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Rural electrification is necessary for both the country’s development and the well-being of the villagers. The current study investigates the feasibility of providing electricity to off-grid villages in the Indian state of Odisha by utilizing renewable energy resources that are currently available in the study area. However, due to the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, it is highly improbable to ensure a continuous electricity supply to the off-grid areas. To ensure a reliable electricity supply to the off-grid areas, three battery technologies have been incorporated to find the most suitable battery system for the study area. In addition, we evaluated various demand side management (DSM) techniques and assessed which would be the most suitable for our study area. To assess the efficiency of the off-grid system, we applied different metaheuristic algorithms, and the results showed great promise. Based on our findings, it is clear that energy-conservation-based DSM is the ideal option for the study area. From all the algorithms tested, the salp swarm algorithm demonstrated the best performance for the current study.

In this work, the optimization of an off-grid micro-hybrid system is evaluated. This is conducted with the estimation of the proper sizing of each element and the steady-state voltage, frequency, and power responses of the microgrid. Kangaroo Island in South Australia is considered to be the test case location and the grid incorporates solar PV (photo-voltaic), diesel generator, battery storage, and wind turbine. Optimal sizing of the studied microgrid is carried out for four various power dispatch techniques: (i) cycle charging (CC), (ii) generator order (GO), (iii) load following (LF), and (iv) combined dispatch (CD). The proposed off-grid micro-hybrid is optimized for three performance indices; minimal Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), CO2 emission, and Net Present Cost (NPC). Using iHOGA (improved hybrid optimization by genetic algorithm), microgrid optimization software, all the above-mentioned dispatch strategies have been implemented and following this, MATLAB/Simulink platform has been used for the steady-state studies. The results show that the LF strategy is the utmost optimum dispatch technique in terms of the studied performance indices i.e. considering the optimal size and voltage and frequency responses. The results obtained from these studies provide a pathway for the estimation of the resource-generation-load combination for the islanded off-grid microgrid for its optimal operation with the various dispatch strategies.

For the suggested site in the Maldives, this research paper analyzes the possibility of a hybrid renewable microgrid that is dispatch strategy-governed in both off-grid and on-grid scenarios. The planned microgrid's techno-environmental-economic-power-system responses have been assessed. Both the power system response study and the techno-environmental-economic study of the modelled microgrid were carried out using the software platforms DIgSILENT PowerFactory and HOMER Pro respectively. Cycle charging (CC) dispatch technique had the lowest performance for both on and off-grid modes, according to the research, with cost of energy (COE) of 0.135 and 0.213 dollars per kWh, and net present costs (NPC) of 132,906 and 147,058 dollars respectively. With an NPC of 113,137 dollars and a COE of 0.166 dollars/kWh, the generator order strategy operates optimally while in on-grid mode. On the other hand, load following operates at its finest in off-grid mode, with a COE of 0.024 dollars/kWh and a NPC of 141,448 dollars. The microgrid's reactive power, different bus voltages and frequency responses demonstrate how the proposed system, which employs the dispatch approach, voltage Q droop, and input mode PQ controller, operates steadily. For the purpose of illustrating the importance of the research effort, a comparison section between the planned HOMER optimizer and other optimization approaches is also included. The research was done with the Maldives in mind, but it offers a general notion for setting up a microgrid anyplace in the world with comparable weather and load circumstances. The research was done with the Maldives in mind, but it offers a general notion for setting up a microgrid anyplace in the world with comparable weather and load circumstances. 2022 by the authors. The research work was funded by the Department of Electrical Engineering and Industrial Automation, Engineering Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3283, Australia. Scopus

This research work examines the prospect of a dispatch strategy governed hybrid renewable energy microgrid for the proposed location in Maldives for both off and on grid conditions. The techno-environmental-economic-power system responses of the proposed microgrid have been evaluated. The techno-environmental-economic analysis of the proposed microgrid has been conducted utilizing HOMER Pro and the power system response analysis has been conducted using DIgSILENT PowerFactory software platforms. The evaluation shows that, for both on and off grid modes, cycle charging strategy has the worst performance having net present costs (NPC) of $132,906 and $147,058 and cost of energy (COE) of 0.135 $/kWh and 0.213 $/kWh respectively. During on grid mode, generator order performs the best having NPC of $113,137, COE of 0.166 $/kWh. In off grid mode, load following strategy performs the best with NPC of $141,448 and COE of 0.024 $/kWh. The active power and voltage responses of the microgrid shows the stable operation of the proposed system by implementing dispatch techniques and voltage Q-droop and input mode P-Q controller. A comparison section is also presented for demonstrating the significance of the research work. The research work has been conducted considering a location in Maldives but provides an overall idea about establishing a microgrid in anywhere in the world having similar meteorological and load conditions.

