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Additional File 1: Fig. S1. Overall survival for patients with complete (dark blue line) or incomplete (light blue line) data within the ARTSCAN-cohort. Fig. S2. Progression Free Survival (A and C) and Overall Survival (B and D) stratified by study cohort (ARTSCAN, PET-study, and ARTSCAN III) and separated for p16-status (p16-positive in A and B, p16-negative in C and D). Fig. S3. The prognostic impact of age, performance status, smoking status, Hb, p16-status and T-classification for cumulative incidence of local failure, progression free survival and overall survival. Fig. S4. Comparison of T-classification (left panel) and tumor volume-stratification (based on tumor volume doublings, right panel) for local failure (A), progression free survival (B) and overall survival (C) of the 654 patients in the whole cohort. Fig. S5. Violin plot illustrating delineated tumor volume (GTV-T) grouped by T-classification. Each dot represents a delineated tumor. Color corresponds to the volume bins in Fig 1. Fig. S6. A low-risk group defined by tumor volume

The aim of this study has been to investigate teachers´ teaching of name geography and based on this contribute with discussion that can develop the didactics of geography. The subject of geography has been debated in the discourse of the school for a long time. To examine the aim of the study interviews have been conducted with six teachers from different schools who are competent in the subject of geography. The material from the interviews has been transcribed, analyzed and then a result has been written. The result provides that the teachers use different methods current to the students' learning. The teachers have a common denominator for the purpose of their teaching, namely, to provide a basis for the students for further development in the subject of geography. Our conclusion is that teachers express their didactic choices and dedicate name geography in different ways and there is a need for further research to develop teachers' awareness about their didactic choices of name geography.

The aim of this study has been to investigate what function various applications of namegeography have for geography as a subject in school. Namegeography has for a very long time been debated in the discourse of the school. We have collected material for our study from different databases such as Eric Proquest, Eric EBSCO and Swepub. Our conclusion shows results that indicate that namegeographys affiliation to geography as a subject in school is significant and it is important how teachers present namegeography in their teaching, for an example to repeat, put words in a context, the use of digital tools and to include the pupils perspective.

The purpose of this study was to establish an experimental setting and an anesthetic method compatible with future sequential studies using (18)F-FDG-PET single scans, i.e. autoradiographic measurements, for the estimation of metabolic rate of glucose (MRglc) in mice. In this study we had no access to a small animal PET scanner and therefore focus was on the anesthetic setting and optimization of the input function as a preparation for the future tumor metabolic studies. Initially, four combinations of intraperitoneal (ip) anesthesia were tested on tumor bearing mice. Fentanyl-fluanisone plus diazepam yielded low and stable blood glucose levels and kept the animals sedated for approximately 2 h. The anesthesia was also tested in a longitudinal (18)F-FDG study, where tumor bearing mice were anesthetized, injected with (18)F-FDG, and sampled for blood, before, one day after, and 8 days after treatment with cisplatin. The animals were in good condition during the entire study period. To validate the method, average MRglc of whole brain and cerebellum in mice were calculated and compared with the literature. The average MRglc in the whole brain and cerebellum were 46.2±4.4 and 39.0±3.1 µmol 100g(-1) min(-1). In the present study, we have shown that an ip anesthesia with a combination of fentanyl-fluanisone and diazepam is feasible and provides stable and low blood glucose levels after a fasting period of 4 h in experiments in nude mice with xenografted human tumors. We have also verified that (18)F-FDG, intraperitoneally administrated, results in an expected plasma activity uptake and clearance. The method doesn't alter the uptake in brain which is an indirect indication that the anesthesia doesn't alter the uptake in other organs. In combination with meticulous animal handling this set-up is reliable and future sequential tumor studies of early metabolic effects with calculation of MRglc following cytotoxic therapy are made possible.

The treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is surgery or (chemo)radiotherapy +/- surgery. Side effects related to therapy are long lasting and adversely affects quality of life. The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer is increasing and patients commonly present an advanced tumour stage with neck metastases at the time of diagnosis. The treatment protocol previously comprised radical (chemo)radiotherapy and surgery i.e., neck dissection. However, persistent tumour cells after (chemo)radiotherapy are found in only 20-30% of the neck specimens and a systemic neck dissection have therefore been questioned. The general aim of the present thesis was to explore if positron emission tomography (PET) could be used for radiotherapy response evaluation and adequately determine the need for further therapeutic interventions in patients with HNSCC treated with curative intent. The overall clinical goal with the thesis was to reduce the treatment related morbidity by avoiding unnecessary neck dissection without risking an increase in failures. In studies I and III we evaluated the performance of PET as a tool for assessment of therapy response and the consequences of omitting neck dissections in patients with a complete metabolic response after treatment. Study II focused on therapy response evaluation of the primary site. Lastly, study IV evaluated three different methods for interpreting PET scans in head and neck cancer patients. In conclusion, neither nodal control nor survival is compromised by omitting neck dissection in patients with a complete metabolic response after therapy. A physical examination, preferably supported with a PET scan, is feasible and sufficient for an evaluation of the primary site response. Qualitative interpretation with visual inspection of PET scans is a satisfactory method to assess tumour metabolism and the use of a 5-point Likert scale is a promising tool to reduce the number of scans judged as equivocal to a minimum. I gruppen huvudhalscancer ingår tumörer i övre luftvägar och svalg. Riskfaktorer för huvudhalscancer är rökning och alkoholöverkonsumtion. Under de senaste 20-30 åren har det skett en påtaglig ökning av insjuknandet, 4-5% per år, i det som kallas orofaryngeal cancer. Orofaryngeal cancer utgår från mellansvalget; mandlar, tungbas och mjuka gommen. Ökningen sammanfaller med att man ser en uppgång i tumörer som anses associerade med humant papillomvirus och det är ett något yngre patientklientel, utan de ovan nämnda traditionella riskfaktorerna, som insjuknar. Medianåldern för insjuknande är drygt 60 år. De flesta patienterna har spridning av sin tumör till lymfknutor på halsen vid tidpunkten för diagnos. Strålbehandling, ibland med samtidig cellgiftsbehandling, ges till både modertumör och sjuka lymfknutor hos patienter där man syftar till bot. Tidigare behandlingsprotokoll inkluderar en utvärdering av strålbehandlingsresultatet. Patienten blir då sövd och man undersöker svalget och tar vävnadsprov. Om det inte finns någon kvarvarande tumör i svalget opereras lymfknutorna på halsen bort. Skulle det finnas tumör kvar i lymfknutorna så har patienten i och med operationen fått sin tilläggsbehandling. Behandlingen är förknippad med såväl övergående akuta som sena, livslånga biverkningar. Sena biverkningar är sväljningsproblem och muntorrhet av varierande grad samt lokal påverkan på blodcirkulationen vilket kan ge läkningssvårigheter vid exempelvis tandingrepp och kirurgi i det strålade området. Nack/skulderproblem med inskränkt rörlighet och smärta är vanligt efter halsoperationen pga nervpåverkan, kraftig ärrbildning och stram vävnad. Kombinationen av strålbehandling och operation förvärrar problematiken och påverkar livskvalitén negativt. Efter modern strålbehandling har man sett att i endast 20-30% av fallen finns det kvarvarande tumörceller i lymfknutorna på halsen och således kan man anta att upp till 80% av patienterna opereras utan någon vinst avseende sjukdomskontroll eller överlevnad. De får däremot biverkningar efter ingreppet. Studierna i den här avhandlingen har primärt fokuserat på utvärdering av strålbehandlingseffekten och om vi på ett säkert sätt kan avstå från halsoperation i de fall där strålbehandlingen har haft fullgod effekt. Hur ska man då utvärdera strålbehandlingseffekten? Vi har använt oss av en nuklearmedicinsk metod, positron emissions tomografi (PET). Med PET utnyttjar man det faktum att cancerceller har ett högt sockerbehov, högre än omkringliggande normala celler. Inför en PET-undersökning ges en injektion av en radioaktivt märkt sockeranalog till patienten. Cancercellerna tar upp förhållandevis mycket av det radioaktiva sockret och det kan detekteras av en PET-kamera. På PET-bilden ser man tumörer med högt upptag som starkt lysande områden vilket talar för hög aktivitet i tumören. Genom att jämföra PET-undersökningar gjorda före och efter strålbehandling kan man se om tumörområdena har ”släckts”. I studierna har vi sett att PET är en bra metod för att detektera och utesluta kvarvarande tumörceller i halslymfknutor efter strålbehandling. Vi kan på ett säkert sätt avstå från halsoperation i de fall där tumörerna är ”släckta” efter strålbehandlingen. Det tycks inte påverka risken för att få återfall av tumör i lymfknutorna på halsen och det tycks inte heller påverka överlevnaden på ett negativt sätt jämfört med om man rutinmässigt utför en halsoperation efter strålbehandling. Tidpunkten för utvärdering av strålbehandlingen med PET kan diskuteras och vi anser att man får ett säkrare resultat om man gör den närmare 12 jämfört med sex veckor efter strålbehandling. Från våra resultat kan man också konstatera att modellen för utvärdering av eventuellt kvarvarande modertumör, sövning av patienten och vävnadsprov, är överdriven. Det är mycket ovanligt med en kvarvarande modertumör efter strålbehandlingen och en vanlig klinisk undersökning, eventuellt ihop med PET-undersökning är fullt tillräckligt. Vid misstanke om kvarvarande tumör kan ytterligare undersökningar genomföras. Man kan använda olika metoder för att tolka och beskriva PET-bilder. Att göra en visuell bedömning är i de flesta fall fullt tillräckligt. Vi har dock konstaterat att PET-bilder med tumörer som är bedömda som ”tveksamt släckta” kan omvärderas med hjälp av en 5-punkts skala. Man tycks med 5-punktsskalan kunna omklassificera bilderna som ”släckta” eller ”fortsatt förhöjd aktivitet” och således få ett säkrare svar.

