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The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r =.35, R2 (Formula presented.) 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 (Formula presented.) 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 (Formula presented.) 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed. © The Author(s) 2020.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The aim of this paper is to analyse how Swedish grade three children are discursively positioned as pupils when they are taking national tests in mathematics and when they reflect on the testing situation afterwards. With support from theories about affective-discursive assemblages, we explore children’s body language, emotions, and talk in light of the two overarching discourses that we believe frame the classroom: the ‘testing discourse’ and the ‘development discourse’. Through the disciplinary power of these main discourses children struggle to conduct themselves in order to become recognized as intelligible subjects and ‘ideal pupils’. The analysis, when taking into account how affects and discourses intertwine, shows that children can be in ‘untroubled’, ‘troubled’, or ambivalent subject positions.

Funding Agency:Takeda

Aim & MethodsWe aimed to determine the effect of standardized hypnosis treatment (HYP) on symptom outcomes and brain activity compared to an education intervention (EDU). Twenty-seven women with IBS were evaluated before and after treatment with hypnotherapy (n=17) or educational intervention (n=10). Behavioural treatment outcomes were determined by Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS). A decrease of 50 points in SSS score was considered clinically significant treatment response. Blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal were acquired by using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner during expectation and delivery of large rectal distension (45 mmHg). Group comparisons of treatment effects were performed within the general linear model in SPM8. Region of interest analyses were performed with significance threshold of p<0.05, family-wise error corrected. ResultsThere were no group differences in baseline SSS scores. Clinically significant change in SSS was observed in HYP (82%, n=14) and EDU (60%, n=6). Mean improvement in SSS was 108 (range -277 to 29) in HYP and 62 (range -250 to 79) in EDU (ns). During cued expectation of rectal distension, HYP was associated with significantly decreased activation in the left dorsal and ventral anterior insula, left mid insula, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Respectively, the EDU group showed less BOLD activity in the left ventral anterior insula after treatment. No significant treatment effect on brain response to the 45 mmHg distension was observed. ConclusionWhile both treatments improve IBS symptoms, the standardized hypnosis treatment has a more widespread central effect compared to education. The brain effects are seen during the expectation of rectal discomfort, but not during the experience of aversive rectal distensions. These findings are consistent with a HYP-induced reduction in pain expectation, rather than pain perception

The HIV-1 spike is a trimer of the transmembrane gp41 and the peripheral gp120 subunit pair. It is activated for virus-cell membrane fusion by binding sequentially to CD4 and to a chemokine receptor. Here we have studied the structural transition of the trimeric spike during the activation process. We solubilized and isolated unliganded and CD4-bound spikes from virus-like particles and used cryoelectron microscopy to reconstruct their 3D structures. In order to increase the yield and stability of the spike, we used an endodomain deleted and gp120-gp41 disulfide-linked variant. The unliganded spike displayed a hollow cage-like structure where the gp120-gp41 protomeric units formed a roof and bottom, and separated lobes and legs on the sides. The tripod structure was verified by fitting the recent atomic core structure of gp120 with intact N- and C-terminal ends into the spike density map. This defined the lobe as gp120 core, showed that the legs contained the polypeptide termini, and suggested the deleted variable loops V1/V2 and V3 to occupy the roof and gp41 the bottom. CD4 binding shifted the roof density peripherally and condensed the bottom density centrally. Fitting with a V3 containing gp120 core suggested that the V1/V2 loops in the roof were displaced laterally and the V3 lifted up, while the core and leg were kept in place. The loop displacements probably prepared the spike for coreceptor interaction and roof opening so that a new fusion-active gp41 structure, assembled at the center of the cage bottom, could reach the target membrane., QC 20120214

The activity of the membrane fusion protein Env of Moloney mouse leukaemia virus is controlled by isomerization of the disulphide that couples its transmembrane (TM) and surface (SU) subunits. We have arrested Env activation at a stage prior to isomerization by alkylating the active thiol in SU and compared the structure of isomerization-arrested Env with that of native Env. Env trimers of respective form were isolated from solubilized particles by sedimentation and their structures were reconstructed from electron microscopic images of both vitrified and negatively stained samples. We found that the protomeric unit of both trimers formed three protrusions, a top, middle and a lower one. The atomic structure of the receptor-binding domain of SU fitted into the upper protrusion. This was formed similar to a bent finger. Significantly, in native Env the tips of the fingers were directed against each other enclosing a cavity below, whereas they had turned outward in isomerization-arrested Env transforming the cavity into an open well. This might subsequently guide the fusion peptides in extended TM subunits into the target membrane., QC 20120214

BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysfunction, both adrenergic and cholinergic, has been associated with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The accuracy of the methods in use, however, has been limited by the need for active co-operation by the patients, with consequent difficulties in standardization. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of the autonomic nervous system in patients with IBS by using spectral analysis of the heart rate variability, an accurate method depending very little on patient cooperation. METHODS: Eighteen patients with IBS were compared with 36 sex- and age-matched controls. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability was performed to quantify sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity. RESULTS: The patients with IBS had significantly higher sympathetic activity than controls (P = 0.005). There was no significant (P = 0.308) increase in parasympathetic activity. There were no significant differences in heart rate or blood pressure between the patients and controls. CONCLUSION: Spectral analysis of heart rate variability has been used to assess the function of the autonomic nervous system in patients with IBS. IBS patients have significantly increased symphathetic activity, whereas parasympathetic activity does not differ from that of controls.