, J., Olchansky, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S., Pino, N., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, D. M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rode, J., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Sabia, M. A., Salomone, P., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F. G., Scioli, G., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sosa, A., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., John, T. Vallivilayil, Van Uffelen, M., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wingerter-Seez, I., Wojaczynski, R., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: The direct search for dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) is performed by detecting nuclear recoils (NR) produced in a target material from the WIMP elastic scattering. A promising experimental strategy for direct dark matter search employs argon dual-phase time projection chambers (TPC). One of the advantages of the TPC is the capability to detect both the scintillation and charge signals produced by NRs. Furthermore, the existence of a drift electric field in the TPC breaks the rotational symmetry: the angle between the drift field and the momentum of the recoiling nucleus can potentially affect the charge recombination probability in liquid argon and then the relative balance between the two signal channels. This fact could make the detector sensitive to the directionality of the WIMP-induced signal, enabling unmistakable annual and daily modulation signatures for future searches aiming for discovery. The Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment was designed to probe for such directional sensitivity. The TPC of ReD was irradiated with neutrons at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, and data were taken with 72 keV NRs of known recoil directions. The direction-dependent liquid argon charge recombination model by Cataudella et al. was adopted and a likelihood statistical analysis was performed, which gave no indications of significant dependence of the detector response to the recoil direction. The aspect ratio R of the initial ionization cloud is estimated to be 1.037 +/- 0.027 and the upper limit is R < 1.072 with 90% confidence level, Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, submitted to Eur. Phys. J. C
Published: 2023

10. Precision Measurement of the Specific Activity of $^{39}$Ar in Atmospheric Argon with the DEAP-3600 Detector

Author: Adhikari, P., Ajaj, R., Alpízar-Venegas, M., Amaudruz, P. -A., Anstey, J., Araujo, G. R., Auty, D. J., Baldwin, M., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Benmansour, H., Bina, C. E., Bonatt, J., Bonivento, W., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bueno, J. F., Burghardt, P. M., Butcher, A., Cadeddu, M., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Choudhary, S., Cleveland, B. T., Corning, J. M., Crampton, R., Cranshaw, D., Daughtery, S., DelGobbo, P., Dering, K., Di Stefano, P., DiGioseffo, J., Dolganov, G., Doria, L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Ellingwood, E., Erlandson, A., Farahani, S. S., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Florian, S., Flower, A., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Gallacher, D., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Giménez-Alcázar, A., Goeldi, D., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Grobov, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Haskins, S., Hearns, C., Hu, J., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Ilyasov, A., Jigmeddorj, B., Jillings, C. J., Joy, A., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., La Zia, F., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lehnert, B., Leonhardt, A., LePage-Bourbonnais, J., Levashko, N., Lidgard, J., Lindner, T., Lissia, M., Lock, J., Machulin, I., Majewski, P., Maru, A., Mason, J., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Mirasola, L., Monroe, J., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O'Dwyer, E., Oliviéro, G., Ouellet, C., Pal, S., Papi, D., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Perry, M., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rad, F., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., García, I. Rodríguez, Roszkowski, L., Ruhland, J. B., Santorelli, R., Schuckman II, F. G., Seeburn, N., Seth, S., Shalamova, V., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, N. J. T., Smith, B., Sobotkiewich, K., Sonley, T., Sosiak, J., Soukup, J., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Stringer, M., Sur, B., Tang, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veloce, L., Viel, S., Vyas, B., Walczak, M., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The specific activity of the beta decay of $^{39}$Ar in atmospheric argon is measured using the DEAP-3600 detector. DEAP-3600, located 2 km underground at SNOLAB, uses a total of (3269 $\pm$ 24) kg of liquid argon distilled from the atmosphere to search for dark matter. This detector with very low background uses pulseshape discrimination to differentiate between nuclear recoils and electron recoils and is well-suited to measure the decay of $^{39}$Ar. With 167 live-days of data, the measured specific activity at the time of atmospheric extraction is [0.964 $\pm$ 0.001 (stat) $\pm$ 0.024 (sys)] Bq/kg$_{\rm atmAr}$ which is consistent with results from other experiments. A cross-check analysis using different event selection criteria provides a consistent result.
Published: 2023
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11. Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors Using Pure Water at SNO+

Author: Allega, A, Anderson, MR, Andringa, S, Antunes, J, Askins, M, Auty, DJ, Bacon, A, Barros, N, Barão, F, Bayes, R, Beier, EW, Bezerra, TS, Bialek, A, Biller, SD, Blucher, E, Caden, E, Callaghan, EJ, Cheng, S, Chen, M, Cleveland, B, Cookman, D, Corning, J, Cox, MA, Dehghani, R, Deloye, J, Deluce, C, Depatie, MM, Dittmer, J, Dixon, KH, Di Lodovico, F, Falk, E, Fatemighomi, N, Ford, R, Frankiewicz, K, Gaur, A, González-Reina, OI, Gooding, D, Grant, C, Grove, J, Hallin, AL, Hallman, D, Heintzelman, WJ, Helmer, RL, Hu, J, Hunt-Stokes, R, Hussain, SMA, Inácio, AS, Jillings, CJ, Kaluzienski, S, Kaptanoglu, T, Khaghani, P, Khan, H, Klein, JR, Kormos, LL, Krar, B, Kraus, C, Krauss, CB, Kroupová, T, Lam, I, Land, BJ, Lawson, I, Lebanowski, L, Lee, J, Lefebvre, C, Lidgard, J, Lin, YH, Lozza, V, Luo, M, Maio, A, Manecki, S, Maneira, J, Martin, RD, McCauley, N, McDonald, AB, Mills, C, Morton-Blake, I, Naugle, S, Nolan, LJ, O’Keeffe, HM, Gann, GD Orebi, Page, J, Parker, W, Paton, J, Peeters, SJM, Pickard, L, Ravi, P, Reichold, A, Riccetto, S, Richardson, R, Rigan, M, Rose, J, Rosero, R, Rumleskie, J, Semenec, I, Skensved, P, Smiley, M, Svoboda, R, Tam, B, Tseng, J, and Turner, E
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Physical Sciences, SNO+ Collaboration, Mathematical Sciences, Engineering, General Physics, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract: The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240 km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5σ.
Published: 2023

12. Evidence of Antineutrinos from Distant Reactors using Pure Water at SNO+

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Allega, A., Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Antunes, J., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Bacon, A., Barros, N., Barao, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bezerra, T. S., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Cheng, S., Chen, M., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Corning, J., Cox, M. A., Dehghani, R., Deloye, J., Deluce, C., Depatie, M. M., Dittmer, J., Dixon, K. H., Di Lodovico, F., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gaur, A., Gonzalez-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hu, J., Hunt-Stokes, R., Hussain, S. M. A., Inacio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaluzienski, S., Kaptanoglu, T., Khaghani, P., Khan, H., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupova, T., Lam, I., Land, B. J., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lee, J., Lefebvre, C., Lidgard, J., Lin, Y. H., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Mills, C., Morton-Blake, I., Naugle, S., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Page, J., Parker, W., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pickard, L., Ravi, P., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rumleskie, J., Semenec, I., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tseng, J., Turner, E., Valder, S., Virtue, C. J., Vazquez-Jauregui, E., Wang, J., Ward, M., Wilson, J. R., Wilson, J. D., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yang, S., Yeh, M., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of reactor antineutrinos in a Cherenkov detector. The nearest nuclear reactors are located 240~km away in Ontario, Canada. This analysis uses events with energies lower than in any previous analysis with a large water Cherenkov detector. Two analytical methods are used to distinguish reactor antineutrinos from background events in 190 days of data and yield consistent evidence for antineutrinos with a combined significance of 3.5$\sigma$., Comment: v2: add missing author, add link to supplemental material v3: minor updates to match PRL publication
Published: 2022
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13. Sensitivity projections for a dual-phase argon TPC optimized for light dark matter searches through the ionization channel

Author: Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Corona, M. Atzori, Auty, D. J., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. Ch., Avetisov, R. I., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Barbarian, V., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Berzin, E., Bondar, A., Bonivento, W. M., Borisova, E., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buccino, G., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Buzulutskov, A., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caprioli, S., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castello, P., Cataudella, V., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Chyhyrynets, E, Cicalò, C., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Cocco, V., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Covone, G., Cross, S., Czudak, P., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Dadoun, O., Daniel, M., Davini, S., De Candia, A., De Cecco, S., De Falco, A., De Filippis, G., De Gruttola, D., De Pasquale, S., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Doria, L., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Fiorillo, G., Franceschi, A., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Frolov, E., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giampaolo, R. A., Giganti, C., Giorgi, M. A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Gorman, D., Diaz, R. Graciani, Grauso, G., di Cortona, G. Grilli, Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hall, J. B., Hallin, A. L., Hamer, A., Helton, H., Haranczyk, M., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Kachru, P., Kemp, A. A., Kendziora, C. L., Keppel, G., Khomyakov, A. V., Kimura, M., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Guirriec, E. Le, Leason, E., Li, X., Lidey, L., Lipp, J., Lissia, M., Longo, G., Luzzi, L., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marini, A., Martínez, M., Martoff, C. J., Masoni, A., Mavrokoridis, K., Mazzi, A., McDonald, A. B., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Moggi, A., Moharana, A., Monroe, J., Morrocchi, M., Mozhevitina, E. N., Mróz, T., Muratova, V. N., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Napolitano, T., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nikulin, I., Nowak, J., Olchansky, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrino, C., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S., Pietropaolo, F., Pino, N., Pira, C., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, D. M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Raffaelli, F., Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Ramirez, A., Razeti, M., Razeto, A., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Resnati, F., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rode, J., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Sadashivajois, S., Saffold, T. R., Samoylov, O., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shchagin, A., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Sokolov, A., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stracka, S., Strickland, V., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Türkoğ, C., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., John, T. Vallivilayil, Van Uffelen, M., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Wheadon, R. J., Williams, L., Wingerter-Seez, I., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wojcik, Ma., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Dark matter lighter than 10 GeV/c$^2$ encompasses a promising range of candidates. A conceptual design for a new detector, DarkSide-LowMass, is presented, based on the DarkSide-50 detector and progress toward DarkSide-20k, optimized for a low-threshold electron-counting measurement. Sensitivity to light dark matter is explored for various potential energy thresholds and background rates. These studies show that DarkSide-LowMass can achieve sensitivity to light dark matter down to the solar neutrino floor for GeV-scale masses and significant sensitivity down to 10 MeV/c$^2$ considering the Migdal effect or interactions with electrons. Requirements for optimizing the detector's sensitivity are explored, as are potential sensitivity gains from modeling and mitigating spurious electron backgrounds that may dominate the signal at the lowest energies.
Published: 2022
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14. Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Allega, A., Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Bacon, A., Barros, N., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bezerra, T. S., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Cheng, S., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Corning, J., Cox, M. A., Dehghani, R., Deluce, C., Depatie, M. M., Dittmer, J., Dixon, K. H., Di Lodovico, F., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gaur, A., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hartnell, J., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hu, J., Hunt-Stokes, R., Hussain, S. M. A., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaptanoglu, T., Khaghani, P., Khan, H., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupová, T., Lam, I., Land, B. J., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lee, J., Lefebvre, C., Lidgard, J., Lin, Y. H., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Meyer, M., Mills, C., Morton-Blake, I., Naugle, S., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Page, J., Parker, W., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pickard, L., Ravi, P., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Rose, J., Rumleskie, J., Semenec, I., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tseng, J., Turner, E., Valder, S., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Wang, J., Ward, M., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. D., Wilson, J. R., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yang, S., Yeh, M., Yu, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: This paper reports results from a search for single and multi-nucleon disappearance from the $^{16}$O nucleus in water within the \snoplus{} detector using all of the available data. These so-called "invisible" decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear de-excitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partial lifetimes: $\tau(n\rightarrow inv) > 9.0\times10^{29}$ years, $\tau(p\rightarrow inv) > 9.6\times10^{29}$ years, $\tau(nn\rightarrow inv) > 1.5\times10^{28}$ years, $\tau(np\rightarrow inv) > 6.0\times10^{28}$ years, and $\tau(pp\rightarrow inv) > 1.1\times10^{29}$ years at 90\% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate). All but the ($nn\rightarrow inv$) results improve on existing limits by a factor of about 3.
Published: 2022
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15. Ultraviolet-induced fluorescence of poly(methyl methacrylate) compared to 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene down to 4 K

Author: Ellingwood, E., Benmansour, H., Hars, Q., Hucker, J., Pereimak, V., Corning, J. M., Perrin, P., Araujo, G. R., Di Stefano, P. C. F., Kuźniak, M., Pollmann, T. R., Hamel, M., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Gallacher, D., Kemp, A., Mason, J., Skensved, P., and Stringer, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Several particle-physics experiments use poly(methyl methacrylate) (a.k.a. PMMA or acrylic) vessels to contain liquid scintillators. Superluminal charged particles emitted from radioactive impurities in or near the acrylic can emit Cherenkov radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) spectra range. If acrylic fluoresces in the visible range due to this UV light, it could be a source of background in experiments where the main signal is visible scintillation light, or UV scintillation light that is absorbed and re-emitted at visible wavelengths by a wavelength shifter. Some of these experiments operate at low temperature. The fluorescence of these materials could change with temperature so we have studied the fluorescence of the acrylic used in the DEAP-3600 experiment down to a temperature of 4 K, and compared it to the common wavelength shifter 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,3-butadiene (TPB). The light yield and wavelength spectra of these materials were characterized by exciting the sample with 285 nm UV light which acted as a proxy for Cherenkov light in the detector. Spectral measurements indicate at least part of the fluorescence of the acrylic is due to additives. Time-resolved measurements show the light yields of our acrylic sample, TPB sample, and the relative light between both samples, all increase when cooling down. At room temperature, the light yield of our acrylic sample relative to the TPB sample is 0.3 %, while it reaches 0.5 % at 4 K. The main fluorescence time constant of the acrylic is less than a few nanoseconds., Comment: 15 pages, 12 figures
Published: 2021
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16. Improved search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+detector

