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Wet dedusting is the main coal dust suppression technique in coal mines, and coal wettability is the main factor affecting dust suppression efficiency. To investigate the main factors affecting the coal wettability and improve it, the coal-water contact angle was used as an index to characterize the coal wettability, and the wettability of six coal samples with different metamorphic degree was studied by analyzing the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the contact angle. To improve the coal wettability, the nonionic surfactant alkyl polyglycoside (APG), anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and polymer surfactant polyacrylamide (PAM) were applied to the coal samples. The results show that SDBS is the most effective surfactant to improve the coal wettability, followed by APG, while the application of PAM would lead to more hydrophobic coal. It is also found that the coal wettability shows a high-low-high trend with the increase in the metamorphic degree. The wettability of long flame coal is the strongest and that of gas coal is the weakest. Moisture is the main hydrophilic factor of coal, while 1,4-dimethylbenzene is the main hydrophobic factor. The main factors affecting the treatment effect of APG, SDBS, and PAM on wettability are the aromatic methylbenzene, hydroxyl, and hydroxyl content of coal, respectively. Therefore, according to the content of hydroxyl in different coals, an SDBS solution can be prepared to improve the coal wettability. For coal with a low hydroxyl content, a higher concentration SDBS solution could be needed.

Orchid-flower-shaped ZnO nanomaterials were successfully synthesized via green synthesis and an eco-friendly approach using an aqueous extract of Lycium chinense fruit as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized Lycium chinense orchid-flower-shaped ZnO (LC-ZnO/OF) nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized using different analytical methods through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence (PL). The FE-TEM analysis revealed the orchid flower shape of the nanoparticles, and the elemental composition was confirmed via XPS analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was determined by the degrading cationic dye methylene blue (MB) and the anionic dye Eosin Y (EY) under visible light irradiation at (400 w) within 180 min time, where it showed a significant ability to degrade both cationic and anionic dye by almost 50%. The LC-ZnO/OF photocatalyst was also used to check the toxicity level in human cancer cells, where it exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity to the human lung cancer (A549 cell line) and human gastric adenocarcinoma hyperdiploid (AGS cell line). The present investigation suggests that LC-ZnO/OF has the potential photocatalytic ability to degrade toxic dye as well as have anti-cancer effects. These preliminary results suggest that LC-ZnO/OF could have a significant impact on the environmental and biomedical fields.

Phytoplankton biomass can significantly affect metal(loid) bioaccumulation in plankton, but the underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We investigated the bioaccumulation of eight metal(loid)s (As, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn) in three size categories of planktonic organisms - seston (0.7-64 μm), mesozooplankton (200-500 μm), and macrozooplankton (500 μm) - sampled from six freshwater lakes in two seasons in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Our results highlight phytoplankton biomass is the major driver on metal(loid) bioaccumulation in the studied anthropogenic-impacted subtropical lakes, mainly via affecting site-specific water physiochemical characteristics and plankton communities. However, such impact is highly dependent on chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration. The bioaccumulation of metal(loid)s in size-fractionated plankton declined significantly with increasing phytoplankton biomass when Chl-a was below ∼50 μg L

Recent works have designed systems containing tiny devices to communicate with harvested ambient energy, such as the ambient backscatter and renewable sensor networks. These systems often encounter the heterogeneity and randomness of ambient energy. Meanwhile, the energy storage unit, such as the battery or capacitor, has the inherent property of imperfect charge efficiency λ (λ ≤ 1), which is usually low when the power of the ambient energy is weak or variable. These features bring new challenges in using the harvested energy efficiently. This article calls it the stochastic duty cycling problem and studies it under three cases—offline, online, and correlated stochastic duty cycling—to maximize utilization efficiency. We design an offline algorithm 1 for the offline case with optimal performance. An approximation algorithm with the ratio 1 − e −γ is designed for the online case. By adding initial negotiation among devices, we present a correlated algorithm and prove its approximation ratio theoretically. Experiment evaluation on our real energy harvesting platform shows that the offline algorithm performs over the other two algorithms. The correlated algorithm may not perform over the online one under the impacts of the three metrics: heterogeneity, charge efficiency, and energy harvesting probability.

