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Oil-heat treatment is an environmentally friendly method to improve dimensional stabilization of wood. In this process, vegetable oil is used as a heating medium in different temperatures and times. In this study, maritime pine (Pinus pinaster marittima) and poplar (Populus euroamericana) samples subjected to oil heat treatment with safflower, linseed and hazelnut oil at 160 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C for 2,4 and 6 hours respectively. Water soaking was performed to untreated and oil-heat treated samples for two weeks. In this period water uptake and tangential swelling of the samples were measured. In addition, compression strength of the samples was determined parallel to the fiber direction. According to the results, oil-heat treatment considerably reduced the water uptake in maritime pine and poplar while the performance of only vacuum heat treatment was similar with control samples. The improvement in tangential swelling was clearly shown in the poplar samples rather than maritime pine. Vacuum-heat treatment and oil-heat treatment increased the compression strength of maritime pine compared to control samples., Yağlı ısıl işlem ahşabın boyut stabilizasyonunu arttırmak için çevre dostu bir yöntemdir. Bu işlemde yağ farklı sıcaklık ve sürelerde ısı ortamı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; sahil çamı (Pinus pinaster marittima ) ve kavak (Populus euroamericana ) odun örnekleri aspir yağı, keten yağı ve fındık yağı ile 160 °C, 180°C ve 200°C’de 2,4 ve 6 saat süre ile ısıl işleme tabi tutulmuşlardır. Yağsız ve yağlı ısıl işleme maruz bırakılmış odun örnekleri için 2 hafta boyunca su alma testi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu süreçte örneklerin su alma ve teğetsel genişleme değerleri ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca örneklerin liflere paralel basınç direnci değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre yağlı ısıl işlem sahil çamı ve kavak örneklerinin su alma oranlarını önemli ölçüde azaltırken, vakum altında ısıl işlem uygulanan örnekler kontrol ile benzer davranışlar sergilemiştir. Kavak örneklerinde teğetsel genişleme sahil çamı örneklerine kıyasla gözle görülür oranda iyileşmiştir. vakum-ısıl işlem ve yağlı ısl işlem kontrol örneklerine kıyasla sahil çamının basınç direncini artırmıştır.

In this study, the corrosion performances of ammonium copper quat (ACQ) and boric acid (BA) wood preservatives were investigated, with micronized copper quat (MCQ) and nano boron (NB) used as reference materials. In the study, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were impregnated according to the full-cell process method with ACQ at 2.4% concentration, BA at 4% and MCQ and NB at 1%. The ACQ- and BA-impregnated samples were then impregnated for a second time using five different water-repellent materials: tall oil, linseed oil, sodium silicate, methyl hydrogen silicone and N'-N- (1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 and aluminum sulfate were introduced as single impregnations in the form of homogeneous mixtures with the ACQ and BA. The corrosion properties of the impregnated and control samples, including metal weight loss (MWL) and corrosion depth, were examined. As a result, the MWL values of the ACQ-impregnated samples showed an increase compared to the control group. The MWL values of the MCQ-impregnated samples were lower than those of the samples impregnated with ACQ, whilst the MWL values of the BA-impregnated samples were higher than those of the samples impregnated with NB.