Author: Allega, A, Anderson, MR, Andringa, S, Askins, M, Auty, DJ, Bacon, A, Barros, N, Barão, F, Bayes, R, Beier, EW, Bezerra, TS, Bialek, A, Biller, SD, Blucher, E, Caden, E, Callaghan, EJ, Cheng, S, Chen, M, Chkvorets, O, Cleveland, B, Cookman, D, Corning, J, Cox, MA, Dehghani, R, Deluce, C, Depatie, MM, Dittmer, J, Dixon, KH, Di Lodovico, F, Falk, E, Fatemighomi, N, Ford, R, Frankiewicz, K, Gaur, A, González-Reina, OI, Gooding, D, Grant, C, Grove, J, Hallin, AL, Hallman, D, Hartnell, J, Heintzelman, WJ, Helmer, RL, Hu, J, Hunt-Stokes, R, Hussain, SMA, Inácio, AS, Jillings, CJ, Kaptanoglu, T, Khaghani, P, Khan, H, Klein, JR, Kormos, LL, Krar, B, Kraus, C, Krauss, CB, Kroupová, T, Lam, I, Land, BJ, Lawson, I, Lebanowski, L, Lee, J, Lefebvre, C, Lidgard, J, Lin, YH, Lozza, V, Luo, M, Maio, A, Manecki, S, Maneira, J, Martin, RD, McCauley, N, McDonald, AB, Meyer, M, Mills, C, Morton-Blake, I, Naugle, S, Nolan, LJ, O’Keeffe, HM, Gann, GD Orebi, Page, J, Parker, W, Paton, J, Peeters, SJM, Pickard, L, Ravi, P, Reichold, A, Riccetto, S, Richardson, R, Rigan, M, Rose, J, Rumleskie, J, Semenec, I, Skensved, P, Smiley, M, Svoboda, R, Tam, B, Tseng, J, Turner, E, and Valder, S
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Quantum Physics, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Mathematical physics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract: This paper reports results from a search for single and multinucleon disappearance from the O16 nucleus in water within the SNO+ detector using all of the available data. These so-called "invisible"decays do not directly deposit energy within the detector but are instead detected through their subsequent nuclear deexcitation and gamma-ray emission. New limits are given for the partial lifetimes: τ(n→inv)>9.0×1029 years, τ(p→inv)>9.6×1029 years, τ(nn→inv)>1.5×1028 years, τ(np→inv)>6.0×1028 years, and τ(pp→inv)>1.1×1029 years at 90% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate). All but the (nn→inv) results improve on existing limits by a factor of about 3.
Published: 2022

17. Fluorescence of pyrene-doped polystyrene films from room temperature down to 4 K for wavelength-shifting applications

Author: Benmansour, H., Ellingwood, E., Hars, Q., Di Stefano, P. C. F., Gallacher, D., Kuźniak, M., Pereimak, V., Anstey, J., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Garg, S., Kemp, A., Mason, J., Skensved, P., Strickland, V., and Stringer, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: In liquid argon-based particle detectors, slow wavelength shifters (WLSs) could be used alongside the common, nanosecond scale, WLS tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) for background mitigation purposes. At room temperature, pyrene has a moderate fluorescence light yield (LY) and a time constant of the order of hundreds of nanoseconds. In this work, four pyrene-doped polystyrene films with various purities and concentrations were characterized in terms of LY and decay time constants in a range of temperature between 4 K and 300 K under ultraviolet excitation. These films were found to have a LY between 35 and 50% of that of evaporated TPB. All light yields increase when cooling down, while the decays slow down. At room temperature, we observed that pyrene purity is strongly correlated with emission lifetime: highest obtainable purity samples were dominated by decays with emission time constants of $\sim$ 250-280 ns, and lower purity samples were dominated by an $\sim$ 80 ns component. One sample was investigated further to better understand the monomer and excimer emissions of pyrene. The excimer-over-monomer intensity ratio decreases when the temperature goes down, with the monomer emission dominating below $\sim$ 87 K., Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2021
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18. Development and characterization of a slow wavelength shifting coating for background rejection in liquid argon detectors

Author: Gallacher, D., Leonhardt, A., Benmansour, H., Ellingwood, E., Hars, Q., Kuźniak, M., Anstey, J., Bondzior, B., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Dereń, P. J., Di Stefano, P. C. F., Garg, S., Mason, J., Pollmann, T. R., Skensved, P., Strickland, V., and Stringer, M.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: We describe a technique, applicable to liquid-argon-based dark matter detectors, allowing for discrimination of alpha-decays in detector regions with incomplete light collection from nuclear-recoil-like events. Nuclear recoils and alpha events preferentially excite the liquid argon (LAr) singlet state, which has a decay time of ~6 ns. The wavelength-shifter TPB, which is typically applied to the inside of the active detector volume to make the LAr scintillation photons visible, has a short re-emission time that preserves the LAr scintillation timing. We developed a wavelength-shifting polymeric film - pyrene-doped polystyrene - for the DEAP-3600 detector and describe the production method and characterization. At liquid argon temperature, the film's re-emission timing is dominated by a modified exponential decay with time constant of 279(14) ns and has a wavelength-shifting efficiency of 46.4(2.9) % relative to TPB, measured at room temperature. By coating the detector neck (a region outside the active volume where the scintillation light collection efficiency is low) with this film, the visible energy and the scintillation pulse shape of alpha events in the neck region are modified, and we predict that through pulse shape discrimination, the coating will afford a suppression factor of O($10^{5}$) against these events., Comment: 18 pages,10 figures, Submitted to NIMA
Published: 2021
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19. First direct detection constraints on Planck-scale mass dark matter with multiple-scatter signatures using the DEAP-3600 detector

Author: Adhikari, P., Ajaj, R., Alpízar-Venegas, M., Auty, D. J., Benmansour, H., Bina, C. E., Bonivento, W., Boulay, M. G., Cadeddu, M., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Corning, J. M., Daugherty, S., DelGobbo, P., Di Stefano, P., Doria, L., Dunford, M., Ellingwood, E., Erlandson, A., Farahani, S. S., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Gallacher, D., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grobov, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Hugues, T., Ilyasov, A., Joy, A., Jigmeddorj, B., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Ku{ź}niak, M., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lehnert, B., Leonhardt, A., Levashko, N., Li, X., Lissia, M., Litvinov, O., Lock, J., Longo, G., Machulin, I., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mielnichuk, C., Mirasola, L., Monroe, J., Oliviéro, G., Pal, S., Peeters, S. J. M., Perry, M., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Raj, N., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Rodríguez-García, I., Roszkowski, L., Ruhland, J. B., García, E. Sanchez, Sánchez-Pastor, T., Santorelli, R., Seth, S., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stringer, M., Sur, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Viel, S., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: Dark matter particles with Planck-scale mass ($\simeq10^{19}\text{GeV}/c^2$) arise in well-motivated theories and could be produced by several cosmological mechanisms. Using a blind analysis of data collected over a 813 d live time with DEAP-3600, a 3.3 t single-phase liquid argon-based dark matter experiment at SNOLAB, a search for supermassive dark matter was performed, looking for multiple-scatter signals. No candidate signal events were observed, leading to the first direct detection constraints on Planck-scale mass dark matter. Leading limits constrain dark matter masses between $8.3\times10^{6}$ and $1.2\times10^{19} \text{GeV}/c^2$, and cross sections for scattering on $^{40}$Ar between $1.0\times10^{-23}$ and $2.4\times10^{-18} \text{cm}^2$. These are used to constrain two composite dark matter models.
Published: 2021
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20. Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Barão, F., Barros, N., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Boulay, M., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Corning, J., Cox, M. A., Deluce, C., Depatie, M. M., Di Lodovico, F., Dittmer, J., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Fischer, V., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gaur, A., Gilje, K., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hartnell, J., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hu, J., Hunt-Stokes, R., Hussain, S. M. A., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaptanoglu, T., Khaghani, P., Khan, H., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupová, T., Lam, I., Land, B. J., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lefebvre, C., Li, A., Lidgard, J., Lin, Y. H., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Meyer, M., Mills, C., Morton-Blake, I., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Page, J., Parker, W., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Pickard, L., Prior, G., Ravi, P., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Rose, J., Rumleskie, J., Semenec, I., Shaker, F., Sharma, M. K., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Stainforth, R., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tseng, J., Turner, E., Valder, S., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Wang, J., Ward, M., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. R., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Yu, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume., Comment: Accepted by JINST (30 pages, 19 figures)
Published: 2021
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21. The SNO+ Experiment

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Albanese, V., Alves, R., Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Anselmo, L., Arushanova, E., Asahi, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Back, A. R., Back, S., Barão, F., Barnard, Z., Barr, A., Barros, N., Bartlett, D., Bayes, R., Beaudoin, C., Beier, E. W., Berardi, G., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boulay, M., Braid, D., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Carvalho, J., Cavalli, L., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Clark, K. J., Cleveland, B., Connors, C., Cookman, D., Coulter, I. T., Cox, M. A., Cressy, D., Dai, X., Darrach, C., Davis-Purcell, B., Deluce, C., Depatie, M. M., Descamps, F., Di Lodovico, F., Dittmer, J., Doxtator, A., Duhaime, N., Duncan, F., Dunger, J., Earle, A. D., Fabris, D., Falk, E., Farrugia, A., Fatemighomi, N., Felber, C., Fischer, V., Fletcher, E., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gagnon, N., Gaur, A., Gauthier, J., Gibson-Foster, A., Gilje, K., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, C., Grove, J., Grullon, S., Guillian, E., Hall, S., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hans, S., Hartnell, J., Harvey, P., Hedayatipour, M., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hodak, B., Hodak, M., Hood, M., Horne, D., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Hussain, S. M. A., Iida, T., Inácio, A. S., Jackson, C. M., Jelley, N. A., Jillings, C. J., Jones, C., Jones, P. G., Kamdin, K., Kaptanoglu, T., Kaspar, J., Keeter, K., Kefelian, C., Khaghani, P., Kippenbrock, L., Klein, J. R., Knapik, R., Kofron, J., Kormos, L. L., Korte, S., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupová, T., Labe, K., Lafleur, F., Lam, I., Lan, C., Land, B. J., Lane, R., Langrock, S., Larochelle, P., Larose, S., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lefeuvre, G. M., Leming, E. J., Li, A., Li, O., Lidgard, J., Liggins, B., Liimatainen, P., Lin, Y. H., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maguire, S., Maio, A., Majumdar, K., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Marzec, E., Mastbaum, A., Mathewson, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McFarlane, K., Mekarski, P., Meyer, M., Miller, C., Mills, C., Mlejnek, M., Mony, E., Morissette, B., Morton-Blake, I., Mottram, M. J., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., Nolan, L. J., Novikov, V. M., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, E., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Parnell, M. J., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Petriw, Z., Petzoldt, J., Pickard, L., Pracsovics, D., Prior, G., Prouty, J. C., Quirk, S., Read, S., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Ritchie, I., Robertson, A., Robertson, B. C., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rost, P. M., Rumleskie, J., Schumaker, M. A., Schwendener, M. H., Scislowski, D., Secrest, J., Seddighin, M., Segui, L., Seibert, S., Semenec, I., Shaker, F., Shantz, T., Sharma, M. K., Shokair, T. M., Sibley, L., Sinclair, J. R., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Sonley, T., Sörensen, A., St-Amant, M., Stainforth, R., Stankiewicz, S., Strait, M., Stringer, M. I., Stripay, A., Svoboda, R., Tacchino, S., Tam, B., Tanguay, C., Tatar, J., Tian, L., Tolich, N., Tseng, J., Tseung, H. W. C., Turner, E., Van Berg, R., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., von Krosigk, B., Walker, J. M. G., Walker, M., Wallig, J., Walton, S. C., Wang, J., Ward, M., Wasalski, O., Waterfield, J., Weigand, J. J., White, R. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T. J., Woosaree, P., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, T., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The SNO+ experiment is located 2 km underground at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Canada. A low background search for neutrinoless double beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay will be conducted using 780 tonnes of liquid scintillator loaded with 3.9 tonnes of natural tellurium, corresponding to 1.3 tonnes of $^{130}$Te. This paper provides a general overview of the SNO+ experiment, including detector design, construction of process plants, commissioning efforts, electronics upgrades, data acquisition systems, and calibration techniques. The SNO+ collaboration is reusing the acrylic vessel, PMT array, and electronics of the SNO detector, having made a number of experimental upgrades and essential adaptations for use with the liquid scintillator. With low backgrounds and a low energy threshold, the SNO+ collaboration will also pursue a rich physics program beyond the search for $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay, including studies of geo- and reactor antineutrinos, supernova and solar neutrinos, and exotic physics such as the search for invisible nucleon decay. The SNO+ approach to the search for $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay is scalable: a future phase with high $^{130}$Te-loading is envisioned to probe an effective Majorana mass in the inverted mass ordering region., Comment: 61 pages, 23 figures, 4 tables
Published: 2021
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22. Pulseshape discrimination against low-energy Ar-39 beta decays in liquid argon with 4.5 tonne-years of DEAP-3600 data