Maintaining our standard of living and keeping the economy running smoothly is heavily reliant on a consistent supply of energy. Renewable energy systems create abundant energy by utilizing resources such as the sun, wind, earth, and plants. The demand for renewable energy is increasing, despite power scarcity, pollution, and climate change posing challenges to long-term development in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which has seen significant social and economic growth in recent years. To achieve its 23% renewable energy (RE) target, ASEAN can develop solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity. Members of the ASEAN have established regulations and incentives to encourage individuals and businesses to use renewable energy in the future. This paper explores Southeast Asian countries’ comprehensive fossil-free energy options, the region’s renewable energy potential, current capacity, goals, and energy needs. Through the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016–2025 and the ASEAN Declaration on Renewable Energy, ASEAN is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable development aligning with the Paris Agreement’s aim to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Results show that decarbonizing the region’s energy system is possible, but current policies and actions must be altered to reach that target level. Further research is necessary to optimize the ASEAN region’s renewable resource technical potential and commercial viability with available technology.

Although the utilizing of renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrid (MG) offers a recognized solution to meet the increasing demand, it’s performance depend on various meteorological factors of RESs. Again, the functioning of MGs is often affected with certain industrial load dynamics which allowing them to alter the operating region and tracking function of the MGs. The above-mentioned challenges motivate us to design the ancillary voltage control design for enabling the MGs to provide adaptive transient and tracking voltage responses over the changes of various factors like weather, consumer demand, and industrial loads. Firstly, we design an intelligent adaptive control (IAC) framework made by merging with proportional-integral (PI) regulator and artificial neural network (ANN) to sustain the regulated common bus voltage over the mentioned changes. The regulated bus voltage is forwarded to operate the industrial loads via the regulation of inverter-based secondary network (SN). A study on the variation of weather condition and consumer demand is done to show the efficacy of the IAC framework. Secondly, we propose a novel fixed control structure named model reference modified fractional-order PID (MR-F0PID) regulator to maintain the high tracking response of the MG via the control of inverter associated with the SNs. The tracking competency of this fixed control framework is analyzed over the running of a few industrial loads dynamics associated with single-phase inverter based SN and results are compared with the other related existing controllers. Moreover, a mathematical analysis for mapping the stable region is completed here to track down the closed-loop stability area. As a further study, the three-phase inverter based SN associated with several three-phase industrial load is also considered with the same DC bus and analyzed to observe the competency of the proposed fixed MR-FOPID control framework.

In this work, the evaluation of the design and optimization of proposed offgrid hybrid microgrid systems for different load dispatch strategies is presented by assessing the component sizes, system responses and different cost analyses of the proposed system. This study optimizes the sizing of the Barishal and Chattogram (two popular divisions in Bangladesh) hybrid microgrid systems consisting of wind turbine, storage unit, solar PV, diesel generator and a load profile of 27.31 kW for five dispatch techniques: (i) generator order, (ii) cycle charging, (iii) load following, (iv) HOMER predictive dispatch and (v) combined dispatch strategy. The considered microgrids are optimized for the least CO2 gas emission, Net Present Cost, and Levelized Cost of Energy. The two microgrids are analyzed for the five dispatch techniques using HOMER software, and subsequently, the power system performance and feasibility study of the microgrids are performed in MATLAB Simulink. The results in this research provide a guideline to estimate different component sizes and probable costing for the optimal operation of the proposed microgrids under various load dispatch conditions. The simulation results suggest that ‘Load Following’ is the best dispatch strategy for the proposed microgrids having a stable power system response with the lowest net present cost, levelized cost of energy, operating cost, and CO2 emission rate. Additionally, the combined dispatch strategy is determined to be the worst dispatch technique for the proposed off-grid hybrid microgrid design having the maximum levelized cost of energy, net present cost, operating cost and CO2 emission.