Bu çalışmada, odun koruma endüstrisinde yoğun olarak kullanılan alkali/bakır/kuat (ACQ) ve borik asit (BA) emprenye maddelerinin yıkanma performansları araştırılmıştır. ACQ ve BA maddelerine referans madde olarak mikronize bakır kuat (MCQ) ve nano bor (NB) eklenmiştir. Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L.) odun örnekleri; %2,4 konsantrasyonda ACQ, %4 konsantrasyonda BA ve %1 konsantrasyonda MCQ ve NB ile dolu hücre yöntemine göre emprenye edilmişlerdir. ACQ ve BA ile emprenyeli örnekler, 5 farklı su itici madde (Tall yağı, Keten yağı, Sodyum silikat, Metil hidrojen silikon, N'-N- (1, 8-Naphthalyl) hidroksilamin) ile ikinci emprenye işlemine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Polietilen glikol 600 ve Alüminyum sülfat maddeleri ise ACQ ve BA ile homojen karışım oluşturularak tek emprenye şeklinde uygulanmışlardır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; ACQ, BA ve su itici maddeler ile oluşturulan varyasyonlarda, ACQ+MHS hariç, diğer varyasyonlarda yüksek oranda bakır ve bor yıkanmasına elde edilmiştir. ACQ+MHS ile emprenyeli örneklerde sadece %3 oranında bakır yıkanması gerçekleşmiştir. Ayrıca ACQ ile emprenyeli örneklerdeki bakır yıkanması, MCQ ile emprenyeli örneklerdeki bakır yıkanmasından daha düşük bulunmuştur. NB ile emprenyeli örneklerin yıkanmaya karşı yüksek direnç gösterdiği yapılan çalışmada ortaya konmuştur. Yıkanma testi sonuçlarına göre NB ile emprenyeli örneklerde yıkanmayan bor miktarı % 42,88 olarak elde edilmiştir., In this study, leaching performances of ammonium copper quat (ACQ) and boric acid (BA) chemicals, which are highly used in wood protection industry, were studied. Micronized copper quat (MCQ) and Nano boron (NB) were used as reference materials to ACQ and BA preservatives. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood samples were impregnated according to the full cell method with ACQ at 2,4 % concentration, BA at 4% concentration and MCQ and NB at 1% concentration levels. ACQ and BA impregnated samples were then, impregnated for a second time using 5 different water-repellent materials (tall oil, linseed oil, sodium silicate, methyl hydrogen silicone, N'-N-(1, 8-Naphthalyl) hydroxylamine). Polyethylene glycol 600 and aluminium sulphate were administered in the form of single impregnation by making a homogeneous mixture with ACQ and BA. In variotions made using ACQ, BA and water repellent materials, all variations except ACQ+MHS were failed to prevent copper and boron leaching. In samples impregnated with ACQ+MHS, only 3 % copper leaching was obtained. In addition, the copper leaching in samples impregnated with ACQ were lower compared to copper leaching in samples impregnated with MCQ. It was found that samples impregnated with NB showed high resistance towards to leaching. According to the results of leaching test, the non-leached boron amount in samples impregnated with NB was 42.88 %.

Woodis used in the marine environment for several purposes such as groynes,wharves, jetties, dolphins, and navigational posts. It is also important material in the boatconstruction in many countries due to the wide availability, ease offabrication, repair and maintenance, strength and elasticity properties. In themarine environment, wood is susceptible to attack and deterioration by marinewood-borers. Temperature and salinity of the seawater influence thedistribution of wood-boring organisms. Most studies on wood durability in themarine environment involved in using of tropical timbers as well as woodpreservatives or modified wood in different test sites in the world. AlthoughTurkey is surrounded on three sides by the sea, less attention has been givento the marine borers and protection of wood in the marine conditions. Theexistence of Teredo navalis(shipworm) in the deep waters of Marmara was reported by early investigations. T. navalis was also found to be dominantspecies in the Western part of the Black Sea, heavily destroyed the Scots pinesamples in one year. Investigations revealed that CCA and creosote shovedresistance to marine borers while the performance of copper azole was promisingin the Black Sea. From the tropical wood species, wenge, douka, azobe and padukshowed great resistance to marine borers in the Turkish coastlines. Test sitesin Trabzon, Ereğli and İskenderun exhibited the highest boring activity incomparison to the other test locations. Bankiacarinata, Nototeredo norvagica, Teredo navalis, Lyrodus pedicellatus and Limnoriatripunctata were found in the wood samples in the Southern coasts of theTurkey. Teredothyra dominicensis wasidentified as an invasive species in the coast of Kaş in Antalya. DNA barcodingstudy proved that there was no difference in the barcodes of N. norvagica collected from the Atlanticand the Mediterranean Sea.