Author: The DEAP Collaboration, Adhikari, P., Ajaj, R., Alpízar-Venegas, M., Amaudruz, P. -A., Auty, D. J., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Benmansour, H., Bina, C. E., Bonatt, J., Bonivento, W., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bueno, J. F., Burghardt, P. M., Butcher, A., Cadeddu, M., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Corning, J. M., Cranshaw, D., Daugherty, S., DelGobbo, P., Dering, K., DiGioseffo, J., Di Stefano, P., Doria, L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Ellingwood, E., Erlandson, A., Farahani, S. S., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Florian, S., Flower, T., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Gallacher, D., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Golovko, V., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Grobov, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Hugues, T., Ilyasov, A., Joy, A., Jigmeddorj, B., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Kuźniak, M., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lehnert, B., Leonhardt, A., Levashko, N., Li, X., Lidgard, J., Lindner, T., Lissia, M., Lock, J., Longo, G., Machulin, I., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O'Dwyer, E., Oliviéro, G., Ouellet, C., Pal, S., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Perry, M., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Rodríguez-García, I., Roszkowski, L., Ruhland, J. B., Sánchez-García, E., Santorelli, R., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Soukup, J., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Stringer, M., Sur, B., Tang, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Viel, S., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The DEAP-3600 detector searches for the scintillation signal from dark matter particles scattering on a 3.3 tonne liquid argon target. The largest background comes from $^{39}$Ar beta decays and is suppressed using pulseshape discrimination (PSD). We use two types of PSD algorithm: the prompt-fraction, which considers the fraction of the scintillation signal in a narrow and a wide time window around the event peak, and the log-likelihood-ratio, which compares the observed photon arrival times to a signal and a background model. We furthermore use two algorithms to determine the number of photons detected at a given time: (1) simply dividing the charge of each PMT pulse by the charge of a single photoelectron, and (2) a likelihood analysis that considers the probability to detect a certain number of photons at a given time, based on a model for the scintillation pulseshape and for afterpulsing in the light detectors. The prompt-fraction performs approximately as well as the log-likelihood-ratio PSD algorithm if the photon detection times are not biased by detector effects. We explain this result using a model for the information carried by scintillation photons as a function of the time when they are detected., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2021
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23. Separating $^{39}$Ar from $^{40}$Ar by cryogenic distillation with Aria for dark matter searches

Author: DarkSide Collaboration, Agnes, P., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alici, A., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Arba, M., Arpaia, P., Arcelli, S., Ave, M., Avetissov, I. Ch., Avetisov, R. I., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Barbarian, V., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Bondar, A., Bonivento, W. M., Borisova, E., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buccino, G., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Buzulutskov, A., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Caminata, A., Canesi, E. V., Canci, N., Cappello, G., Caravati, M., C, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Carnesecchi, F., Castello, P., Castellani, A., Catalanotti, S., Cataudella, V., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Celano, B., Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Cical, C., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Coccetti, F., Cocco, V., Colocci, M., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Corning, J., Covone, G., Czudak, P., D'Aniello, M., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Dadoun, O., Daniel, M., Davini, S., De Candia, A., De Cecco, S., De Falco, A., De Filippis, G., De Gruttola, D., De Guido, G., De Rosa, G., Della Valle, M., Dellacasa, G., De Pasquale, S., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Noto, L., Di Eusanio, F., Dionisi, C., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Dongiovanni, D., Dordei, F., Downing, M., Erjavec, T., Falciano, S., Farenzena, S., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Filip, C., Fiorillo, G., Franceschi, A., Franco, D., Frolov, E., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Galbiati, C., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giampaolo, R. A., Giganti, C., Giorgi, M. A., Giovanetti, G. K., Gligan, M. L., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Goretti, A. M., Diaz, R. Graciani, Grigoriev, G. Y., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Guetti, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Haranczyk, M., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., James, C. C., Jillings, C., Kachru, P., Kemp, A. A., Kendziora, C. L., Keppel, G., Khomyakov, A. V., Kim, S., Kish, A., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kubankin, A., Kugathasan, R., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., La Commara, M., La Delfa, L., La Grasta, D., Lai, M., Lami, N., Langrock, S., Leyton, M., Li, X., Lidey, L., Lippi, F., Lissia, M., Longo, G., Maccioni, N., Machulin, I. N., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Maricic, J., Marinelli, M., Mart, M., Rojas, A. D. Martinez, Martini, A., Martoff, C. J., Mascia, M., Masetto, M., Masoni, A., Mazzi, A., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Messina, A., Meyers, P. D., Miletic, T., Milincic, R., Miola, R., Moggi, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Morisi, S., Morrocchi, M., Mozhevitina, E. N., Mr, T., Muratova, V. N., Murenu, A., Muscas, C., Musenich, L., Musico, P., Nania, R., Napolitano, T., Agasson, A. Navrer, Nessi, M., Nikulin, I., Nowak, J., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Palmas, S., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P. A., Pellegrini, L. A., Pellegrino, C., Pelczar, K., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Pietropaolo, F., Pinna, T., Pocar, A., Podda, P., Poehlmann, D. M., Pordes, S., Poudel, S. S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Raffaelli, F., Ragusa, F., Ramirez, A., Razeti, M., Razeto, A., Renshaw, A. L., Rescia, S., Rescigno, M., Resnati, F., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Rode, J., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Rucaj, M., Sabiu, G. M., Salatino, P., Samoylov, O., S, E., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Sangiorgio, V. A., Santacroce, V., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Santucci, A., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schlitzer, B., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shaw, B., Shchagin, A., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smith, B., Sokolov, A., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stracka, S., Strickland, V., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Zsücs-Balázs, J. Z., Tartaglia, R., Testera, G., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tosti, S., Tricomi, A., Tuveri, M., Unzhakov, E. V., Usai, G., John, T. Vallivilayil, Vescovi, S., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Wada, M., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Wheadon, R. J., Williams, L., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wojcik, Ma., Xiao, X., Yang, C., Zani, A., Zenobio, F., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The Aria project consists of a plant, hosting a 350 m cryogenic isotopic distillation column, the tallest ever built, which is currently in the installation phase in a mine shaft at Carbosulcis S.p.A., Nuraxi-Figus (SU), Italy. Aria is one of the pillars of the argon dark-matter search experimental program, lead by the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration. Aria was designed to reduce the isotopic abundance of $^{39}$Ar, a $\beta$-emitter of cosmogenic origin, whose activity poses background and pile-up concerns in the detectors, in the argon used for the dark-matter searches, the so-called Underground Argon (UAr). In this paper, we discuss the requirements, design, construction, tests, and projected performance of the plant for the isotopic cryogenic distillation of argon. We also present the successful results of isotopic cryogenic distillation of nitrogen with a prototype plant, operating the column at total reflux.
Published: 2021
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24. Optical calibration of the SNO+ detector in the water phase with deployed sources

Author: Anderson, MR, Andringa, S, Askins, M, Auty, DJ, Barão, F, Barros, N, Bayes, R, Beier, EW, Bialek, A, Biller, SD, Blucher, E, Boulay, M, Caden, E, Callaghan, EJ, Caravaca, J, Chen, M, Chkvorets, O, Cleveland, B, Cookman, D, Corning, J, Cox, MA, Deluce, C, Depatie, MM, Di Lodovico, F, Dittmer, J, Falk, E, Fatemighomi, N, Fischer, V, Ford, R, Frankiewicz, K, Gaur, A, Gilje, K, González-Reina, OI, Gooding, D, Grant, C, Grove, J, Hallin, AL, Hallman, D, Hartnell, J, Heintzelman, WJ, Helmer, RL, Hu, J, Hunt-Stokes, R, Hussain, SMA, Inácio, AS, Jillings, CJ, Kaptanoglu, T, Khaghani, P, Khan, H, Klein, JR, Kormos, LL, Krar, B, Kraus, C, Krauss, CB, Kroupová, T, Lam, I, Land, BJ, LaTorre, A, Lawson, I, Lebanowski, L, Lefebvre, C, Li, A, Lidgard, J, Lin, YH, Liu, Y, Lozza, V, Luo, M, Maio, A, Manecki, S, Maneira, J, Martin, RD, McCauley, N, McDonald, AB, Meyer, M, Mills, C, Morton-Blake, I, Nae, S, Nirkko, M, Nolan, LJ, O'Keeffe, HM, Gann, GD Orebi, Page, J, Parker, W, Paton, J, Peeters, SJM, Pershing, T, Pickard, L, Prior, G, Ravi, P, Reichold, A, Riccetto, S, Richardson, R, Rigan, M, Rose, J, Rumleskie, J, Semenec, I, Shaker, F, Sharma, MK, Skensved, P, and Smiley, M
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Synchrotrons and Accelerators, Physical Sciences, Analysis and statistical methods, Cherenkov detectors, Detector alignment and calibration methods, Neutrino detectors, Engineering, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Physical sciences
Abstract: SNO+ is a large-scale liquid scintillator experiment with the primary goal of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay, and is located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector acquired data for two years as a pure water Cherenkov detector, starting in May 2017. During this period, the optical properties of the detector were measured in situ using a deployed light diffusing sphere, with the goal of improving the detector model and the energy response systematic uncertainties. The measured parameters included the water attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients for the acrylic vessel, and the angular response of the photomultiplier tubes and their surrounding light concentrators, all across different wavelengths. The calibrated detector model was validated using a deployed tagged gamma source, which showed a 0.6% variation in energy scale across the primary target volume.
Published: 2021

25. Precision measurement of the specific activity of $$^{39}$$ 39 Ar in atmospheric argon with the DEAP-3600 detector

Author: P. Adhikari, R. Ajaj, M. Alpízar-Venegas, P.-A. Amaudruz, J. Anstey, G. R. Araujo, D. J. Auty, M. Baldwin, M. Batygov, B. Beltran, H. Benmansour, C. E. Bina, J. Bonatt, W. Bonivento, M. G. Boulay, B. Broerman, J. F. Bueno, P. M. Burghardt, A. Butcher, M. Cadeddu, B. Cai, M. Cárdenas-Montes, S. Cavuoti, M. Chen, Y. Chen, S. Choudhary, B. T. Cleveland, J. M. Corning, R. Crampton, D. Cranshaw, S. Daugherty, P. DelGobbo, K. Dering, P. Di Stefano, J. DiGioseffo, G. Dolganov, L. Doria, F. A. Duncan, M. Dunford, E. Ellingwood, A. Erlandson, S. S. Farahani, N. Fatemighomi, G. Fiorillo, S. Florian, A. Flower, R. J. Ford, R. Gagnon, D. Gallacher, P. García Abia, S. Garg, P. Giampa, A. Giménez-Alcázar, D. Goeldi, V. V. Golovko, P. Gorel, K. Graham, D. R. Grant, A. Grobov, A. L. Hallin, M. Hamstra, P. J. Harvey, S. Haskins, C. Hearns, J. Hu, J. Hucker, T. Hugues, A. Ilyasov, B. Jigmeddorj, C. J. Jillings, A. Joy, O. Kamaev, G. Kaur, A. Kemp, M. Kuźniak, F. La Zia, M. Lai, S. Langrock, B. Lehnert, A. Leonhardt, J. LePage-Bourbonnais, N. Levashko, J. Lidgard, T. Lindner, M. Lissia, J. Lock, L. Luzzi, I. Machulin, P. Majewski, A. Maru, J. Mason, A. B. McDonald, T. McElroy, T. McGinn, J. B. McLaughlin, R. Mehdiyev, C. Mielnichuk, L. Mirasola, J. Monroe, P. Nadeau, C. Nantais, C. Ng, A. J. Noble, E. O’Dwyer, G. Oliviéro, C. Ouellet, S. Pal, D. Papi, P. Pasuthip, S. J. M. Peeters, M. Perry, V. Pesudo, E. Picciau, M.-C. Piro, T. R. Pollmann, F. Rad, E. T. Rand, C. Rethmeier, F. Retière, I. Rodríguez García, L. Roszkowski, J. B. Ruhland, R. Santorelli, F. G. Schuckman II, N. Seeburn, S. Seth, V. Shalamova, K. Singhrao, P. Skensved, N. J. T. Smith, B. Smith, K. Sobotkiewich, T. Sonley, J. Sosiak, J. Soukup, R. Stainforth, C. Stone, V. Strickland, M. Stringer, B. Sur, J. Tang, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, L. Veloce, S. Viel, B. Vyas, M. Walczak, J. Walding, M. Ward, S. Westerdale, J. Willis, A. Zuñiga-Reyes, and DEAP Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract The specific activity of the $$\beta $$ β decay of $$^{39}$$ 39 Ar in atmospheric argon is measured using the DEAP-3600 detector. DEAP-3600, located 2 km underground at SNOLAB, uses a total of (3269 ± 24) kg of liquid argon distilled from the atmosphere to search for dark matter. This detector is well-suited to measure the decay of $$^{39}$$ 39 Ar owing to its very low background levels. This is achieved in two ways: it uses low background construction materials; and it uses pulse-shape discrimination to differentiate between nuclear recoils and electron recoils. With 167 live-days of data, the measured specific activity at the time of atmospheric extraction is (0.964 ± 0.001 $$_\textrm{stat}$$ stat ± 0.024 $$_\textrm{sys}$$ sys ) Bq/kg $$_\textrm{atmAr}$$ atmAr , which is consistent with results from other experiments. A cross-check analysis using different event selection criteria and a different statistical method confirms the result.
Published: 2023
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26. Development, characterisation, and deployment of the SNO+ liquid scintillator