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in fish gills has been widely recognized, however, whether such stress could thereby impact the physiological responses of fish gills is still unknown. Here, we investigated the impacts of three sizes (400 nm, 4 μm, 20 μm) of polystyrene (PS) MPs on (Na

With the advent of the era of “Internet +”, online teaching has made fundamental changes in college students' learning and teachers' teaching because of its significant advantages such as breaking through time and space constraints and free choice. Taking the course of data structure and algorithm as an example, starting from the online teaching needs, this paper deeply discusses how to effectively use the online platform and tools to carry out the course teaching. Combined with the college students' questionnaire, this paper analyzes the online basic situation, learning process experience, learning effect and existing problems, and puts forward some suggestions on the implementation of online teaching design. At the same time, it also puts forward some suggestions. It is explained that the mixed teaching mode will be imperative in the future.

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature and organic matter supply from land to water, which affect trophic transfer of nutrients and contaminants in aquatic food webs. How essential nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and potentially toxic contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), at the base of aquatic food webs will be affected under climate change scenarios, remains unclear. The objective of this outdoor mesocosm study was to examine how increased water temperature and terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter supply (tDOM; i.e., lake browning), and the interaction of both, will influence MeHg and PUFA in organisms at the base of food webs (i.e. seston; the most edible plankton size for zooplankton) in subalpine lake ecosystems. The interaction of higher temperature and tDOM increased the burden of MeHg in seston (

The mobile crowdsourcing technology has been widely researched and applied with the wide popularity of smartphones in recent years. In the applications, the smartphone and its user act as a whole, which called as the composite node in this article. Since smartphone is usually under the operation of its user, the user’s participation cannot be excluded out the applications. But there are a few works noticed that humans and their smartphones depend on each other. In this article, we first present the relation between the smartphone and its user as the conditional decision and sensing. Under this relation, the composite node performs the sensing decision of the smartphone which based on its user’s decision. Then, this article studies the performance of the composite sensing process under the scenario which composes of an application server, some objects, and users. In the progress of the composite sensing, users report their sensing results to the server. Then, the server returns rewards to some users to maximize the overall reward. Under this scenario, this article maps the composite sensing process as the partially observable Markov decision process, and designs a composite sensing solution for the process to maximize the overall reward. The solution includes optimal and myopic policies. Besides, we provide necessary theoretical analysis, which ensures the optimality of the optimal algorithm. In the end, we conduct some experiments to evaluate the performance of our two policies in terms of the average quality, the sensing ratio, the success report ratio, and the approximate ratio. In addition, the delay and the progress proportion of optimal policy are analyzed. In all, the experiments show that both policies we provide are obviously superior to the random policy.

After cultivation of ginseng, ginsenosides, which are the major active ingredients of gingeng, were approved for use by the food industry, and began to be used as added functional ingredients to try to improve the quality and price of functional foods. However, the interaction between different types of ginsenosides and nutrients needs further study. We investigated the effect of B-complex vitamins (which are essential nutrients) on the pharmacokinetics of the ginsenosides protopanaxatriol-type saponin Rg1, protopanaxadiol-type saponin Rb1, and oleanolic acid-type saponin Ro after oral administration. Ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and Ro, with or without B-complex vitamins, respectively, were administered orally to rats to evaluate their pharmacokinetics. The concentration of ginsenosides in plasma was determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were fitted using WinNonlin v6.2. After oral coadministration with B-complex vitamins, the area under the concentration-time curve from zero to infinity (AUC0-∞) of ginsenoside Rg1 was reduced by 70%, that of ginsenoside Rb1 was reduced by 43%, and that of ginsenoside Ro was reduced by 34%. The AUC0-∞ of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 showed significant differences between different treatments, but the AUC0-∞ of ginsenoside Ro did not. These results suggest significant ginsenoside-nutrient interactions between ginsenosides Rg1, Rb1, and B-complex vitamins.