Efficient transmission of power is a pressing concern in modern power systems as it could relieve additional investments (e.g., right of way) and may improve stability. Non-uniform loading of transmission lines (which normally occurs due to the inefficient transmission of power) may lead to overloading of a few lines. These lines would then be prone to voltage instability. However, this problem would be aggravated under the network contingency condition. This paper focuses on improving the line loadability of the transmission system by considering the benchmark voltage stability index named rapid voltage stability index. The optimal loadability problem is considered using the grey wolf algorithm. The proposed work is implemented on a standard IEEE 30 bus test system using MATLAB software by addressing the problem by using line stability voltage index and grey wolf algorithm in optimal power flow. Minimizations of cost of generation, carbon emissions, voltage deviation, and line losses have been considered as objectives and improve the line loadability of the transmission system. The simulation results show that the proposed method is very effective in improving line loadability, reducing line congestion and fuel cost. Furthermore, the methodology is tested rigorously under various contingency conditions and is shown to be very effective. The proposed method relieves transmission line congestion and reduces fuel costs using the rapid voltage stability index (RVSI) is tested on an IEEE 30-bus standard test system utilizing MATLAB for various contingency lines

This paper presents an evaluation of the optimized design of an off-grid hybrid microgrid for alternative load dispatch algorithms with the determination of the most optimal sizing of each equipment, analyzing the voltage and frequency outputs and various costs of the proposed microgrids. Kushighat and Rajendro Bazar, two geographical locations in Bangladesh have been taken as test sites. The proposed microgrids incorporating diesel generator, renewable resources, storage device, and 23.31 kW of demand have been optimized for five conventional load dispatch methodologies: HOMER predictive dispatch, Load Following, Generator Order, Cycle Charging, and Combined Dispatch to reduce the system’s net present cost, gas discharge and cost of energy. HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Electric Renewables) software has been used for the analysis to determine the optimal sizes and costing and the voltage-frequency performances of the microgrids are analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. From our analysis, load following is determined as the superior approach with a minimum operating cost of 3738 USD, net present cost of 152,023 USD, CO2 discharge of 3375 kg/year and cost of energy of 0.208 USD /kWh along with a steady voltage-frequency output. Combined dispatch is determined as the worst strategy for the proposed microgrids with the highest energy cost of 0.532 USD /kWh, the operational cost of 15,394 USD, net present cost of 415,030 USD, and high CO2 discharge. At the end of this work, a comparative analysis between the proposed design, another hybrid, and traditional generation plant is also presented. The findings of this work will be appropriate for any location with an identical demand profile and meteorological estate.

The energy demand is growing daily at an accelerated pace due to the internationalization and development of civilization. Yet proper economic utilization of additional energy generated by the Islanded Hybrid Microgrid System (IHMS) that was not consumed by the load is a major global challenge. To resolve the above-stated summons, this research focuses on a multi-optimal combination of IHMS for the Penang Hill Resort located on Penang Island, Malaysia, with effective use of redundant energy. To avail this excess energy efficiently, an electrical heater along with a storage tank has been designed concerning diversion load having proper energy management. Furthermore, the system design has adopted the HOMER Pro software for profitable and practical analysis. Alongside, MATLAB Simulink had stabilized the whole system by representing the values of 2068 and 19,072 kW that have been determined as the approximated peak and average load per day for the resort. Moreover, the optimized IHMS is comprehended of Photovoltaic (PV) cells, Diesel Generator, Wind Turbine, Battery, and Converter. Adjacent to this, the optimized system ensued in having a Net Present Cost (NPC) of $21.66 million, Renewable Fraction (RF) of 27.8%, Cost of Energy (COE) of $0.165/kWh, CO2 of 1,735,836 kg/year, and excess energy of 517.29MWh per annum. Since the diesel generator lead system was included in the scheme, a COE of $0.217/kWh, CO2 of 5,124,879 kg/year, and NPC of $23.25 million were attained. The amount of excess energy is effectively utilized with an electrical heater as a diversion load., 15 Pages, 14 Figures, 6 Tables