This research was carried out in order to revealthe current status of mushroom cultivation in Bartın province, to identify theproblems and to offer some suggestions. The survey was conducted on the 14producer of 15 actively running, and the obtained results were interpreted as apercentage and graphically. Generally,the results indicated that the producers were small scale and family business,doing production in certain periods. Itwas determined that most of the enterprises were producing with ready-mushroombags which was sold from the compost production plants in the cities such asAntalya, Konya and Istanbul, where as other companies cultivated mushroom compost supplied the mycelium fromoutside the region. 57% of the mushroomproducers were primary school graduates, and the total production area of themushroom producers was 1551 m2 in Bartın. In addition, most of theproducers sell the mushroom in the market by themselves. The heating in the production rooms was basedon the mainly air-conditioning system and the mushroom cultivation was almostin the bags. 35% of the mushroom producer in Bartın indicated the regionalinsufficiency as a main problem, while 20% of them requested the more supportfrom the government., Bu araştırma, Bartın ilinde mantar yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumunuortaya koymak, sorunları saptamak ve bazı öneriler geliştirmek amacıylayürütülmüştür. Bartın’da aktif olarak faaliyet gösteren toplam 15 işletmeden14’üne anket uygulanmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar yüzdesel ve grafiksel olarakyorumlanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara genel olarak bakıldığındamantar işletmelerinin küçük kapasiteli ve belirli dönemlerde üretim yapan küçükaile işletmeleri olduğu saptanmıştır. İşletmelerin büyük bir kısmınınAntalya, Konya ve İstanbul gibişehirlerde kompost üretim yapan tesislerden satın aldıkları hazır torbalarlaüretim yaptıkları, kompostunu kendi yapan işletmelerin ise tohumluk miselibölge dışından temin ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Mantar üreticilerinin%57’sinin eğitim düzeyi ilköğretim seviyesinde olup, Bartın’da faaliyetgösteren mantar işletmelerinin toplam üretim alanının 1551 m2 olduğuve çoğunluğun üretilen mantarları doğrudan kendi imkânlarıyla pazarlardasattıkları belirlenmiştir. Üretim odalarının ısıtılmasında esas olarak klimasisteminin kullanıldığı ve hemen hemen tamamının torba sisteminde üretimyaptığı belirlenmiştir. Bartın’da mantar üretimi yapan işletmelerin %35’i enbüyük sorunların başında bölgesel yetersizliği gösterirken, %20’si ise devletdesteklerinin daha fazla artırılmasını talep etmektedir.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the values of the color (L*, a*, b*, ΔL*, Δb*, Δa*ve ΔE*) values and perpendicular and parallel glossiness values of define according to the ThermoWood method heat treated at 212oC for 1 and 2 hours and untreatment lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), siberian pine (Pinus sibiric) and scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood materials. For this purpose, in the tests made after heat treatment application, changes in color and glossiness have also been found to be effective. For all wood types, it was determined that the total color difference (ΔE*) values increased and the L* values decreased due to the increase in heat treatment time. It was observed that the values of perpendicular and parallel glossiness measured at 20o, 60o and 85o were changed depending on the increase of heat treatment time. Bu çalışmada, ThermoWood metoduna göre belirtilen 212oC’de 1 ve 2 saat süre ile ısıl işlem muameleleri görmüş ve görmemiş İsveç çamı (Pinus contorta), Sibirya çamı (Pinus sibiric) ve sarıçam (PinussylvestrisL.) ahşap malzemeler üzerinde renk (L*, a*, b*, ΔL*, Δb*, Δa* ve ΔE*) değerleri ile yüzeye dik ve paralel parlaklık değerlerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç ile ısıl işlem uygulamasından sonra yapılan testlerde renk ve parlaklık değişimlerinde sürenin etkili olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bütün ağaç türleri içinde ısıl işlem süresinin artmasına bağlı olarak toplam renk farkı (ΔE*) değerlerinin arttığı, L* değerlerinin azaldığı belirlenmiştir.Ayrıca 20o, 60ove 85o’de ölçülen liflere dik ve paralel parlaklık değerlerinin ısıl işlem süresinin artmasına bağlı olarak değiştiği de görülmüştür.