Background The pigmentation of skin and hair in mammals is driven by the intercellular transfer of melanosome from the melanocyte to surrounding keratinocytes However, the detailed molecular mechanism is still a subject of investigation. Objective To investigate the effects of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent signaling pathway on melanocyte morphologic change and melanosome transfer between melanocytes and keratinocytes. Methods The expression and the intracellular distribution of NMDA receptor in human melanocyte were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Melanocytes were treated with 100 μM NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate] and 100 μM NMDA receptor agonist NMDA, after which the morphological change of melanocyte dendrites and filopodias were observed by scanning electron microscope. The β-tubulin distribution and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) were observed by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry under the same treatment respectively. In addition, melanocytes and keratinocytes were co-cultured with or without treatment of MK-801, and the melanosome transfer efficacy were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results We show that human epidermal melanocytes expresses NMDA receptor 1, one subtype of the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). Stimulation with agonist of NMDA receptor increased the number of melanocyte filopodia. In contrast, blockage of NMDA receptor with antagonist decreased the number of melanocyte filopodia and this morphological change was accompanied by the disorganization of β-tubulin microfilaments in the intracellular cytoskeleton. In melanocyte-keratinocyte co-cultures, numerous melanocyte filopodia connect to keratinocyte plasma membranes; agonist of NMDA receptor exhibited an increased number of melanocyte filopodia attachments to keratinocyte, while antagonist of NMDA receptor led to a decreased. Moreover, antagonist of NMDA receptor decreased the intracellular calcium concentration in melanocytes and reduced the efficacy of melanosome transfer. Conclusion Our data suggest that filopodia delivery is the major mode of melanosome transfer between melanocytes and keratinocytes. NMDA drives melanosome transfer by promoting filopodia delivery and direct morphological effects on melanocytes, while MK-801 affects the intracellular β-tubulin redistribution and the filopodia delivery between melanocytes and keratinocytes. We hypothesize that NMDA receptor-dependent signaling is involved in melanosome transfer, which is associated with calcium influx, cytoskeleton protein redistribution, dendrites and filopodia formation. A thorough understanding of melanosome transfer is crucial for designing treatments for hyper- and hypo-pigmentary disorders of the skin.

Public bike system (PBS) is widely deployed in the world because of relieving city last-mile problem and offering convenient short trip service. However, as PBS getting popular, the phenomenon of resources imbalance shows the trend of increasing gradually at recent years. This problem means that users will not able to rent or return bikes when they come to empty or full stations. Furthermore, this terrible problem is against to the PBS operators' targets---offering service to as much users as possible and saving users' trip time. We formulate above problem with two practical targets as a bike-dock pair allocation (BDA) problem. In this problem, we allocate bike-dock pair to users to fulfill above two targets. We design a BDA algorithm with the local ratio technique and prove that is 3-approximated for BDA problem. Furthermore, we propose the distributed version of the BDA algorithm. The real data experiment shows our distributed bike-dock pair allocation (DBDA) algorithm can save 29.44% of time for each trip in average and help 98.05% of users successfully use PBS service.

Platycodin D (PD) is an active component that is mainly isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, and it has been suggested to exhibit anticancer activities. In this study, anti-B16F10 melanoma metastasis activities of PD and related antimetastasis mechanisms were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, PD altered the cytoskeleton of B16F10 cells and inhibited B16F10 cell viability, as well as cell adhesion on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), cell migration, and cell invasion. Moreover, PD inhibited the ability of HUVECs proliferation and tube formation. Further more, PD exhibits non-toxic and good biocompatibility under certain concentrations (20 μg mL−1). In vivo, PD (3 and 6 mg kg−1) inhibited B16F10 cell lung metastasis and tumour angiogenesis in an experimental lung metastasis mouse model. In addition, PD significantly decreased the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increased the serum levels of cytokines including interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in experimental mice. Taken together, these results clearly indicated that PD inhibited B16F10 melanoma metastasis via antiangiogenic activity.