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Anselmo, L., Arushanova, E., Asahi, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Back, A. R., Barnard, Z., Barros, N., Bartlett, D., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boulay, M., Braid, D., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Carvalho, J., Cavalli, L., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Clark, K. J., Cleveland, B., Cookman, D., Connors, C., Coulter, I. T., Cox, M. A., Cressy, D., Dai, X., Darrach, C., Davis-Purcell, B., Deluce, C., Depatie, M. M., Descamps, F., Dittmer, J., Di Lodovico, F., Duhaime, N., Duncan, F., Dunger, J., Earle, A. D., Fabris, D., Falk, E., Farrugia, A., Fatemighomi, N., Fischer, V., Fletcher, E., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gagnon, N., Gaur, A., Gilje, K., González-Reina, O. I., Gooding, D., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, C., Grove, J., Grullon, S., Guillian, E., Hall, S., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hans, S., Hartnell, J., Harvey, P., Hedayatipour, M., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Horne, D., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Hussain, A. S. M., Iida, T., Inácio, A. S., Jackson, M., Jelley, N. A., Jillings, C. J., Jones, C., Jones, P. G., Kamdin, K., Kaptanoglu, T., Kaspar, J., Keeter, K., Kefelian, C., Khaghani, P., Kippenbrock, L., Klein, J. R., Knapik, R., Kofron, J., Kormos, L. L., Korte, S., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupova, T., Labe, K., Lafleur, F., Lam, I., Lan, C., Land, B. J., Lane, R., Langrock, S., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lefeuvre, G. M., Leming, E. J., Li, A., Lidgard, J., Liggins, B., Lin, Y. H., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maguire, S., Maio, A., Majumdar, K., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Marzec, E., Mastbaum, A., Mauel, J., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Mekarski, P., Meyer, M., Miller, C., Mills, C., Mlejnek, M., Mony, E., Morton-Blake, I., Mottram, M. J., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., Nolan, L. J., Novikov, V. M., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, E., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Parnell, M. J., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Petriw, Z., Petzoldt, J., Pickard, L., Pracsovics, D., Prior, G., Prouty, J. C., Quirk, S., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Robertson, A., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rost, P. M., Rumleskie, J., Schumaker, M. A., Schwendener, M. H., Scislowski, D., Secrest, J., Seddighin, M., Segui, L., Seibert, S., Semenec, I., Shaker, F., Shantz, T., Sharma, M. K., Shokair, T. M., Sibley, L., Sinclair, J. R., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Strait, M., Stringer, M. I., Svoboda, R., Sörensen, A., Tam, B., Tatar, J., Tian, L., Tolich, N., Tseng, J., Tseung, H. W. C., Turner, E., Van Berg, R., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., von Krosigk, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walker, J. M. G., Walker, M., Walton, S. C., Wang, J., Ward, M., Wasalski, O., Waterfield, J., Weigand, J. J., White, R. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T. J., Woosaree, P., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zhao, T., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: A liquid scintillator consisting of linear alkylbenzene as the solvent and 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the fluor was developed for the SNO+ experiment. This mixture was chosen as it is compatible with acrylic and has a competitive light yield to pre-existing liquid scintillators while conferring other advantages including longer attenuation lengths, superior safety characteristics, chemical simplicity, ease of handling, and logistical availability. Its properties have been extensively characterized and are presented here. This liquid scintillator is now used in several neutrino physics experiments in addition to SNO+., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020
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27. Sensitivity of future liquid argon dark matter search experiments to core-collapse supernova neutrinos

Author: Agnes, P., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alici, A., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Arcelli, S., Ave, M., Avetissov, I. Ch., Avetisov, R. I., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Barbarian, V., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Bondar, A., Bonivento, W. M., Borisova, E., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Buccino, G., Bussino, S., Busto, J., Buzulutskov, A., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Cappello, G., Caravati, M., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Carlini, M., Carnesecchi, F., Castello, P., Catalanotti, S., Cataudella, V., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Celano, B., Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Chyhyrynets, E, Cicalò, C., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Coccetti, F., Cocco, V., Colocci, M., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Corning, J., Covone, G., Czudak, P., D'Auria, S., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Dadoun, O., Daniel, M., Davini, S., De Candia, A., De Cecco, S., De Falco, A., De Filippis, G., De Gruttola, D., De Guido, G., De Rosa, G., Della Valle, M., Dellacasa, G., De Pasquale, S., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Noto, L., Dionisi, C., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Doria, L., Downing, M., Erjavec, T., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Fiorillo, G., Franceschi, A., Franco, D., Frolov, E., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Galbiati, C., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giampaolo, R. A., Giganti, C., Giorgi, M. A., Giovanetti, G. K., Casanueva, V. Goicoechea, Gola, A., Diaz, R. Graciani, Grigoriev, G. Y., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Haranczyk, M., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hugues, T., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., James, C. C., Jillings, C., Kachru, P., Kemp, A. A., Kendziora, C. L., Keppel, G., Khomyakov, A. V., Kim, S., Kish, A., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Kubankin, A., Kugathasan, R., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Leyton, M., Li, X., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Longo, G., Machulin, I. N., Mapelli, L., Marasciulli, A., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Maricic, J., Martínez, M., Rojas, A. D. Martinez, Martoff, C. J., Masoni, A., Mazzi, A., McDonald, A. B., Mclaughlin, J., Messina, A., Meyers, P. D., Miletic, T., Milincic, R., Moggi, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Morisi, S., Morrocchi, M., Mozhevitina, E. N., Mróz, T., Muratova, V. N., Muscas, C., Musenich, L., Musico, P., Nania, R., Napolitano, T., Agasson, A. Navrer, Nessi, M., Nikulin, I., Nowak, J., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Pellegrino, C., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Pietropaolo, F., Pira, C., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, D. M., Pordes, S., Poudel, S. S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Raffaelli, F., Ragusa, F., Ramirez, A., Razeti, M., Razeto, A., Renshaw, A. L., Rescia, S., Rescigno, M., Resnati, F., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Rode, J., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Salatino, P., Samoylov, O., García, E. Sánchez, Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schlitzer, B., Scioli, G., Semenov, D. A., Shaw, B., Shchagin, A., Sheshukov, A., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smith, B., Sokolov, A., Steri, A., Stracka, S., Strickland, V., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Tartaglia, R., Testera, G., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Torres-Lara, S., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Usai, G., John, T. Vallivilayil, Viant, T., Viel, S., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Wada, M., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Wheadon, R. J., Williams, L., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wojcik, Ma., Xiao, X., Yang, C., Ye, Z., Zani, A., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Subjects: Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Future liquid-argon DarkSide-20k and ARGO detectors, designed for direct dark matter search, will be sensitive also to core-collapse supernova neutrinos, via coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. This interaction channel is flavor-insensitive with a high-cross section, enabling for a high-statistics neutrino detection with target masses of $\sim$50~t and $\sim$360~t for DarkSide-20k and ARGO, respectively. Thanks to the low-energy threshold of $\sim$0.5~keV$_{nr}$ achievable by exploiting the ionization channel, DarkSide-20k and ARGO have the potential to discover supernova bursts throughout our galaxy and up to the Small Magellanic Cloud, respectively, assuming a 11-M$_{\odot}$ progenitor star. We report also on the sensitivity to the neutronization burst, whose electron neutrino flux is suppressed by oscillations when detected via charged current and elastic scattering. Finally, the accuracies in the reconstruction of the average and total neutrino energy in the different phases of the supernova burst, as well as its time profile, are also discussed, taking into account the expected background and the detector response., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2020
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28. Search for $hep$ solar neutrinos and the diffuse supernova neutrino background using all three phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Krüger, A., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Labe, K., Land, B. J., Lange, R., LaTorre, A., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tešić, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: A search has been performed for neutrinos from two sources, the $hep$ reaction in the solar $pp$ fusion chain and the $\nu_e$ component of the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB), using the full dataset of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory with a total exposure of 2.47 kton-years after fiducialization. The $hep$ search is performed using both a single-bin counting analysis and a likelihood fit. We find a best-fit flux that is compatible with solar model predictions while remaining consistent with zero flux, and set a one-sided upper limit of $\Phi_{hep} < 30\times10^{3}~\mathrm{cm}^{-2}~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ [90% credible interval (CI)]. No events are observed in the DSNB search region, and we set an improved upper bound on the $\nu_e$ component of the DSNB flux of $\Phi^\mathrm{DSNB}_{\nu_e} < 19~\textrm{cm}^{-2}~\textrm{s}^{-1}$ (90% CI) in the energy range $22.9 < E_\nu < 36.9$~MeV., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2020
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29. Constraints on dark matter-nucleon effective couplings in the presence of kinematically distinct halo substructures using the DEAP-3600 detector

Author: Adhikari, P., Ajaj, R., Bina, C. E., Bonivento, W., Boulay, M. G., Cadeddu, M., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Corning, J. M., Daugherty, S., DelGobbo, P., Di Stefano, P., Doria, L., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Farahani, S. S., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Gallacher, D., Garcés, E. A., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grobov, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Hugues, T., Ilyasov, A., Joy, A., Jigmeddorj, B., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Kuźniak, M., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lehnert, B., Levashko, N., Li, X., Litvinov, O., Lock, J., Longo, G., Machulin, I., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Oliviéro, G., Pal, S., Peeters, S. J. M., Pesudo, V., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Roszkowski, L., García, E. Sanchez, Sánchez-Pastor, T., Santorelli, R., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stringer, M., Sur, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Viel, S., Vincent, A. C., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Westerdale, S., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract: DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon detector aiming to directly detect Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), located at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). After analyzing data taken during the first year of operation, a null result was used to place an upper bound on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent, isoscalar cross section. This study reinterprets this result within a Non-Relativistic Effective Field Theory framework, and further examines how various possible substructures in the local dark matter halo may affect these constraints. Such substructures are hinted at by kinematic structures in the local stellar distribution observed by the Gaia satellite and other recent astronomical surveys. These include the Gaia Sausage (or Enceladus), as well as a number of distinct streams identified in recent studies. Limits are presented for the coupling strength of the effective contact interaction operators $\mathcal{O}_1$, $\mathcal{O}_3$, $\mathcal{O}_5$, $\mathcal{O}_8$, and $\mathcal{O}_{11}$, considering isoscalar, isovector, and xenonphobic scenarios, as well as the specific operators corresponding to millicharge, magnetic dipole, electric dipole, and anapole interactions. The effects of halo substructures on each of these operators are explored as well, showing that the $\mathcal{O}_5$ and $\mathcal{O}_8$ operators are particularly sensitive to the velocity distribution, even at dark matter masses above 100 GeV/$c^2$.
Published: 2020
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30. SiPM-matrix readout of two-phase argon detectors using electroluminescence in the visible and near infrared range

Author: The DarkSide collaboration, Aalseth, C. E., Abdelhakim, S., Agnes, P., Ajaj, R., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alici, A., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Ameli, F., Anstey, J., Antonioli, P., Arba, M., Arcelli, S., Ardito, R., Arnquist, I. J., Arpaia, P., Asner, D. M., Asunskis, A., Ave, M., Back, H. O., Barbaryan, V., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Batignani, G., Bisogni, M. G., Bocci, V., Bondar, A., Bonfini, G., Bonivento, W., Borisova, E., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Bunker, R., Bussino, S., Buzulutskov, A., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Candela, A., Cantini, C., Caravati, M., Cariello, M., Carnesecchi, F., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cavazza, D., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Celano, B., Cereseto, R., Chashin, S., Cheng, W., Chepurnov, A., Cicalò, C., Cifarelli, L., Citterio, M., Coccetti, F., Cocco, V., Colocci, M., Vilda, E. Conde, Consiglio, L., Cossio, F., Covone, G., Crivelli, P., D'Antone, I., D'Incecco, M., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Dadoun, O., Daniel, M., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Deo, M., De Falco, A., De Gruttola, D., De Guido, G., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Demontis, P., De Pasquale, S., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Eusanio, F., Di Noto, L., Di Pietro, G., Di Stefano, P., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Downing, M., Edalatfar, F., Empl, A., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Filip, C., Fiorillo, G., Fomenko, K., Franceschi, A., Franco, D., Frolov, E., Froudakis, G. E., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Gabrieli, A., Galbiati, C., Garbini, M., Abia, P. Garcia, Fora, D. Gascón, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Ghisi, A., Giampa, P., Giampaolo, R. A., Giganti, C., Giorgi, M. A., Giovanetti, G. K., Gligan, M. L., Gorchakov, O., Grab, M., Diaz, R. Graciani, Grassi, M., Grate, J. W., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerra, M. B. B., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Haaland, R. K., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Haranczyk, M., Harrop, B., Hoppe, E. W., Horikawa, S., Hosseini, B., Hubaut, F., Humble, P., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, An., Ilyasov, A., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Keeter, K., Kendziora, C. L., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Kopp, G., Korablev, D., Korga, G., Kubankin, A., Kugathasan, R., Kuss, M., La Commara, M., La Delfa, L., Lai, M., Lebois, M., Lehnert, B., Levashko, N., Li, X., Liqiang, Q., Lissia, M., Lodi, G. U., Longo, G., Lussana, R., Luzzi, L., Machado, A. A., Machulin, I. N., Mandarano, A., Manecki, S., Mapelli, L., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, M., Maricic, J., Marinelli, M., Marras, D., Martínez, M., Rojas, A. D. Martinez, Mascia, M., Mason, J., Masoni, A., McDonald, A. B., Messina, A., Miletic, T., Milincic, R., Moggi, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Mu, W., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, S., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Napolitano, T., Agasson, A. Navrer, Nessi, M., Nikulin, I., Nosov, V., Nowak, J. A., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Orsini, M., Ortica, F., Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Palmas, S., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Pazzona, F., Peeters, S., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Pellegrino, C., Pelliccia, N., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Pietropaolo, F., Pocar, A., Pollmann, T. R., Portaluppi, D., Poudel, S. S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Radics, B., Raffaelli, F., Ragusa, F., Razeti, M., Regenfus, C., Renshaw, A. L., Rescia, S., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Rode, J., Romani, A., Romero, L., Rossi, N., Rubbia, A., Sala, P., Salatino, P., Samoylov, O., García, E. Sánchez, Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Sant, M., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schlitzer, B., Scioli, G., Segreto, E., Seifert, A., Semenov, D. A., Shchagin, A., Sheshukov, A., Siddhanta, S., Simeone, M., Singh, P. N., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Sobrero, G., Sokolov, A., Sotnikov, A., Stainforth, R., Steri, A., Stracka, S., Strickland, V., Suffritti, G. B., Sulis, S., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Tartaglia, R., Testera, G., Thorpe, T., Tonazzo, A., Tosi, A., Tuveri, M., Unzhakov, E. V., Usai, G., Vacca, A., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Viant, T., Viel, S., Villa, F., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Wahl, J., Walding, J. J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Wheadon, R. J., Williams, R., Wilson, J., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wojcik, Ma., Wu, S., Xiao, X., Yang, C., Ye, Z., Zuffa, M., and Zuzel, G.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Proportional electroluminescence (EL) in noble gases is used in two-phase detectors for dark matter searches to record (in the gas phase) the ionization signal induced by particle scattering in the liquid phase. The "standard" EL mechanism is considered to be due to noble gas excimer emission in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV). In addition, there are two alternative mechanisms, producing light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) ranges. The first is due to bremsstrahlung of electrons scattered on neutral atoms ("neutral bremsstrahlung", NBrS). The second, responsible for electron avalanche scintillation in the NIR at higher electric fields, is due to transitions between excited atomic states. In this work, we have for the first time demonstrated two alternative techniques of the optical readout of two-phase argon detectors, in the visible and NIR range, using a silicon photomultiplier matrix and electroluminescence due to either neutral bremsstrahlung or avalanche scintillation. The amplitude yield and position resolution were measured for these readout techniques, which allowed to assess the detection threshold for electron and nuclear recoils in two-phase argon detectors for dark matter searches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first practical application of the NBrS effect in detection science., Comment: 26 pages, 22 figures, 3 tables
Published: 2020
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31. Measurement of neutron-proton capture in the SNO+ water phase