Electricity has become a part and parcel of modern life. The world is constantly developing, and the electricity demand is inevitably increasing with it. It is a big challenge for the power generation organizations to cope up with this increasing demand. For a developing country like Bangladesh, this challenge is even bigger. Bangladesh has many remote areas which are deprived of grid connectivity. In this article, system design and performance evaluation are conducted on a solar battery‐based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) with diesel backup for a school in a remote area located in the northern part of the country, where conventional power grid connectivity is not available. From field survey, a load demand of 10.468 kWh/day for a normal working day and a peak demand of 3.3 kW are considered in this work for the proposed site. For simulation purpose hybrid optimization model for electric renewable, very well‐known software is used. The solar radiation data required for the work are collected from NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy database. Analyzing the load requirements and metrological data a solar‐battery diesel generator‐based HRES is proposed for the school. From the analysis and simulation, the Net Present Cost (NPC) for the proposed system is found USD 6191 with a Cost of Energy (COE) of $0.125/kWh. Further, a comparative study is done and the proposed system can reduce the COE and Green House Gas (GHG) emission of about 29.85% and 69% respectively than the conventional power plants. Finally, a techno‐economic analysis is conducted with sensitivity analysis, time series analysis, and multiyear analysis to prove the rigidity of the proposed system.

This paper evaluates the design and optimization of an islanded hybrid microgrid for various load dispatch strategies by assessing the optimal sizing of each component, the power system responses and different cost analysis of the microgrid. Four divisions of the northern side of Bangladesh namely, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Rajshahi and Sylhet hybrid microgrids incorporating solar PV, wind turbine, battery storage, diesel generator and a load of 27.31 kW have been optimized for five different dispatch strategies: (i) Load Following, (ii) Cycle Charging, (iii) Generator Order, (iv) Combined Dispatch and (v) HOMER predictive dispatch strategy. The proposed microgrids have been optimized to reduce the Net Present Cost, CO2 emission and Levelized Cost of Energy. All the five dispatch strategies for the four microgrids have been analyzed in HOMER Pro, and subsequently, the power system responses and feasibility analysis of the microgrids have been performed in MATLAB Simulink. The results obtained in this study provide a guideline to estimate component sizes and costs for the optimal operation of the proposed microgrids under various load dispatch scenarios. The simulation results suggest that the Load Following is the best dispatch strategy having the lowest Net Present Cost of 149,794 USD, Levelized Cost of Energy of 0.204 USD/kWh, Operating cost of 3,698 USD and CO2 emission of 3,298 kg/year with a stable power system response. Combined Dispatch is found to be the worst strategy having the maximum Levelized Cost of Energy of 0.532 USD/kWh, Net Present Cost of 415,030 USD, Operating cost of 15,394 USD and Green House Gas emissions of 17,266 kg/year and comparatively poor power system responses. Finally, a brief comparative analysis has been presented between designed microgrid system and other hybrid energy systems and conventional power stations in terms of Levelized Cost of Energy, Net Present Cost, CO2 emissions and operating cost.

The vast percentage of people of the world; particularly in the developing countries; are living mostly in the decentralized, rural and remote areas those are geographically secluded from the grid connection. Power distribution and continuous fuel transportation to produce the electrical energy for these areas pretenses a great challenge. Using renewable energy resources in off grid hybrid energy system might be a solution of this problem. Moreover, high cost of renewable energy systems has led to its slow adoption in many countries. Hence, it is vital to select an appropriate size of the system in order to reduce the cost and excess energy produced as well as to maximize the available resources. A hybrid energy system has been designed as well as simulated to support a small community considering an average load demand of 80 kWh/d with a peak load of 8.1 kW. The simulation and optimization of operations of the system have been done by HOMER software using the real time field data of solar radiation and average wind speed data of that area. The simulation ensures that the system is suitably feasible with respect to net present cost and CO2 emission reduction purpose. The result shows that NPC and CO2 emission can be reduced about 29.65% and 16 tons per year respectively compared with the conventional power plants. The NPC of the optimized system has been found about USD 160,626.00 having the per unit Cost of Energy about USD 0.431/kWh. The analyzed hybrid energy system might be applicable for other region of the world where the climate conditions are similar. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2017