To enhance environmental sustainability and fulfill metropolitan public traffic demands, some metropolises are developing a kind of new Bike-Energy System (BES) including the existing Public Bike System (PBS) and Mobile Energy-sharing System (MES), which consists of some batteries-loaded cabinets. Cabinet location selection is expected to facilitate users to access battery in nearby cabinet. Meanwhile, the limited budget cannot afford establish a cabinet for each station. It thus brings up a problem: which bike stations should be selected to deploy the cabinets so as to minimize the deployment cost and satisfy that all users can rent and return battery conveniently from at least one nearby bike station on the way riding. This paper formulates the bike station selection problem as the Set Cover Problem and proposes a novel data-driven method—StaCover accordingly. StaCover presents the Density-Based Stations Clustering algorithm (DBSC) to select the candidate stations and then designs a Greedy Heuristic Selection algorithm (GHS) to determine the final stations to deploy the energy-sharing cabinets. Our experiments adopt diversified parameters to demonstrate the effectiveness of StaCover over the other methods

International audience; AbstractHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus has caused considerable economic losses to poultry industry and poses a great threat to public health. Our previous study revealed two genetically similar HPAI H5N8 viruses displaying completely different virulence in mice. However, the molecular basis for viral pathogenicity to mammals remains unknown. Herein, we generated a series of reassortants between the two viruses and evaluated their virulence in mice. We demonstrated that 283M in PB2 is a new mammalian virulence marker for H5 viruses and that synergistic effect of amino acid residues 283M and 526R in PB2 is responsible for high virulence of the HPAI H5N8 virus. Analysis of available PB2 sequences showed that PB2 283M is highly conserved among influenza A viruses, while PB2 526R presents in most of human H3N2 and H5N1 isolates. Further study confirmed that the residues 283M and 526R had similar impacts on an HPAI H5N1 virus, suggesting that influenza viruses with both residues may replicate well in mammalian hosts. Together, these results present new insights for synergistic effect of 283M and 526R in PB2 of H5 HPAI virus on virulence to mammalian host, furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of influenza A virus.

Ginsenoside Ro is one of the high-abundance saponins in ginseng, which is the most widely used dietary supplement and has many health-promoting effects. However, knowledge regarding the metabolism of ginsenoside Ro is notably limited. The profiling and identification of metabolites of ginsenoside Ro using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC MS/MS) was described in this work. There were finally 14 metabolites in addition to the parent drug that were identified in both faeces and urine of rats after oral administration of pure ginsenoside Ro (200 mg/kg). Quantitative analyses of six of the most abundant metabolites were then performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC MS/MS). Total recovery of ginsenosides over 72 h was approximately 60 %. There was approximately 0.07 % of ginsenoside Ro observed as excreted in the urine. The hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond on the aglycone was the primary pathway for ginsenoside Ro. These hydrolysis processes are nonselective.

After cultivation of ginseng, ginsenosides, which are the major active ingredients of gingeng, were approved for use by the food industry, and began to be used as added functional ingredients to try to improve the quality and price of functional foods. However, the interaction between different types of ginsenosides and nutrients needs further study. We investigated the effect of B-complex vitamins (which are essential nutrients) on the pharmacokinetics of the ginsenosides protopanaxatriol-type saponin Rg

A novel multilayer-core intrinsically single-mode large-mode-area fiber is proposed in this paper. The multilayer structure in the core which is constituted of alternating low- and high-refractive index rings could achieve a very low equivalent core-cladding refractive index difference. The single-mode large mode area of 100–12,000 μm 2 could be achieved in the fiber. The effective area A eff can be further enlarged by increasing the parameters of low-refractive index rings or the number of layers. Furthermore, the bending property could be improved by 1–2 orders of magnitude in this multilayer-core structure when the outermost layer is depressed-index ring. We have experimentally verified the proposed fiber structure that follows the target of large A eff along with ultra low bending loss at 1.55 μm. These characteristics of multilayer-core fiber suggest that it can be used in large-mode-area high-capacity transmission, or high-power optical fiber laser and amplifier in the optical communications.