Author: Collaboration, The SNO, Anderson, M. R., Andringa, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Barros, N., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boulay, M., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Cleveland, B., Cox, M. A., Depatie, M. M., Dittmer, J., Di Lodovico, F., Earle, A. D., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Fischer, V., Fletcher, E., Ford, R., Frankiewicz, K., Gilje, K., Gooding, D., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hans, S., Hartnell, J., Harvey, P., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Horne, D., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Hussain, A. S. M., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaptanoglu, T., Khaghani, P., Klein, J. R., Knapik, R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupova, T., Lam, I., Land, B. J., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Leming, E. J., Li, A., Lidgard, J., Liggins, B., Lin, Y. H., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maguire, S., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Marzec, E., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Mekarski, P., Meyer, M., Mills, C., Morton-Blake, I., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., Nolan, L. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Parnell, M. J., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Pickard, L., Prior, G., Reichold, A., Riccetto, S., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rost, P. M., Rumleskie, J., Semenec, I., Shaker, F., Sharma, M. K., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Stringer, M. I., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tian, L., Tseng, J., Turner, E., Van Berg, R., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walton, S. C., Wang, J., Ward, M., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. R., Woosaree, P., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Zhang, T., Zhang, Y., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The SNO+ experiment collected data as a low-threshold water Cherenkov detector from September 2017 to July 2019. Measurements of the 2.2-MeV $\gamma$ produced by neutron capture on hydrogen have been made using an Am-Be calibration source, for which a large fraction of emitted neutrons are produced simultaneously with a 4.4-MeV $\gamma$. Analysis of the delayed coincidence between the 4.4-MeV $\gamma$ and the 2.2-MeV capture $\gamma$ revealed a neutron detection efficiency that is centered around 50% and varies at the level of 1% across the inner region of the detector, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency achieved among pure water Cherenkov detectors. In addition, the neutron capture time constant was measured and converted to a thermal neutron-proton capture cross section of $336.3^{+1.2}_{-1.5}$ mb.
Published: 2020
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32. The liquid-argon scintillation pulseshape in DEAP-3600

Author: The DEAP collaboration, Adhikari, P., Ajaj, R., Batygov, G. R. Araujoand M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bueno, J. F., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Corning, J. M., Dering, S. J. Daughertyand K., Doria, L., Dunford, F. A. Duncan andM., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Flower, A., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Gallacher, D., Garcés, E. A., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Grobov, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Ilyasov, A., Joy, A., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Levashko, N., Li, X., Litvinov, O., Lock, J., Longo, G., Machulin, I., Majewski, P., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., Oliviéro, G., Ouellet, C., Pal, S., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pesudo, V., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., García, E. Sanchez, Sánchez-Pastor, T., Santorelli, R., Seeburn, N., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veloce, L., Viel, S., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: DEAP-3600 is a liquid-argon scintillation detector looking for dark matter. Scintillation events in the liquid argon (LAr) are registered by 255 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), and pulseshape discrimination (PSD) is used to suppress electromagnetic background events. The excellent PSD performance of LAr makes it a viable target for dark matter searches, and the LAr scintillation pulseshape discussed here is the basis of PSD. The observed pulseshape is a combination of LAr scintillation physics with detector effects. We present a model for the pulseshape of electromagnetic background events in the energy region of interest for dark matter searches. The model is composed of a) LAr scintillation physics, including the so-called intermediate component, b) the time response of the TPB wavelength shifter, including delayed TPB emission at $\mathcal O$(ms) time-scales, and c) PMT response. TPB is the wavelength shifter of choice in most LAr detectors. We find that approximately 10\% of the intensity of the wavelength-shifted light is in a long-lived state of TPB. This causes light from an event to spill into subsequent events to an extent not usually accounted for in the design and data analysis of LAr-based detectors.
Published: 2020
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33. Design and construction of a new detector to measure ultra-low radioactive-isotope contamination of argon

Author: The DarkSide Collaboration, Aalseth, C. E., Abdelhakim, S., Acerbi, F., Agnes, P., Ajaj, R., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alici, A., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Ameli, F., Anstey, J., Antonioli, P., Arba, M., Arcelli, S., Ardito, R., Arnquist, I. J., Arpaia, P., Asner, D. M., Asunskis, A., Ave, M., Back, H. O., Olmedo, A. Barrado, Batignani, G., Bisogni, M. G., Bocci, V., Bondar, A., Bonfini, G., Bonivento, W., Borisova, E., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Bunker, R., Bussino, S., Buzulutskov, A., Cadeddu, M., Cadoni, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Candela, A., Cantini, C., Caravati, M., Cariello, M., Carnesecchi, F., Carpinelli, M., Castellani, A., Castello, P., Catalanotti, S., Cataudella, V., Cavalcante, P., Cavazza, D., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Ruiz, J. M. Cela, Celano, B., Cereseto, R., Cheng, W., Chepurnov, A., Cicalò, C., Cifarelli, L., Citterio, M., Cocco, A. G., Cocco, V., Colocci, M., Consiglio, L., Cossio, F., Covone, G., Crivelli, P., D'Antone, I., D'Incecco, M., D'Urso, D., Rolo, M. D. Da Rocha, Dadoun, O., Daniel, M., Davini, S., De Candia, A., De Cecco, S., De Deo, M., De Falco, A., De Filippis, G., De Gruttola, D., De Guido, G., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Demontis, P., DePaquale, S., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Eusanio, F., Di Noto, L., Di Pietro, G., Di Stefano, P., Dionisi, C., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Downing, M., Edalatfar, F., Empl, A., Diaz, M. Fernandez, Ferri, A., Filip, C., Fiorillo, G., Fomenko, K., Franceschi, A., Franco, D., Froudakis, G. E., Gabriele, F., Gabrieli, A., Galbiati, C., Abia, P. Garcia, Fora, D. Gascón, Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Ghisi, A., Giagu, S., Giampa, P., Giampaolo, R. A., Giganti, C., Giorgi, M. A., Giovanetti, G. K., Gligan, M. L., Gola, A., Gorchakov, O., Grab, M., Diaz, R. Graciani, Granato, F., Grassi, M., Grate, J. W., Grigoriev, G. Y., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerra, M. B. B., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Haaland, R. K., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A., Harrop, B., Hoppe, E. W., Horikawa, S., Hosseini, B., Hubaut, F., Humble, P., Hungerford, E. V., Ianni, An., Ilyasov, A., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Keeter, K., Kendziora, C. L., Kim, S., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Kopp, G., Korablev, D., Korga, G., Kubankin, A., Kugathasan, R., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., La Commara, M., La Delfa, L., Lai, M., Langrock, S., Lebois, M., Lehnert, B., Levashko, N., Li, X., Liqiang, Q., Lissia, M., Lodi, G. U., Longo, G., Manzano, R. López, Lussana, R., Luzzi, L., Machado, A. A., Machulin, I. N., Mandarano, A., Mapelli, L., Marcante, M., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, M., Maricic, J., Marinelli, M., Marras, D., Martínez, M., Morales, J. J. Martínez, Rojas, A. D. Martinez, Martoff, C. J., Mascia, M., Mason, J., Masoni, A., Mazzi, A., McDonald, A. B., Messina, A., Meyers, P. D., Miletic, T., Milincic, R., Moggi, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Morrocchi, M., Mroz, T., Mu, W., Muratova, V. N., Murphy, S., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Napolitano, T., Agasson, A. Navrer, Nessi, M., Nikulin, I., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Orsini, M., Ortica, F., Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Palmas, S., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pavletcov, V., Pazzona, F., Peeters, S., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Pellegrino, C., Pelliccia, N., Perotti, F., Pesudo, V., Picciau, E., Piemonte, C., Pietropaolo, F., Pocar, A., Pollman, T., Portaluppi, D., Poudel, S. S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Radics, B., Raffaelli, F., Ragusa, F., Razeti, M., Razeto, A., Regazzoni, V., Regenfus, C., Renshaw, A. L., Rescia, S., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Rivetti, A., Romani, A., Romero, L., Rossi, N., Rubbia, A., Sablone, D., Sala, P., Salatino, P., Samoylov, O., García, E. Sánchez, Sanfilippo, S., Sant, M., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schlitzer, B., Scioli, G., Segreto, E., Seifert, A., Semenov, D. A., Shchagin, A., Sheshukov, A., Siddhanta, S., Simeone, M., Singh, P. N., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Sobrero, G., Sokolov, A., Sotnikov, A., Stainforth, R., Steri, A., Stracka, S., Strickland, V., Suffritti, G. B., Sulis, S., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Tartaglia, R., Testera, G., Thorpe, T., Tonazzo, A., Tosi, A., Tuveri, M., Unzhakov, E. V., Usai, G., Vacca, A., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Verducci, M., Viant, T., Viel, S., Villa, F., Vishneva, A., Vogelaar, R. B., Wada, M., Wahl, J., Walding, J. J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Wheadon, R. J., Williams, R., Wilson, J., Wojcik, Marcin, Wojcik, Mariusz, Wu, S., Xiao, X., Yang, C., Ye, Z., Zuffa, M., and Zuzel, G.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Large liquid argon detectors offer one of the best avenues for the detection of galactic weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their scattering on atomic nuclei. The liquid argon target allows exquisite discrimination between nuclear and electron recoil signals via pulse-shape discrimination of the scintillation signals. Atmospheric argon (AAr), however, has a naturally occurring radioactive isotope, $^{39}$Ar, a $\beta$ emitter of cosmogenic origin. For large detectors, the atmospheric $^{39}$Ar activity poses pile-up concerns. The use of argon extracted from underground wells, deprived of $^{39}$Ar, is key to the physics potential of these experiments. The DarkSide-20k dark matter search experiment will operate a dual-phase time projection chamber with 50 tonnes of radio-pure underground argon (UAr), that was shown to be depleted of $^{39}$Ar with respect to AAr by a factor larger than 1400. Assessing the $^{39}$Ar content of the UAr during extraction is crucial for the success of DarkSide-20k, as well as for future experiments of the Global Argon Dark Matter Collaboration (GADMC). This will be carried out by the DArT in ArDM experiment, a small chamber made with extremely radio-pure materials that will be placed at the centre of the ArDM detector, in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory (LSC) in Spain. The ArDM LAr volume acts as an active veto for background radioactivity, mostly $\gamma$-rays from the ArDM detector materials and the surrounding rock. This article describes the DArT in ArDM project, including the chamber design and construction, and reviews the background required to achieve the expected performance of the detector., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures. Corresponding author: E. S\'anchez Garc\'ia
Published: 2020
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34. Temperature-dependent fluorescence emission spectra of acrylic (PMMA) and tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) excited with UV light

Author: Corning, J. M., Araujo, G. R., Di Stefano, P. C. F., Pereymak, V., Pollmann, T., and Skensved, P.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: Acrylic (poly(methyl methacrylate) or PMMA) is commonly used as a vessel to hold scintillating liquids in rare-event searches. Certain types of PMMA can fluoresce with a low efficiency at room temperature. We have investigated the fluorescence spectra under 280nm ultraviolet (UV) excitation of the PMMA used in the DEAP dark matter search at various low temperatures. Fluorescence of this PMMA is observed, with an increasing intensity as the sample is cooled from a temperature of 300K down to 4K. The common wavelength-shifter tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) is also measured for use as a reference., Comment: LIDINE 2019, 5 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2019
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35. Measurement of isotopic separation of argon with the prototype of the cryogenic distillation plant Aria for dark matter searches