In this study the determination of the color and glossiness values on the parquets which underwent a UV varnishing treatment according to different varnish layers that are produced from, limba, sapelli, chestnut and iroko was aimed. As a result of this; the color and glossiness values were determined on the derived samples which had different layers. Taking all these results into consideration the highest total color difference value (ΔE*) was determined to be on iroko samples which underwent a single layer UV varnishing treatment, the highest perpendicular and parallel to grains glossiness value was determined to be on limba samples which underwent double layer UV varnishing treatment, the highest lightness value (L*) was determined to be on the control samples of limba wood, the highest red color (a*) was determined to be on sapelli samples which underwent double layer UV varnishing treatment and the highest yellow color (b*) was determined to be on iroko samples which underwent a single layer UV varnishing treatment. In view of their anatomical structures, the wooden materials were detected to have different total color difference (ΔE*) values after UV system varnish application. As a consequence; the glossiness level was detected to be higher on limba wood on which double-coated UV varnish was applied, whereas the total color difference (ΔE*) was detected to be higher on iroko wood on which one-coat UV varnish was applied. Bu çalışmada, limba, sapelli, kestane ve iroko odunlarından üretilen farklı vernik katmanlarına göre UV vernik uygulanmış parkeler üzerinde; renk ve parlaklık değerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, elde edilen farklı katmanlardaki deney örnekleriüzerinde renk ve parlaklık ölçümleri belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre, en yüksek toplam renk farkı (ΔE*) değeri tek kat UV vernik uygulanmış iroko örneklerinde, en yüksek yüzeye dik ve paralel parlaklık değeri çift kat UV vernik uygulanmış limba örneklerinde, en yüksek ışıklılık (L*) değeri limba odununun kontrol örneklerinde, en yüksek kırmızı renk (a*) değeri çift kat UV vernik uygulanmış sapelli örneklerinde ve en yüksek sarı renk (b*) değeri ise tek kat UV vernik uygulanmış iroko örneklerinde tespit edilmiştir. Ahşap malzemelerin anatomik yapılarından ötürü UV sistem vernik uygulaması sonrasında toplam renk farkı (ΔE*) değerlerinin farklı çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; parlaklık derecesinin çift kat UV vernik uygulanmış limba odununda, toplamrenk farkının ise tek kat uygulanmış iroko odununda yüksek çıktığı ortaya çıkmıştır

In this research, it was aimed to determine the glossiness and color properties of the santos (Myroxylon balsamum), rose (Dalbergia nigra) and uvez (Sorbus L.) woods which were heat treated according to ThermoWood method. For this purpose, according to the ThermoWood method, the samples were subjected to heat treatment at 212°C for 1 and 2 hours. Values of color and glossiness values were determined on the heat treated and untreated materials. L* value is decreased due to the increase of the heat treatment time. while the highest ΔE* value was obtained on heat treated rowan wood at 212°C for 2 hours, the lowest ΔE* value was found on heat treated santos wood at 212°C for 1 hour. When the highest perpendicular and paralel glossiness values at 20o were obtained on control rowan wood, the highest perpendicular and paralel glossiness values at 60o and 85o on heat treated rose wood at 212°C for 1 hour. Bu araştırmada, ThermoWood metoduna göre ısıl işlem görmüş santos (Myroxylon balsamum), gül (Dalbergia nigra) ve üvez (SorbusL.) odunlarında meydana gelen parlaklık ve renk özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç ile test örneklerine, ThermoWood metoduna göre 212oC’de 1 ve 2 saat süre ile ısıl işlem uygulanmıştır. Isıl işlem görmüş ve görmemiş malzemeleri üzerinde renk ve parlaklık değerleri belirlenmiştir. Isıl işlem süresinin artmasına bağlı olarak L* değerinin azaldığı görülmektedir. En yüksek ΔE* değeri 212oC’de 2 saat süreyle ısıl işlem uygulanmış üvez odununda, en düşük ΔE* değeri ise 212oC’de 1 saat süreyle ısıl işlem uygulanmış santos odununda ortaya çıkmıştır. En yüksek 20o’de liflere dik ve paralel parlaklık değerlerinde üvez odununa ait kontrol örneklerinde elde edilirken, 60o ve 85o’de liflere dik ve paralel değerlerinde ise 212oC’de 1 saat süreyle ısıl işlem uygulan gül ağacında elde edilmiştir.

Numerous chemicals are currently applied for wood protection against weathering. However, most of these chemicals cannot provide a long-term protection on wooden surface. Therefore, water repellent materials are needed to stabilize the wood surfaces and make it permanent against photodegradation. In this study, the influence of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG 600), N,N-(1,8-Naphthalene) hydroxylamine (NHA-H) and Methyl Hydrogen Silicon (MHS) against UV light was investigated. For this purpose, wood samples were impregnated with these chemicals according to full cell process (or cacuum). After impregnation, the samples were exposed to accelerated weathering (500 hours) and 6 months natural weathering. Optical and chemical changes on the surface of treated and untreated wood samples were studied by color changes, glossiness and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. When the results regarding total color change were examined, the best results were obtained in the sample group impregnated with MHS both in the accelerated outdoor test and the natural outdoor test. In the control specimens, new peaks were formed at 2927 cm-1 and 1697 cm-1 waves, while the chemical structure maintained its integrity in samples impregnated with MHS.