The natural frequency of functionally graded material beams is closely related to the spatially varying material model. Specially when the model is stochastic due to the variability of observational data. In this regard, this paper presents an effective approach for stochastic natural frequency analysis of circular composite beams with radially varied material properties. The higher-order shear deformation based spectral element model is first setup for structural natural frequency analysis. The random field theory is introduced to represent the radially varied stochastic material properties. To improve numerical efficiency of the brute-force simulation method, a multivariate Gegenbauer polynomial based sparse regression model is proposed to mimic the structural uncertain natural frequency function. Several numerical examples are presented to examine the performance of this proposed approach. Results have illustrated the high efficiency and numerical accuracy of utilizing the sparse regression method for uncertain natural frequency analysis of composite beams with radially varied stochastic material properties.

We propose in this paper a dielectric–graphene–metal groove-grating absorber with a layer of graphene deposited between the metal and dielectric under the groove. The graphene layer is shown to influence the interference between the propagating modes in the grating grooves. Unlike traditional groove-grating, whose absorption spectrum could only be determined by structural parameters, the absorption spectrum of dielectric–graphene–metal groove-grating absorber could also be tuned by adjusting the applied voltage on graphene. With optimized geometric parameters and applied voltage, a high efficiency (>95%) absorptive spectrum with peak wavelength ranging from 1.2 μm to 1.5 μm could be realized. We also demonstrate a broad-band absorber which could achieve broad absorption (>85%) from 1.39 μm to 1.54 μm by biasing the graphene layers with various voltages.

A novel multi-core dual-mode fiber consisting of 11 cores with eight air holes for wide-band dual-mode operation is proposed in this paper. Modal properties, operation range and effective area affected by core-to-core distance, core-to-pitch ratio, relative index difference and center core diameter are investigated systematically. For 11-core dual-mode fiber with air-hole structure, simulation shows that it can support both a strict dual-mode operation (propagation in HE11 mode and HE21 mode only) and low bending losses (less than 0.8 dB/m at R>0.20 m), meanwhile maintaining a large effective area up to 1120.33 μm2. With a proper design of structural parameters the effective area of the 11-core dual-mode could be even higher. It has great advantages over conventional few-mode fibers, multi-core fibers and step-index single-mode fibers in terms of less mode coupling, larger effective area and lower bending loss.

A novel four-air-hole multicore dual-mode large-mode-area optical fiber is proposed in this paper. The characteristics of the mode field distribution, the operating wavelength, the effective area A eff and the bending loss of fundamental modes are calculated. The influence of the structural parameters on the operating wavelength, the effective index n eff and the effective area of fundamental modes is also discussed. This fiber makes the second-order modes TE 01 and TM 01 cut-off while increasing the effective area of fundamental modes, which can realize strictly dual-mode operation. The maximum effective area of fundamental modes is approximately 4025 μm 2 . The single-mode operation can be also realized by adjusting the structural parameters. This fiber is simple to fabricate, and flexible to design. It can be used for large-mode-area high-power optical fiber laser and amplifier.

Intelligent recommendations about where to go will be very helpful for personal and commercial travel recommendations. We deal with this kind of recommendations as a prediction problem based on the tourist's historical visiting sequences and supervised machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forests and LambdaMART. We propose a feature set with 56 dimensions from the tourist's historical traveling data. By utilizing the entropy from information theory, all features are ranked. Evaluation results show that when selecting the most important subset of 20 features as our final input of Random Forests, we can get a 4% higher accuracy and a 70% reduction of computation complexity with regard to using the full set of features. A comparison of five different machine learning algorithms, namely Random Forests, LambdaMART, Ranking SVM, ListNet and RankBoost, has been taken on this feature set, results demonstrate that the Random Forests outperforms the other algorithms.