Author: E. Aaron, P. Agnes, I. Ahmad, S. Albergo, I. F. M. Albuquerque, T. Alexander, A. K. Alton, P. Amaudruz, M. Atzori Corona, M. Ave, I. Ch. Avetisov, O. Azzolini, H. O. Back, Z. Balmforth, A. Barrado, P. Barrillon, A. Basco, G. Batignani, V. Bocci, W. M. Bonivento, B. Bottino, M. G. Boulay, J. Busto, M. Cadeddu, A. Caminata, N. Canci, A. Capra, S. Caprioli, M. Caravati, N. Cargioli, M. Carlini, P. Castello, P. Cavalcante, S. Cavuoti, S. Cebrian, J. M. Cela Ruiz, S. Chashin, A. Chepurnov, E. Chyhyrynets, L. Cifarelli, D. Cintas, M. Citterio, B. Cleveland, V. Cocco, E. Conde Vilda, L. Consiglio, S. Copello, G. Covone, M. Czubak, M. D’Aniello, S. D’Auria, M. D. Da Rocha Rolo, S. Davini, S. De Cecco, G. De Guido, D. De Gruttola, S. De Pasquale, G. De Rosa, G. Dellacasa, A. V. Derbin, A. Devoto, F. Di Capua, L. Di Noto, P. Di Stefano, G. Dolganov, F. Dordei, E. Ellingwood, T. Erjavec, S. Farenzena, M. Fernandez Diaz, G. Fiorillo, P. Franchini, D. Franco, N. Funicello, F. Gabriele, D. Gahan, C. Galbiati, G. Gallina, G. Gallus, M. Garbini, P. Garcia Abia, A. Gendotti, C. Ghiano, C. Giganti, G. K. Giovanetti, V. Goicoechea Casanueva, A. Gola, G. Grauso, G. Grilli di Cortona, A. Grobov, M. Gromov, M. Guan, M. Guerzoni, M. Gulino, C. Guo, B. R. Hackett, A. L. Hallin, A. Hamer, M. Haranczyk, T. Hessel, S. Hill, S. Horikawa, F. Hubaut, J. Hucker, T. Hugues, An. Ianni, V. Ippolito, C. Jillings, S. Jois, P. Kachru, A. A. Kemp, C. L. Kendziora, M. Kimura, I. Kochanek, K. Kondo, G. Korga, S. Koulosousas, A. Kubankin, M. Kuss, M. Kuźniak, M. La Commara, M. Lai, N. Lami, E. Le Guirriec, E. Leason, A. Leoni, L. Lidey, F. Lippi, M. Lissia, L. Luzzi, O. Lychagina, N. Maccioni, O. Macfadyen, I. N. Machulin, S. Manecki, I. Manthos, L. Mapelli, A. Margotti, S. M. Mari, C. Mariani, J. Maricic, A. Marini, M. Martínez, C. J. Martoff, M. Mascia, A. Masoni, G. Matteucci, K. Mavrokoridis, C. Maxia, A. B. McDonald, A. Messina, R. Milincic, A. Mitra, A. Moharana, S. Moioli, J. Monroe, E. Moretti, M. Morrocchi, T. Mróz, V. N. Muratova, C. Muscas, P. Musico, R. Nania, M. Nessi, K. Nikolopoulos, J. Nowak, K. Olchansky, A. Oleinik, V. Oleynikov, P. Organtini, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, L. Pagani, M. Pallavicini, L. Pandola, E. Pantic, E. Paoloni, G. Paternoster, P. A. Pegoraro, K. Pelczar, L. A. Pellegrini, C. Pellegrino, V. Pesudo, S. Piacentini, L. Pietrofaccia, N. Pino, A. Pocar, D. M. Poehlmann, S. Pordes, P. Pralavorio, D. Price, F. Ragusa, Y. Ramachers, M. Razeti, A. L. Renshaw, M. Rescigno, F. Retiere, L. P. Rignanese, C. Ripoli, A. Rivetti, A. Roberts, C. Roberts, J. Rode, G. Rogers, L. Romero, M. Rossi, A. Rubbia, M. A. Sabia, G. M. Sabiu, P. Salomone, E. Sandford, S. Sanfilippo, D. Santone, R. Santorelli, C. Savarese, E. Scapparone, G. Schillaci, F. Schukman, G. Scioli, M. Simeone, P. Skensved, M. D. Skorokhvatov, O. Smirnov, T. Smirnova, B. Smith, F. Spadoni, M. Spangenberg, R. Stefanizzi, A. Steri, V. Stornelli, S. Stracka, M. Stringer, S. Sulis, A. Sung, Y. Suvorov, A. M. Szelc, R. Tartaglia, A. Taylor, J. Taylor, S. Tedesco, G. Testera, K. Thieme, T. N. Thorpe, A. Tonazzo, A. Tricomi, E. V. Unzhakov, T. Vallivilayil John, M. Van Uffelen, T. Viant, S. Viel, R. B. Vogelaar, J. Vossebeld, M. Wada, M. B. Walczak, H. Wang, Y. Wang, S. Westerdale, L. Williams, I. Wingerter-Seez, R. Wojaczyński, Ma. M. Wojcik, T. Wright, Y. Xie, C. Yang, A. Zabihi, P. Zakhary, A. Zani, A. Zichichi, G. Zuzel, M. P. Zykova, and DarkSide-20k Collaboration
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract The Aria cryogenic distillation plant, located in Sardinia, Italy, is a key component of the DarkSide-20k experimental program for WIMP dark matter searches at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. Aria is designed to purify the argon, extracted from underground wells in Colorado, USA, and used as the DarkSide-20k target material, to detector-grade quality. In this paper, we report the first measurement of argon isotopic separation by distillation with the 26 m tall Aria prototype. We discuss the measurement of the operating parameters of the column and the observation of the simultaneous separation of the three stable argon isotopes: $${}^{36}\hbox {Ar}$$ 36 Ar , $${}^{38}\textrm{Ar}$$ 38 Ar , and $${}^{40}\textrm{Ar}$$ 40 Ar . We also provide a detailed comparison of the experimental results with commercial process simulation software. This measurement of isotopic separation of argon is a significant achievement for the project, building on the success of the initial demonstration of isotopic separation of nitrogen using the same equipment in 2019.
Published: 2023
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36. Study of cosmogenic activation above ground for the DarkSide-20k experiment

Author: Elersich, A., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I.F.M., Alexander, T., Alton, A.K., Amaudruz, P., Atzori Corona, M., Ave, M., Avetisov, I.Ch., Azzolini, O., Back, H.O., Balmforth, Z., Barrado-Olmedo, A., Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W.M., Bottino, B., Boulay, M.G., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caprioli, S., Caravati, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Cela Ruiz, J.M., Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Chyhyrynets, E., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Cocco, V., Colaiuda, D., Conde Vilda, E., Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Covone, G., Czubak, M., D’Aniello, M., D’Auria, S., Da Rocha Rolo, M.D., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Gruttola, D., De Pasquale, S., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A.V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Fernandez Diaz, M., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Garcia Abia, P., Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giganti, C., Giovanetti, G.K., Goicoechea Casanueva, V., Gola, A., Grauso, G., Grilli di Cortona, G., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B.R., Hallin, A.L., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Kemp, A.A., Kendziora, C.L., Kimura, M., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kuss, M., Kuzniak, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Le Guirriec, E., Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I.N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Margotti, A., Mari, S.M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marini, A., Martínez, M., Martoff, C.J., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., McDonald, A.B., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mróz, T., Muratova, V.N., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nieradka, G., Nikolopoulos, K., Nowak, J., Olchansky, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P.A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrino, C., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S., Pietrofaccia, L., Pino, N., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, D.M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A.L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L.P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rode, J., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Sabia, M.A., Salomone, P., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schuckman II, F.G., Scioli, G., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M.D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A.M., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thorpe, T.N., Tonazzo, A., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E.V., Vallivilayil John, T., Van Uffelen, M., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vogelaar, R.B., Vossebeld, J., Wada, M., Walczak, M.B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wingerter-Seez, I., Wojaczynski, R., Wojcik, Ma.M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M.P.
Published: 2023
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37. Cosmogenic Neutron Production at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Curley, R., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kéfélian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kr\u, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Teš, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Neutrons produced in nuclear interactions initiated by cosmic-ray muons present an irreducible background to many rare-event searches, even in detectors located deep underground. Models for the production of these neutrons have been tested against previous experimental data, but the extrapolation to deeper sites is not well understood. Here we report results from an analysis of cosmogenically produced neutrons at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. A specific set of observables are presented, which can be used to benchmark the validity of GEANT4 physics models. In addition, the cosmogenic neutron yield, in units of $10^{-4}\;\text{cm}^{2}/\left(\text{g}\cdot\mu\right)$, is measured to be $7.28 \pm 0.09\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.59}_{-1.12}\;\text{syst.}$ in pure heavy water and $7.30 \pm 0.07\;\text{stat.} ^{+1.40}_{-1.02}\;\text{syst.}$ in NaCl-loaded heavy water. These results provide unique insights into this potential background source for experiments at SNOLAB.
Published: 2019
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38. Electromagnetic Backgrounds and Potassium-42 Activity in the DEAP-3600 Dark Matter Detector

Author: Ajaj, R., Araujo, G. R., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bueno, J. F., Burghardt, P. M., Butcher, A., Cárdenas-Montes, M., Cavuoti, S., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Dering, K., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Flower, A., Ford, R. J., Gallacher, D., Abia, P. García, Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Joy, A., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, X., Litvinov, O., Lock, J., Longo, G., Majewski, P., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pesudo, V., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., García, E. Sanchez, Santorelli, R., Seeburn, N., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veloce, L., Viel, S., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Nuclear Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract: The DEAP-3600 experiment is searching for WIMP dark matter with a 3.3 tonne single phase liquid argon (LAr) target, located 2.1 km underground at SNOLAB. The experimental signature of dark matter interactions is keV-scale $^{40}$Ar nuclear recoils (NR) producing 128 nm LAr scintillation photons observed by PMTs. The largest backgrounds in DEAP-3600 are electronic recoils (ER) induced by $\beta$ and $\gamma$-rays originating from internal and external radioactivity in the detector material. A background model of the ER interactions in DEAP-3600 was developed and is described in this work. The model is based on several components which are expected from radioisotopes in the LAr, from ex-situ material assay measurements, and from dedicated independent in-situ analyses. This prior information is used in a Bayesian fit of the ER components to a 247.2 d dataset to model the radioactivity in the surrounding detector materials. While excellent discrimination between ERs and NRs is reached with pulse shape discrimination, utilizing the large difference between fast and slow components of LAr scintillation light, detailed knowledge of the ER background and activity of detector components, sets valuable constraints on other key types of backgrounds in the detector: neutrons and alphas. In addition, the activity of $^{42}$Ar in LAr in DEAP-3600 is determined by measuring the daughter decay of $^{42}$K. This cosmogenically activated trace isotope is a relevant background at higher energies for other rare event searches using atmospheric argon e.g. DarkSide-20k, GERDA or LEGEND. The specific activity of $^{42}$Ar in the atmosphere is found to be $40.4 \pm 5.9$ $\mu$Bq/kg of argon.
Published: 2019
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39. Measurement of neutron production in atmospheric neutrino interactions at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kruger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Singh, J., Skensved, P., Smiley, M., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Neutron production in GeV-scale neutrino interactions is a poorly studied process. We have measured the neutron multiplicities in atmospheric neutrino interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory experiment and compared them to the prediction of a Monte Carlo simulation using GENIE and a minimally modified version of GEANT4. We analyzed 837 days of exposure corresponding to Phase I, using pure heavy water, and Phase II, using a mixture of Cl in heavy water. Neutrons produced in atmospheric neutrino interactions were identified with an efficiency of $15.3\%$ and $44.3\%$, for Phase I and II respectively. The neutron production is measured as a function of the visible energy of the neutrino interaction and, for charged current quasi-elastic interaction candidates, also as a function of the neutrino energy. This study is also performed classifying the complete sample into two pairs of event categories: charged current quasi-elastic and non charged current quasi-elastic, and $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_e$. Results show good overall agreement between data and Monte Carlo for both phases, with some small tension with a statistical significance below $2\sigma$ for some intermediate energies.
Published: 2019
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40. Search for dark matter with a 231-day exposure of liquid argon using DEAP-3600 at SNOLAB

Author: Ajaj, R., Amaudruz, P. -A., Araujo, G. R., Baldwin, M., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bonatt, J., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bueno, J. F., Burghardt, P. M., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Cavuoti, S., Chen, M., Chen, Y., Cleveland, B. T., Cranshaw, D., Dering, K., DiGioseffo, J., Doria, L., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Fiorillo, G., Florian, S., Flower, A., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Gallacher, D., Garcés, E. A., Garg, S., Giampa, P., Goeldi, D., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Joy, A., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kaur, G., Kemp, A., Kochanek, I., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, X., Lidgard, J., Lindner, T., Litvinov, O., Lock, J., Longo, G., Majewski, P., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O'Dwyer, E., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Piro, M. -C., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Seeburn, N., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Soukup, J., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Tang, J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Veloce, L., Viel, S., Walding, J., Waqar, M., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., Willis, J., and Zuñiga-Reyes, A.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: DEAP-3600 is a single-phase liquid argon (LAr) direct-detection dark matter experiment, operating 2 km underground at SNOLAB (Sudbury, Canada). The detector consists of 3279 kg of LAr contained in a spherical acrylic vessel. This paper reports on the analysis of a 758 tonne\cdot day exposure taken over a period of 231 live-days during the first year of operation. No candidate signal events are observed in the WIMP-search region of interest, which results in the leading limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section on a LAr target of $3.9\times10^{-45}$ cm$^{2}$ ($1.5\times10^{-44}$ cm$^{2}$) for a 100 GeV/c$^{2}$ (1 TeV/c$^{2}$) WIMP mass at 90\% C. L. In addition to a detailed background model, this analysis demonstrates the best pulse-shape discrimination in LAr at threshold, employs a Bayesian photoelectron-counting technique to improve the energy resolution and discrimination efficiency, and utilizes two position reconstruction algorithms based on PMT charge and photon arrival times.
Published: 2019
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41. Search for invisible modes of nucleon decay in water with the SNO+ detector