Copper are among the most commonly used substances in impregnating industry due to its high toxicity against fungi at last 50 years. The performance of CCA (copper-chrome-arsenic) approved by all over the World because of its superior performance against wood-inhabiting fungi and insects, New and environmentally friendly materials have developed due to this substance banned. Among of developed impregnation materials, copper-azole is the most widely used, because it is highly effective against fungi and insects. But most important problems leach away copper from the wood. Various factors are affected on the copper material leaching from wood. Fixation time is most important effect of this situation. In this study, wood samples impregnated with 2.4% copper azole, after 24 hours and 5 days fixation time samples secondly exposed to tall oil and linseed oil. Chemical analysis of samples was carried out after conditioning time. In addition, the remaining amount of copper in the wood samples was measured by leaching test. According to copper leaching and FTIR-ATR results, combination tall oil and copper was the most resistant against copper leaching, and at 1508 cm-1 and 1720 cm-1 peak variation was observed. Bakır, mantarlara karşı sahip olduğu yüksek zehirlilik etkisi nedeniyle son 50 yıldır emprenye endüstrisinde en fazla kullanılan maddeler arasında yer almaktadır. Mantar ve böceklere karşı performansı tüm dünya tarafından kabul edilen CCA (bakır-krom-arsenik) maddesinin yasaklanması, bu maddeye alternatif yeni ve çevre dostu maddelerin gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Geliştirilen maddeler arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan bakır-azol; mantar ve böceklere karşı son derece etkilidir. Fakat bakırın yıkanarak odundan uzaklaşması en önemli problemlerindendir. Bakır maddesinin odundan yıkanması üzerine çeşitli etmenler etki etmektedir. Bu etkilerin en önemlilerinden bir tanesi fiksasyon süresidir. Bu çalışmada bakır azol ile emprenye edilen örnekler 24 saat ve 5 gün sonra tall oil ve keten yağı ile ikinci bir emprenye işlemine tabi tutulmuşlardır. Kondisyonlama süresi sonrası örneklerin kimyasal analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca yıkanma sonrası odun örneklerinde kalan bakır miktarı ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen yıkanma ve FTIR-ATR sonuçlarına göre; Yağ ve bakır kombinasyonu yıkanmaya karşı direnç göstermiş ve 1508 cm-1, 1720 cm-1 piklerinde değişiklikler gözlenmiştir.

Many different methods are currently applied for wood protection against outdoor conditions. The most important of these is the process of impregnation with liquid substances. However, this kind of wood preservatives cannot provide a long-term protection of wooden surfaces. Weathering-resistant surfaces can be obtained by applying UV absorbing agents. In this study, the influence of zinc particles applied by a plasma process at atmospheric pressure against UV light was investigated. First, wood samples were impregnated with boric acid, tall oil or copper azole. After impregnation, the samples were coated with zinc (Zn) particles, and coated and uncoated samples were exposed to accelerated weathering tests. The changes of the surface properties of the treated and untreated wood samples were studied by color changes, glossiness. Physical properties such as color changes, glossiness and surface roughness decreased for the samples coated with Zn particles. Brightness values also increased with the increasing weathering period.

Sivrikaya, Huseyin/0000-0002-9052-9543 WOS: 000307639900020 The feasibility of using naturally extracted solutions as wood preservative chemical was tested. Extracts extracted from mimosa (Acacia mollissima Willd.), quebracho (Shinopsis lorentzii Griseb.), and Pinus brutia Ten. bark were used to treat sapwood of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), beech (Fagus orientalis L.), and poplar (Populus tremula L.) at two different retention levels (%6 and %12 weight/weight) against the subterranean termite Reticulitermes grassei Clement (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). The lowest mass loss and highest termite mortality rates were recorded for mimosa and quebracho extract treated woods at the 12% concentration level. Pine bark extract seemed to be ineffective as a wood preservative chemical even at the highest retention level. The results suggest that mimosa and quebracho extracts can be utilized as an environmentally-sound alternative wood preservative chemicals for indoor applications against Reticulitermes grassei.