The immense percentages of people of the world are living mostly in the decentralized, rural and remote areas those are geographically secluded from the grid connection. Power distribution and continuous fuel transportation to produce the electrical energy for these areas pretences a great challenge. A smart-grid hybrid energy system has been designed and simulated to support a small community considering an average load demand of 34 kWh/d and peak load of 4.6 kW. The total simulation and optimization process of the hybrid energy system have been done by HOMER Software with the meteorological data. The simulation results ensure that the proposed system is economically and environmentally feasible. The results show that Net Present Cost (NPC) and CO2 emission can be reduced about 29.65% per year compared to the conventional power plants. The NPC of the optimized system has been found about US$ 33,310.00 having the Cost of Energy (COE) about US$ 0.209/kWh. This analysed hybrid system will be applicable for similar meteorological and environmental conditions. This analysed hybrid system will be applicable for similar meteorological and environmental conditions. The urban area, including the central business district, are partially elevated by spurs of the Herbert Taylor Range, such as the summit of Mount Coot-tha, reaching up to 300 meters (980 ft) and the smaller Enoggera Hill, Brisbane, Australia. Using renewable energy resources in off grid hybrid energy system might be a solution of this issue. Moreover, high cost of renewable energy systems has led to its slow adoption in many countries. Hence, it is vital to select an appropriate size of the system in order to reduce the cost and excess energy produced as well as to maximize the available resources. Reduction of some greenhouse gasses as well as reduction of per unit cost according to the market price are main contribution of this research. The analysed hybrid solar-wind-diesel renewable energy system will be the most feasible and environment friendly in comparison with other traditional or conventional energysources in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness.

This paper evaluates the design and optimization of an islanded hybrid microgrid system by assessing the optimal sizing of each component and the power, voltage and frequency profiles. The test case location is the Kangaroo Island, South Australia. The sizing of the Kangaroo Island hybrid microgrid system incorporating PV, wind, diesel generator, and battery storage have been optimized for four different power dispatch strategies: (i) load following, (ii) cycle charging, (iii) generator order and (iv) combined dispatch. The islanded microgrid has been optimized to minimize the CO2 emission, net present cost (NPC) and Levelized cost of energy (LCOE). All four dispatch strategies have been implemented in HOMER microgrid software platform, and subsequently the transient studies have been performed in MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results provide a guideline to estimate the generation-mix and required resources for optimal operation of an islanded microgrid with different dispatch scenarios.

Differential relays are simple, reliable and widely used type of protection scheme that are very much suitable for electrical system or equipment protection. The relays use pilot wires to find the ‘difference’ but the pilot wire itself creates so many problems. To eliminate the problems, in this paper an IoT based wireless current differential protection system is proposed based on Wi-Fi communication and is implemented as a small project work and has also been tested for the protection of a pseudo power system network. The work done here is a small project but with a small update this can be used for real life power system protection.

A complete structure of a crossbreed smaller scale matrix wind-diesel elective vitality framework has been exhibited so as to get the outcomes to satisfy the heap solicitation of 78 kWh/d and a zenith load of 7.1 kW for a little system of that particular zone. By fitting utilization of the HOMER reasonable power source programming, the whole improvement technique has been driven with the idea of climatological data. Proliferation results show that the proposed coordination is attentively and naturally viable and that the Net Present Cost (NPC) similarly as CO2 surge is diminished by about 79% and 87% independently consistently diverged from standard power plants. The headway results uncovered that the blend of 11 Wind turbines (10 kW), 4 Diesel Generator (4 kW) and 2 Battery (Surrette 6CS25P) is the most extraordinary cautiously sensible essentialness unit and insignificant cost of imperativeness (COE) is about USD 0.154/kWh and Net Present Cost (NPC) is USD 72,405. The examination between the investigated half breed vitality framework and customary vitality frameworks has been accounted for appropriately to legitimize the significance of sustainable power source assets everywhere throughout the world. This advanced blend of half breed elective vitality framework will be appropriate for every single other area on the planet with comparative meteorological and natural conditions.