Author: Collaboration, SNO, Anderson, M., Andringa, S., Arushanova, E., Asahi, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Back, A. R., Barnard, Z., Barros, N., Bartlett, D., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boulay, M., Braid, D., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Carvalho, J., Cavalli, L., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Clark, K. J., Cleveland, B., Connors, C., Coulter, I. T., Cressy, D., Dai, X., Darrach, C., Davis-Purcell, B., Depatie, M. M., Descamps, F., Di Lodovico, F., Duhaime, N., Duncan, F., Dunger, J., Falk, E., Fatemighomi, N., Fischer, V., Fletcher, E., Ford, R., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Gorel, P., Graham, K., Grant, C., Grove, J., Grullon, S., Guillian, E., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hans, S., Hartnell, J., Harvey, P., Hedayatipour, M., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hernández-Hernández, J. L., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Iida, T., Inácio, A. S., Jackson, C. M., Jelley, N. A., Jillings, C. J., Jones, C., Jones, P. G., Kamdin, K., Kaptanoglu, T., Kaspar, J., Keeter, K., Kefelian, C., Khaghani, P., Kippenbrock, L., Klein, J. R., Knapik, R., Kofron, J., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupova, T., Labe, K., Lam, I., Lan, C., Land, B. J., Lane, R., Langrock, S., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Lefeuvre, G. M., Leming, E. J., Li, A., Lidgard, J., Liggins, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maguire, S., Maio, A., Majumdar, K., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Marzec, E., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McMillan, J. E., Mekarski, P., Meyer, M., Miller, C., Mlejnek, M., Mony, E., Morton-Blake, I., Mottram, M. J., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., Novikov, V., O'Keeffe, H. M., O'Sullivan, E., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Parnell, M. J., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Petriw, Z., Pickard, L., Pracsovics, D., Prior, G., Prouty, J. C., Quirk, S., Reichold, A., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Robertson, A., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rost, P. M., Rumleskie, J., Schumaker, M. A., Schwendener, M. H., Scislowski, D., Secrest, J., Seddighin, M., Segui, L., Seibert, S., Semenec, I., Shantz, T., Shokair, T. M., Sibley, L., Sinclair, J. R., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Sonley, T., Stainforth, R., Strait, M., Stringer, M. I., Svoboda, R., Sörensen, A., Tam, B., Tatar, J., Tian, L., Tolich, N., Tseng, J., Tseung, H. W. C., Turner, E., Van Berg, R., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., von Krosigk, B., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walker, J. M. G., Walker, M., Wang, J., Wasalski, O., Waterfield, J., Weigand, J. J., White, R. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T. J., Woosaree, P., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Zhao, T., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: This paper reports results from a search for nucleon decay through 'invisible' modes, where no visible energy is directly deposited during the decay itself, during the initial water phase of SNO+. However, such decays within the oxygen nucleus would produce an excited daughter that would subsequently de-excite, often emitting detectable gamma rays. A search for such gamma rays yields limits of $2.5 \times 10^{29}$ y at 90% Bayesian credibility level (with a prior uniform in rate) for the partial lifetime of the neutron, and $3.6 \times 10^{29}$ y for the partial lifetime of the proton, the latter a 70% improvement on the previous limit from SNO. We also present partial lifetime limits for invisible dinucleon modes of $1.3\times 10^{28}$ y for $nn$, $2.6\times 10^{28}$ y for $pn$ and $4.7\times 10^{28}$ y for $pp$, an improvement over existing limits by close to three orders of magnitude for the latter two., Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2018
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42. Measurement of the $^8$B Solar Neutrino Flux in SNO+ with Very Low Backgrounds

Author: Collaboration, The SNO, Anderson, M., Andringa, S., Asahi, S., Askins, M., Auty, D. J., Barros, N., Bartlett, D., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Beier, E. W., Bialek, A., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boulay, M., Caden, E., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Chkvorets, O., Cleveland, B., Connors, C., Coulter, I. T., Depatie, M. M., Di Lodovico, F., Duncan, F., Dunger, J., Falk, E., Fischer, V., Fletcher, E., Ford, R., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Grant, C., Grove, J., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, D., Hans, S., Hartnell, J., Heintzelman, W. J., Helmer, R. L., Hernández-Hernández, J. L., Hreljac, B., Hu, J., Inácio, A. S., Jillings, C. J., Kaptanoglu, T., Khaghani, P., Klein, J. R., Knapik, R., Kormos, L. L., Krar, B., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kroupova, T., Lam, I., Land, B. J., Lane, R., LaTorre, A., Lawson, I., Lebanowski, L., Leming, E. J., Li, A., Lidgard, J., Liggins, B., Liu, Y., Lozza, V., Luo, M., Maguire, S., Maio, A., Manecki, S., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Marzec, E., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., Mekarski, P., Meyer, M., Mlejnek, M., Morton-Blake, I., Nae, S., Nirkko, M., O'Keeffe, H. M., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Parnell, M. J., Paton, J., Peeters, S. J. M., Pershing, T., Pickard, L., Pracsovics, D., Prior, G., Reichold, A., Richardson, R., Rigan, M., Rose, J., Rosero, R., Rumleskie, J., Semenec, I., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Stringer, M. I., Svoboda, R., Tam, B., Tian, L., Tseng, J., Turner, E., Van Berg, R., Veinot, J. G. C., Virtue, C. J., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Wang, J., Weigand, J. J., Wilson, J. R., Woosaree, P., Wright, A., Yanez, J. P., Yeh, M., Zuber, K., and Zummo, A.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: A measurement of the $^8$B solar neutrino flux has been made using a 69.2 kt-day dataset acquired with the SNO+ detector during its water commissioning phase. At energies above 6 MeV the dataset is an extremely pure sample of solar neutrino elastic scattering events, owing primarily to the detector's deep location, allowing an accurate measurement with relatively little exposure. In that energy region the best fit background rate is $0.25^{+0.09}_{-0.07}$ events/kt-day, significantly lower than the measured solar neutrino event rate in that energy range, which is $1.03^{+0.13}_{-0.12}$ events/kt-day. Also using data below this threshold, down to 5 MeV, fits of the solar neutrino event direction yielded an observed flux of $2.53^{+0.31}_{-0.28}$(stat.)$^{+0.13}_{-0.10}$(syst.)$\times10^6$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$, assuming no neutrino oscillations. This rate is consistent with matter enhanced neutrino oscillations and measurements from other experiments., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2018
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43. Constraints on Neutrino Lifetime from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kéfélian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Krüger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Land, B. J., Lange, R., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tešić, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Wilson, J. R., Winchester, T., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The long baseline between the Earth and the Sun makes solar neutrinos an excellent test beam for exploring possible neutrino decay. The signature of such decay would be an energy-dependent distortion of the traditional survival probability which can be fit for using well-developed and high precision analysis methods. Here a model including neutrino decay is fit to all three phases of $^8$B solar neutrino data taken by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. This fit constrains the lifetime of neutrino mass state $\nu_2$ to be ${>8.08\times10^{-5}}$ s/eV at $90\%$ confidence. An analysis combining this SNO result with those from other solar neutrino experiments results in a combined limit for the lifetime of mass state $\nu_2$ of ${>1.04\times10^{-3}}$ s/eV at $99\%$ confidence.
Published: 2018
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44. Measurement of isotopic separation of argon with the prototype of the cryogenic distillation plant Aria for dark matter searches

Author: Aaron, E., Agnes, P., Ahmad, I., Albergo, S., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Alexander, T., Alton, A. K., Amaudruz, P., Atzori Corona, M., Ave, M., Avetisov, I. Ch., Azzolini, O., Back, H. O., Balmforth, Z., Barrado, A., Barrillon, P., Basco, A., Batignani, G., Bocci, V., Bonivento, W. M., Bottino, B., Boulay, M. G., Busto, J., Cadeddu, M., Caminata, A., Canci, N., Capra, A., Caprioli, S., Caravati, M., Cargioli, N., Carlini, M., Castello, P., Cavalcante, P., Cavuoti, S., Cebrian, S., Cela Ruiz, J. M., Chashin, S., Chepurnov, A., Chyhyrynets, E., Cifarelli, L., Cintas, D., Citterio, M., Cleveland, B., Cocco, V., Conde Vilda, E., Consiglio, L., Copello, S., Covone, G., Czubak, M., D’Aniello, M., D’Auria, S., Da Rocha Rolo, M. D., Davini, S., De Cecco, S., De Guido, G., De Gruttola, D., De Pasquale, S., De Rosa, G., Dellacasa, G., Derbin, A. V., Devoto, A., Di Capua, F., Di Noto, L., Di Stefano, P., Dolganov, G., Dordei, F., Ellingwood, E., Erjavec, T., Farenzena, S., Fernandez Diaz, M., Fiorillo, G., Franchini, P., Franco, D., Funicello, N., Gabriele, F., Gahan, D., Galbiati, C., Gallina, G., Gallus, G., Garbini, M., Garcia Abia, P., Gendotti, A., Ghiano, C., Giganti, C., Giovanetti, G. K., Goicoechea Casanueva, V., Gola, A., Grauso, G., Grilli di Cortona, G., Grobov, A., Gromov, M., Guan, M., Guerzoni, M., Gulino, M., Guo, C., Hackett, B. R., Hallin, A. L., Hamer, A., Haranczyk, M., Hessel, T., Hill, S., Horikawa, S., Hubaut, F., Hucker, J., Hugues, T., Ianni, An., Ippolito, V., Jillings, C., Jois, S., Kachru, P., Kemp, A. A., Kendziora, C. L., Kimura, M., Kochanek, I., Kondo, K., Korga, G., Koulosousas, S., Kubankin, A., Kuss, M., Kuźniak, M., La Commara, M., Lai, M., Lami, N., Le Guirriec, E., Leason, E., Leoni, A., Lidey, L., Lippi, F., Lissia, M., Luzzi, L., Lychagina, O., Maccioni, N., Macfadyen, O., Machulin, I. N., Manecki, S., Manthos, I., Mapelli, L., Margotti, A., Mari, S. M., Mariani, C., Maricic, J., Marini, A., Martínez, M., Martoff, C. J., Mascia, M., Masoni, A., Matteucci, G., Mavrokoridis, K., Maxia, C., McDonald, A. B., Messina, A., Milincic, R., Mitra, A., Moharana, A., Moioli, S., Monroe, J., Moretti, E., Morrocchi, M., Mróz, T., Muratova, V. N., Muscas, C., Musico, P., Nania, R., Nessi, M., Nikolopoulos, K., Nowak, J., Olchansky, K., Oleinik, A., Oleynikov, V., Organtini, P., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Pagani, L., Pallavicini, M., Pandola, L., Pantic, E., Paoloni, E., Paternoster, G., Pegoraro, P. A., Pelczar, K., Pellegrini, L. A., Pellegrino, C., Pesudo, V., Piacentini, S., Pietrofaccia, L., Pino, N., Pocar, A., Poehlmann, D. M., Pordes, S., Pralavorio, P., Price, D., Ragusa, F., Ramachers, Y., Razeti, M., Renshaw, A. L., Rescigno, M., Retiere, F., Rignanese, L. P., Ripoli, C., Rivetti, A., Roberts, A., Roberts, C., Rode, J., Rogers, G., Romero, L., Rossi, M., Rubbia, A., Sabia, M. A., Sabiu, G. M., Salomone, P., Sandford, E., Sanfilippo, S., Santone, D., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schillaci, G., Schukman, F., Scioli, G., Simeone, M., Skensved, P., Skorokhvatov, M. D., Smirnov, O., Smirnova, T., Smith, B., Spadoni, F., Spangenberg, M., Stefanizzi, R., Steri, A., Stornelli, V., Stracka, S., Stringer, M., Sulis, S., Sung, A., Suvorov, Y., Szelc, A. M., Tartaglia, R., Taylor, A., Taylor, J., Tedesco, S., Testera, G., Thieme, K., Thorpe, T. N., Tonazzo, A., Tricomi, A., Unzhakov, E. V., Vallivilayil John, T., Van Uffelen, M., Viant, T., Viel, S., Vogelaar, R. B., Vossebeld, J., Wada, M., Walczak, M. B., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Westerdale, S., Williams, L., Wingerter-Seez, I., Wojaczyński, R., Wojcik, Ma. M., Wright, T., Xie, Y., Yang, C., Zabihi, A., Zakhary, P., Zani, A., Zichichi, A., Zuzel, G., and Zykova, M. P.
Published: 2023
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45. Tests of Lorentz invariance at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