A single-wavelength Brillouin–erbium fiber laser (BEFL) is demonstrated using high germanium dopant concentration fiber and bismuth–gallium–aluminum co-doped high concentration erbium doped fiber (EDF). A 20-m long high Ge-doped fiber is used to provide nonlinear gains to generate a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and a 4.3-m long Bi–Ga–Al EDF provides linear gains to amplify the SBS. The relationship between the fiber parameters (dopant concentration, effective area, length and so on) of both linear and nonlinear medium and the output performance was discussed. The BEFL power increases as the effective area of the high Ge-doped fiber decreases. There is an optimum length in the high Ge-doped fiber which is 20-m long in this paper. The BEFL output power also increases as the output power of the Bi–Ga–Al EDF increases. The output performance increases as the erbium doping concentration increases. It is necessary to get the effective area of the Bi–Ga–Al EDF large enough to decrease the fiber loss. The optimum length in the Bi–Ga–Al EDF is 4.3 m. The BEFL operates at 1563.61 nm, which is upshifted by 0.09 nm from the Brillouin pump (BP). It has a peak power of −3 dBm and a side-mode suppression ratio of 26 dB. The BP wavelength is tunable within a wavelength range from 1562.5 to 1564 nm. The BEFL has a narrow linewidth. It is suitable for many potential applications, such as optical communication and sensors.

A stable and tunable multi-wavelength fiber laser with a polarization-maintaining erbium-doped fiber (PM-EDF) and a polarization controller (PC) is proposed and demonstrated. A homemade PM-EDF incorporated in the ring cavity is used as the gain medium. Simultaneous multi-wavelength oscillation is achieved at room temperature. The theory of the PM-EDF and PC to suppress the wavelength competition is described in detail. The 3 dB bandwidth is less than 0.01 nm. The power fluctuation and wavelength shift are measured to be less than 0.5 dB and 0.05 nm over 32 min. The wavelength tuning between single-, double-, triple-, and four-wavelength is realized.

A three-layer-core single-mode large-mode-area fiber is investigated. The three-layer structure in the core, which is composed of a core-index layer, a cladding-index layer, and a depression-index layer, could achieve a large effective area Aeff while maintaining an ultralow bending loss without deteriorating cutoff behaviors. The single-mode large mode area of 100 to 330 μm2 could be achieved in the fiber. The effective area Aeff can be further enlarged by adjusting the layer parameters. Furthermore, the bending property could be improved in this three-layer-core structure. The bending loss could decrease by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude compared with the conventional step-index fiber with the same Aeff. These characteristics of three-layer-core fiber suggest that it can be used in large-mode-area wide-bandwidth high-capacity transmission or high-power optical fiber laser and amplifier in optical communications, which could be used for the basic physical layer structure of big data storage, reading, calculation, and transmission applications.

An analytic method for solving the cut-off wavelength of single groove-assisted bend-insensitive fiber (BIF) was proposed. Combined with the concepts of frustrated total reflection and numerical aperture, the cut-off wavelength formula for the BIF was deduced. Experimental results showed that, compared to the traditional analytic and numeric methods, this method had higher accuracy in the calculation of cut-off wavelength for BIFs that had a large proportion of depressed inner-cladding layer, which significantly expanded the range of accurately predicting the cut-off wavelength.

A 125 μm-diameter erbium-ytterbium-codoped single-mode fiber is reported. The utilization of depressed inner cladding guarantees the improvement of trade-off between the effective area and bending sensitivity compared to step-index profiles. Changes of cutoff wavelength, effective area, and macrobend loss under the influence of various structural parameters, and the balancing selection of core radius and subsidence layer width are investigated systematically. For the laboratory-made depressed inner cladding fiber, a macrobend loss of 0.06 dB/loop for a bending radius as tight as 10 mm was achieved, while maintaining an effective area of 164.22 μm² with intact single-mode properties at 1550 nm. The maximum small signal gain was achieved at 40.9 dB, and the gain fluctuation was less than 1 dB at the C-band. The fiber is suitable for high-power, small, portable, and handy optical fiber devices.