Dancehall is an influential space of cultural creation and expression within Jamaican society. This study is about how Jamaican dancehall is being performed, and what this performance means to its participants. Dancehall is mainly practiced by lower-class Jamaicans. This thesis focuses on dancers as a specific group among these participants. During 15 weeks I lived in Kingston and participated in dancehall culture daily. The fieldwork was focused on one dance group called “The Black Eagles”. The dancehall is gender structured and most dancers are men who organize in male crews. Practicing dancehall can be seen as a cultural resistance to structural injustice, while it also works to enforce oppressive ideologies. Dancehall culture is criticized for being immoral, inappropriate and violent. Dancehall is a survival strategy for many lower-class Jamaicans and an alternative to a life in crime. The Black Eagles dance because they love it, but the main motivation for initiating a career as a dancehall dancer is the hope of getting a better life. Digital technology and social media have helped dancers to reach this goal. Through social media, the dancehall dance has gained international popularity. This thesis relates to broader themes such as development, poverty, globalization, gender and identity.

This thesis is concerned with how identity is connected to historical writings and what normsshapes the perspectives of history. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibilitiesfor identification offered in history books used for history teaching. This study is concernedwith what role the nation plays and how it shapes the conception of history, with the hope ofcounteracting negative attitudes towards those not being identified as “Swedish” in the historytelling.The study was conducted through discourse analysis. The material for this analysis consistedof three history books directed towards 4-6th graders.The study shows how identity is created through putting “us” against “them”. The Swedishnation is the principal starting point of identity formation in the study material. It is in broadercontexts replaced by an western “us”. The rest of the world is only mentioned sparsely inrelation to this western “us”. The past is used to create a source of collective identity. Thenation constitutes an unquestioned base of unity. The nationalism and the history telling isconnected to ideas of social evolution. The western thinking and development is being presented as superior.