Author: SNO Collaboration, Aharmim, B., Ahmed, S. N., Anthony, A. E., Barros, N., Beier, E. W., Bellerive, A., Beltran, B., Bergevin, M., Biller, S. D., Blucher, E., Bonventre, R., Boudjemline, K., Boulay, M. G., Cai, B., Callaghan, E. J., Caravaca, J., Chan, Y. D., Chauhan, D., Chen, M., Cleveland, B. T., Cox, G. A., Dai, X., Deng, H., Descamps, F. B., Detwiler, J. A., Doe, P. J., Doucas, G., Drouin, P. -L., Dunford, M., Elliott, S. R., Evans, H. C., Ewan, G. T., Farine, J., Fergani, H., Fleurot, F., Ford, R. J., Formaggio, J. A., Gagnon, N., Gilje, K., Goon, J. TM., Graham, K., Guillian, E., Habib, S., Hahn, R. L., Hallin, A. L., Hallman, E. D., Harvey, P. J., Hazama, R., Heintzelman, W. J., Heise, J., Helmer, R. L., Hime, A., Howard, C., Huang, M., Jagam, P., Jamieson, B., Jelley, N. A., Jerkins, M., Kefelian, C., Keeter, K. J., Klein, J. R., Kormos, L. L., Kos, M., Kruger, A., Kraus, C., Krauss, C. B., Kutter, T., Kyba, C. C. M., Labe, K., Land, B. J., Lange, R., LaTorre, A., Law, J., Lawson, I. T., Lesko, K. T., Leslie, J. R., Levine, I., Loach, J. C., MacLellan, R., Majerus, S., Mak, H. B., Maneira, J., Martin, R. D., Mastbaum, A., McCauley, N., McDonald, A. B., McGee, S. R., Miller, M. L., Monreal, B., Monroe, J., Nickel, B. G., Noble, A. J., O'Keeffe, H. M., Oblath, N. S., Okada, C. E., Ollerhead, R. W., Gann, G. D. Orebi, Oser, S. M., Ott, R. A., Peeters, S. J. M., Poon, A. W. P., Prior, G., Reitzner, S. D., Rielage, K., Robertson, B. C., Robertson, R. G. H., Schwendener, M. H., Secrest, J. A., Seibert, S. R., Simard, O., Sinclair, D., Skensved, P., Sonley, T. J., Stonehill, L. C., Tesic, G., Tolich, N., Tsui, T., Van Berg, R., VanDevender, B. A., Virtue, C. J., Wall, B. L., Waller, D., Tseung, H. Wan Chan, Wark, D. L., Wendland, J., West, N., Wilkerson, J. F., Winchester, T., Wilson, J. R., Wright, A., Yeh, M., Zhang, F., and Zuber, K.
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: Experimental tests of Lorentz symmetry in systems of all types are critical for ensuring that the basic assumptions of physics are well-founded. Data from all phases of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, a kiloton-scale heavy water Cherenkov detector, are analyzed for possible violations of Lorentz symmetry in the neutrino sector. Such violations would appear as one of eight possible signal types in the detector: six seasonal variations in the solar electron neutrino survival probability differing in energy and time dependence, and two shape changes to the oscillated solar neutrino energy spectrum. No evidence for such signals is observed, and limits on the size of such effects are established in the framework of the Standard Model Extension, including 40 limits on perviously unconstrained operators and improved limits on 15 additional operators. This makes limits on all minimal, Dirac-type Lorentz violating operators in the neutrino sector available for the first time.
Published: 2018
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46. Neutron detection in the SNO+ water phase

Author: Liu, Y., Andringa, S., Auty, D., Barão, F., Bayes, R., Caden, E., Grant, C., Grove, J., Krar, B., LaTorre, A., Lebanowski, L., Lidgard, J., Maneira, J., Mekarski, P., Nae, S., Pershing, T., Semenec, I., Singh, K., Skensved, P., Tam, B., and Wright, A.
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract: SNO+ is a multipurpose neutrino experiment located approximately 2 km underground in SNOLAB, Sudbury, Canada. The detector started taking physics data in May 2017 and is currently completing its first phase, as a pure water Cherenkov detector. The low trigger threshold of the SNO+ detector allows for a substantial neutron detection efficiency, as observed with a deployed ^{241}Am^{9}Be source. Using a statistical analysis of one hour AmBe calibration data, we report a neutron capture constant of 208.2 + 2.1(stat.) us and a lower bound of the neutron detection efficiency of 46% at the center of the detector., Comment: proceeding for Neutrino 2018
Published: 2018
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47. Design and Construction of the DEAP-3600 Dark Matter Detector

Author: Amaudruz, P. -A., Baldwin, M., Batygov, M., Beltran, B., Bina, C. E., Bishop, D., Bonatt, J., Boorman, G., Boulay, M. G., Broerman, B., Bromwich, T., Bueno, J. F., Burghardt, P. M., Butcher, A., Cai, B., Chan, S., Chen, M., Chouinard, R., Churchwell, S., Cleveland, B. T., Cranshaw, D., Dering, K., DiGioseffo, J., Dittmeier, S., Duncan, F. A., Dunford, M., Erlandson, A., Fatemighomi, N., Florian, S., Flower, A., Ford, R. J., Gagnon, R., Giampa, P., Golovko, V. V., Gorel, P., Gornea, R., Grace, E., Graham, K., Grant, D. R., Gulyev, E., Hall, A., Hallin, A. L., Hamstra, M., Harvey, P. J., Hearns, C., Jillings, C. J., Kamaev, O., Kemp, A., Kuźniak, M., Langrock, S., La Zia, F., Lehnert, B., Li, O., Lidgard, J. J., Liimatainen, P., Lim, C., Lindner, T., Linn, Y., Liu, S., Majewski, P., Mathew, R., McDonald, A. B., McElroy, T., McFarlane, K., McGinn, T., McLaughlin, J. B., Mead, S., Mehdiyev, R., Mielnichuk, C., Monroe, J., Muir, A., Nadeau, P., Nantais, C., Ng, C., Noble, A. J., O'Dwyer, E., Ohlmann, C., Olchanski, K., Olsen, K. S., Ouellet, C., Pasuthip, P., Peeters, S. J. M., Pollmann, T. R., Rand, E. T., Rau, W., Rethmeier, C., Retière, F., Seeburn, N., Shaw, B., Singhrao, K., Skensved, P., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Sonley, T., Soukup, J., Stainforth, R., Stone, C., Strickland, V., Sur, B., Tang, J., Taylor, J., Veloce, L., Vázquez-Jáuregui, E., Walding, J., Ward, M., Westerdale, S., White, R., Woolsey, E., and Zielinski, J.
Subjects: Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: The Dark matter Experiment using Argon Pulse-shape discrimination (DEAP) has been designed for a direct detection search for particle dark matter using a single-phase liquid argon target. The projected cross section sensitivity for DEAP-3600 to the spin-independent scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on nucleons is $10^{-46}~\rm{cm}^{2}$ for a 100 GeV/$c^2$ WIMP mass with a fiducial exposure of 3 tonne-years. This paper describes the physical properties and construction of the DEAP-3600 detector., Comment: minor corrections in version 2. 70 pages, 24 figures, to be submitted to Astroparticle Physics Journal
Published: 2017
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48. Electromagnetic backgrounds and potassium-42 activity in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector

Author: Ajaj, R, Araujo, GR, Batygov, M, Beltran, B, Bina, CE, Boulay, MG, Broerman, B, Bueno, JF, Burghardt, PM, Butcher, A, Cai, B, Cárdenas-Montes, M, Cavuoti, S, Chen, M, Chen, Y, Cleveland, BT, Dering, K, Duncan, FA, Dunford, M, Erlandson, A, Fatemighomi, N, Fiorillo, G, Flower, A, Ford, RJ, Gagnon, R, Gallacher, D, García Abia, P, Garg, S, Giampa, P, Goeldi, D, Golovko, VV, Gorel, P, Graham, K, Grant, DR, Hallin, AL, Hamstra, M, Harvey, PJ, Hearns, C, Joy, A, Jillings, CJ, Kamaev, O, Kaur, G, Kemp, A, Kochanek, I, Kuźniak, M, Langrock, S, La Zia, F, Lehnert, B, Li, X, Litvinov, O, Lock, J, Longo, G, Majewski, P, McDonald, AB, McElroy, T, McGinn, T, McLaughlin, JB, Mehdiyev, R, Mielnichuk, C, Monroe, J, Nadeau, P, Nantais, C, Ng, C, Noble, AJ, Ouellet, C, Pasuthip, P, Peeters, SJM, Pesudo, V, Piro, MC, Pollmann, TR, Rand, ET, Rethmeier, C, Retière, F, Sanchez García, E, Santorelli, R, Seeburn, N, Skensved, P, Smith, B, Smith, NJT, Sonley, T, Stainforth, R, Stone, C, Strickland, V, Sur, B, Vázquez-Jáuregui, E, Veloce, L, Viel, S, Walding, J, Waqar, M, Ward, M, Westerdale, S, Willis, J, and Zuñiga-Reyes, A
Subjects: nucl-ex, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: The DEAP-3600 experiment is searching for weakly interacting massive particles dark matter with a 3.3 ×103 kg single phase liquid argon (LAr) target, located 2.1 km underground at SNOLAB. The experimental signature of dark matter interactions is kilo electron volt-scale Ar40 nuclear recoils producing 128 nm LAr scintillation photons observed by photomultiplier tubes. The largest backgrounds in DEAP-3600 are electronic recoils (ERs) induced by β and γ rays originating from internal and external radioactivity in the detector material. A background model of the ER interactions in DEAP-3600 was developed and is described in this work. The model is based on several components which are expected from radioisotopes in the LAr, from ex situ material assay measurements, and from dedicated independent in situ analyses. This prior information is used in a Bayesian fit of the ER components to a 247.2 d dataset to model the radioactivity in the surrounding detector materials. Pulse-shape discrimination separates ER and NR events. However, detailed knowledge of the ER background and activity of detector components sets valuable constraints on NR backgrounds including neutrons and alphas. In addition, the activity of Ar42 in LAr in DEAP-3600 is determined by measuring the daughter decay of K42. This cosmogenically activated trace isotope is a relevant background at higher energies for other rare event searches using atmospheric argon, e.g., DarkSide-20k, GERDA, or LEGEND. The specific activity of Ar42 in the atmosphere is found to be 40.4±5.9 μBq/kg of argon.
Published: 2019

49. In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Author: Amaudruz, P-A, Batygov, M, Beltran, B, Bina, CE, Bishop, D, Bonatt, J, Boorman, G, Boulay, MG, Broerman, B, Bromwich, T, Bueno, JF, Butcher, A, Cai, B, Chan, S, Chen, M, Chouinard, R, Churchwell, S, Cleveland, BT, Cranshaw, D, Dering, K, Dittmeier, S, Duncan, FA, Dunford, M, Erlandson, A, Fatemighomi, N, Ford, RJ, Gagnon, R, Giampa, P, Golovko, VV, Gorel, P, Gornea, R, Grace, E, Graham, K, Grant, DR, Gulyev, E, Hall, A, Hallin, AL, Hamstra, M, Harvey, PJ, Hearns, C, Jillings, CJ, Kamaev, O, Kemp, A, Kuźniak, M, Langrock, S, La Zia, F, Lehnert, B, Li, O, Lidgard, JJ, Liimatainen, P, Lim, C, Lindner, T, Linn, Y, Liu, S, Mathew, R, McDonald, AB, McElroy, T, McFarlane, K, McLaughlin, J, Mead, S, Mehdiyev, R, Mielnichuk, C, Monroe, J, Muir, A, Nadeau, P, Nantais, C, Ng, C, Noble, AJ, O’Dwyer, E, Ohlmann, C, Olchanski, K, Olsen, KS, Ouellet, C, Pasuthip, P, Peeters, SJM, Pollmann, TR, Rand, ET, Rau, W, Rethmeier, C, Retière, F, Seeburn, N, Shaw, B, Singhrao, K, Skensved, P, Smith, B, Smith, NJT, Sonley, T, Stainforth, R, Stone, C, Strickland, V, Sur, B, Tang, J, Taylor, J, Veloce, L, Vázquez-Jáuregui, E, Walding, J, Ward, M, Westerdale, S, White, R, and Woolsey, E
Subjects: Nuclear and Plasma Physics, Particle and High Energy Physics, Physical Sciences, PMT, Hamamatsu R5912-HQE, Single photoelectron charge distribution, Afterpulsing, Late and double pulsing, Dark noise, Dark matter detection, physics.ins-det, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Nuclear and plasma physics
Abstract: The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. The characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operation using LED light injected through optical fibres.
Published: 2019

50. In-situ characterization of the Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier tubes used in the DEAP-3600 experiment

Author: Amaudruz, PA, Batygov, M, Beltran, B, Bina, CE, Bishop, D, Bonatt, J, Boorman, G, Boulay, MG, Broerman, B, Bromwich, T, Bueno, JF, Butcher, A, Cai, B, Chan, S, Chen, M, Chouinard, R, Churchwell, S, Cleveland, BT, Cranshaw, D, Dering, K, Dittmeier, S, Duncan, FA, Dunford, M, Erlandson, A, Fatemighomi, N, Ford, RJ, Gagnon, R, Giampa, P, Golovko, VV, Gorel, P, Gornea, R, Grace, E, Graham, K, Grant, DR, Gulyev, E, Hall, A, Hallin, AL, Hamstra, M, Harvey, PJ, Hearns, C, Jillings, CJ, Kamaev, O, Kemp, A, Kuźniak, M, Langrock, S, La Zia, F, Lehnert, B, Li, O, Lidgard, JJ, Liimatainen, P, Lim, C, Lindner, T, Linn, Y, Liu, S, Mathew, R, McDonald, AB, McElroy, T, McFarlane, K, McLaughlin, J, Mead, S, Mehdiyev, R, Mielnichuk, C, Monroe, J, Muir, A, Nadeau, P, Nantais, C, Ng, C, Noble, AJ, O'Dwyer, E, Ohlmann, C, Olchanski, K, Olsen, KS, Ouellet, C, Pasuthip, P, Peeters, SJM, Pollmann, TR, Rand, ET, Rau, W, Rethmeier, C, Retière, F, Seeburn, N, Shaw, B, Singhrao, K, Skensved, P, Smith, B, Smith, NJT, Sonley, T, Stainforth, R, Stone, C, Strickland, V, Sur, B, Tang, J, Taylor, J, Veloce, L, Vázquez-Jáuregui, E, Walding, J, Ward, M, Westerdale, S, White, R, and Woolsey, E
Subjects: PMT, Hamamatsu R5912-HQE, Single photoelectron charge distribution, Afterpulsing, Late and double pulsing, Dark noise, Dark matter detection, physics.ins-det, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Other Physical Sciences
Abstract: The Hamamatsu R5912-HQE photomultiplier-tube (PMT) is a novel high-quantum efficiency PMT. It is currently used in the DEAP-3600 dark matter detector and is of significant interest for future dark matter and neutrino experiments where high signal yields are needed. We report on the methods developed for in-situ characterization and monitoring of DEAP's 255 R5912-HQE PMTs. This includes a detailed discussion of typical measured single-photoelectron charge distributions, correlated noise (afterpulsing), dark noise, double, and late pulsing characteristics. The characterization is performed during the detector commissioning phase using laser light injected through a light diffusing sphere and during normal detector operation using LED light injected through optical fibres.
Published: 2019

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