Practically feasible and applicable design of a hybrid micro-grid wind-diesel alternative energy system has been demonstrated to get the results to fulfil the load demand of 115 kWh/d and a peak load of 11.2 kW for a small community of Mersing town, Malaysia. The whole optimization process has been conducted with the consideration of meteorological data and the technical specifications of each module by the proper utilization of the iHOGA renewable energy software, DIgSILENT PowerFactory and Matlab Simulink. From the simulation results, it can be observed that the designed and simulated Islanded Hybrid Microgrid System (IHMS) is economically and environmentally feasible, and the simulation results reported as the net present cost, cost of energy and CO2 emission, are being reduced by about 72%, 73.5% and 82% respectively per year compared to the conventional power plant of the Tanjung Bin Energy Power Plant, Johor, Malaysia. Moreover, the voltage, power and frequency responses also checked and compared with the practical results and ensured the stability of the whole energy system. Besides this, the system reliability indices also analysed and reported to ensure the technical and economic feasibility of the designed system. The optimization results reported that the least cost of energy is about USD 0.05/kWh and the net present cost is USD 77,286. The comparison between the analysed hybrid energy system and conventional energy systems has been reported properly to justify the importance of renewable energy resources all over the world. This optimized combination of the hybrid alternative energy system will be applicable for all other locations in the world with similar meteorological and environmental conditions.

Power generation capacity of Bangladesh needs to be enhanced to support the rising electricity demand. Bangladesh has predominantly used fossil fuel generators for the past decades. Saint Martin's Island and Kuakata are two significant areas that lie at or near the coast of Bangladesh with an average annual solar radiation of 4.81 and 4.65 kWh m−2 day−1, respectively. The monthly average wind speeds at a height of 25 meters are 4.79 and 4.54 m s−1, respectively. Considering this data and the benefits of the optimized hybrid systems, HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) is used to optimize a system for each of these areas. The costs of energy found from the proposed optimized PV-wind-diesel hybrid Energy system for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata are 0.393 and 0.392 USD kW−1 h−1, respectively, the net present cost (NPC) also has been evaluated as 168767.831 USD which are quite reasonable with respect to the present situation in Bangladesh. The major objective of this proposed optimized design is to supply the maximum load demand using renewable sources with the minimum cost of energy (COE) and reduce the burning of fuel and also reduce the emission of CO2. The proposed energy system is able to meet 67.3 and 62.3% load demand using renewable sources, which helps to reduce the GHG (Green Houses Gas) emission by 67 and 64% for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata, respectively when compared to a diesel system. Total load served throughout the year is 33,611 kWh, which is 16% higher than the previously designed system with approximately equivalent COE. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2016

A large number of populations of the world; especially in developing countries; are living in rural or remote areas those are geographically isolated from the grid connection. Power supply and uninterrupted fuel transportation to produce electrical power for these areas poses a great challenge. Using renewable energy in off grid hybrid energy system might be a pathway to solve this problem. Malaysia is a hilly land with the gift of renewable energy resources. There is a possibility to utilize these renewable resources to produce electrical power and to limit the dependency on the fossil fuel. In this perspective, a research is carried out to analyze the performance of an off-grid PV (photovoltaic)-wind-diesel-battery hybrid energy system for a remote area named “KLIA Sepang Station” located in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. The system is designed as well as simulated to support a small community considering an average load demand of 33 kWh/day with a peak load of 3.9 kW. The simulation and optimization of operations of the system have been done by HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software using the real time field data of solar radiation and wind speed of that area. The simulation ensures that the system is suitably feasible with respect to net present cost (NPC) and CO 2 emission reduction purpose. The result shows that NPC and CO 2 emission can be reduced about 29.65% and 16 tons per year respectively compared to the conventional power plants. The NPC of the optimized system has been found about USD 288,194.00 having the per unit Cost of Energy (COE) about USD 1.877/kWh. The analyzed hybrid energy system might be applicable for other region of the world where the climate conditions are similar.

The electrification process of the remote areas and decentralized areas is being a vital fact for the improvement of its eco-tourism issues such as the Cameron Highland of Malaysia. Renewable energy (RE) resources can be used extensively to support and fulfill the demand of the expected loads of these areas. This article presents an analysis of a complete off-grid wind-diesel-battery hybrid RE model. The main objective of the present analysis is to visualize the optimum volume of systems capable of ful- filling the requirements of 85 kWh/day primary load in coupled with 8.7 kW peak for 2 residential hotels of Cameron Highlands. The hybrid power system can be effective for the tourists of that area as it is a decentralized region of Malaysia. The main motto of this analysis is to minimize the electricity unit cost and ensure the most reliable and feasible system to fulfill the requirements of the desired or expected energy system using HOMER software. From the simulation result, it can be seen that 15 wind turbines (10 kW), 1 diesel generator (4 kW), and 2 battery (Hoppecke 4 OPzS) hybrid RE system is the most economically feasible and lowest cost of energy is nearing USD 0.199/kWh and net present cost is USD 77, 019. The decrement of the CO2 emissions also can be identified from the simulation results using that most feasible RE system including the renewable fraction value which is about 0.0914, 0.3 % capacity shortage and 20.3 % electricity as storage as compared to the other energy system.

A high level of individuals on the planet is living in decentralized, rustic and remote territories which are topographically detached from lattice association. Power dissemination and consistent fuel transportation to create electrical vitality for these regions represent an awesome test. A savvy lattice mixture vitality framework has been outlined and mimicked to help a little group considering a normal load request of 72 kWh/d and a pinnacle heap of 7 kW. The recreation and enhancement procedure of the cross breed vitality framework, with the thought of meteorological information, have been finished by HOMER Software. Reenactment comes about demonstrate that the proposed framework is financially and ecologically doable, and that the Net Present Cost (NPC) and in addition CO 2 outflow are diminished by around 74% and 92% separately every year contrasted with customary power plants. The NPC of the streamlined framework has been observed to be about US$ 76,901 with the Cost of Energy (COE) of about US$ 0.198/kWh. This upgraded mixture vitality framework will be pertinent for every single other area on the planet with comparative meteorological and natural conditions.

The request of energy expanding step by step at a disturbing rate because of the infringement of the human advancement. To take care of the additional heap demand individuals are discovering some different ways like sustainable power source assets with some battery stockpiles as back vitality stockpiling framework. To achieve this, we anticipated that would intentionally acquire exact data from the battery using a contraption which was adequately fiery to give correct and stable data, adequately minimal that it could be taken to any remote territory, and used to log data in a glint removable limit. This data can be later separated to think battery confine, imperativeness, SOC and discharge twist which are all measure of prosperity of battery, certifiable applications would be battery attempting in Electrical vehicles, batteries in remote locales, for instance, sun based power cross sections and batteries at examine goals, where customer can log the data using this advantageous battery prosperity checking device on a SD card and dismember using distinctive models later on. This structure uses stand-out customer input system where customer enters measure of present and cut-off voltage in a txt record in the Micro SD card. In this paper, the maker arranged and fabricated a flexible little scale controller based device which is prepared for recording battery parameters, for instance, voltage, current and time, can draw customer inputted relentless current from the battery till the battery accomplishes a customer portrayed cut-off voltage.

Power generation capacity of Bangladesh needs to be enhanced to support the rising electricity demand. Bangladesh has predominantly used fossil fuel generators for the past decades. Saint Martin's Island and Kuakata are two significant areas that lie at or near the coast of Bangladesh with an average annual solar radiation of 4.81 and 4.65 kWh/m2/d respectively. The monthly average wind speeds at a height of 25 meters are 4.79 and 4.54 m/s, respectively. Considering this data and the benefits of the Optimized hybrid systems, HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) is used to optimize a system for each of these areas. The costs of energy found from the proposed optimized PV-wind-diesel hybrid Energy system for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata are 30.768 and 30.759 Tk/kWh, respectively, the net present cost (NPC) also has been evaluated as 13219616 Tk. which are quite reasonable with respect to the present situation in Bangladesh. The major objective of this proposed optimized design is to supply the maximum load demand using renewable sources with the minimum cost of energy (COE) and reduce the burning of fuel and also reduce the emission of CO2. The proposed energy system is able to meet 67.3% and 62.3% load demand using renewable sources, which helps to reduce the GHG (Green Houses Gas) emission by 67% and 64% for Saint Martin's island and Kuakata, respectively when compared to a diesel system. Total load served throughout the year is 33,611kWh, which is 16% higher than the previously designed system with approximately equivalent COE.