Thermal modification is known as a potential method to improve dimensional stabilization of wood and enhance its biological resistance. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), spruce (Picea orientalis), ash (Fraxinus spp.), tali (Erythrophleum ivorense), and iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) timbers were exposed to heat treatment at at a temperature of 180 °C for 1.5 hr and at 210 °C for 2 hr based on Thermowood process in the presence of steam. The treated timbers were cut in to small pieces for color measurement as well as brinell hardness and accelerated weathering performance. The total color change was found similar in Scots pine, spruce and ash when the samples heat treated at 180 °C, whereas it was found highest I tali and lowest in iroko. The color change re increased by the increasing temperature up to 210 °C. The color change was affected by accelerated weathering depends on the wood species, heating temperature and duration of weathering. The increasing in temperature led to higher color change especially for heat treated Scots pine and spruce after weathering. Heat treated ash samples (180 °C and 210 °C) were more affected by weathering than other woods with regard to color change. There was no significant difference between Scots pine (1,72 N/mm2) and spruce (1,78 N/mm2) in relation to the brinell hardness of the untreated samples. However, the reduction in hardness was found higher in spruce than Scots pine during the heating process at 180 °C and 210 °C respectively. The hardness of iroko and tali was increased by thermal treatment about two times at 210 °C in comparison to their controls.

In this study, the influence of wood stain (WS) and zinc (Zn) particles applied by a plasma process at atmospheric pressure against UV light was investigated. Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens were prepared from sapwood blocks with dimensions of 15x75x150 mm (HxWxL) according to AWPA Standard E4-03. Weathering tests were performed by cycles of UV-light irradiation for 8 hours, water spray for 15 minutes and followed by a conditioning for 3.45 hours in an Accelerated Weathering Test Cycle chamber. The changes of the surface properties of the coated and uncoated wood samples were studied by color changes, glossiness and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) to analyze chemical changes on the samples’ surfaces. Zinc coating and wood stain were provided color stability on wood surface. The glossiness of the samples surface was observed decreased after Zn coating, but increase parallel with weathering time, a decrease in WS application.

Nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO) was chosen as a suitable candidate for the UV-protection of coatings. The accelerated weathering performances of Scots pine coated with wood paint mixed with nano- ZnO were investigated. Uncoated specimens, specimens coated with only nano-ZnO and nano-zinc oxide based paint were used as references. This work describes the effect of the nanoparticles and paint performance on accelerated weathering performance of coated specimens. 1 ml and 3 ml nano-zinc oxide is added into the 1 ml and 3 ml paint particularly. The samples were exposed to an accelerated weathering test for duration of 22 days in a QUV cabin for 18 minutes and a two-hour ultraviolet (UV) cycle. Colour change and brightness were measurement was used to investigate to change after several intervals (0-4-10-14-22 days) in accelerated weathering of coated and uncoated wood. In general, while the addition of nano-ZnO put in paint negative effects on color change, total color change of wood samples which exposed to nano-ZnO subsequent to paint less than uncoated wood. Addition of nano-ZnO slightly increased brightness compared to paint and uncoated samples.

Wood as a natural material has been used in the marine environment as construction material for many centuries. Wood material has many superior advantages compared to other materials. Some of them are renewable sources, its durabilty after treatment by wood preservatives, high resistance and elasticity properties. Although, microorganisms deteriorate the surface of wood material, main hazard is carried out by marine borers. Marine borers are classified by two main groups as molluscs and crustaceans. Major organisms of molluscs are teredinids and pholads, crustaceans are limnoria, sphaeroma and chelura. The main factors that effect the distribution of marine borers are sea water temperature and salinity., Ağaç malzeme, kendine has özellikleri sayesinde yüzyıllardır deniz ortamında yapı ve araç malzemesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diğer yapı materyalleriyle kıyaslandığında ahşap malzemeyi üstün kılan çok sayıda avantaj mevcuttur. Bunlardan en önemlileri; yenilenebilir bir kaynak olması, ahşap koruyucu maddelerle emprenye işleminden sonra gösterdiği dayanım, yüksek direnç ve elastiklik özelliğidir. Bununla birlikte, mikroorganizmalar deniz ortamında ağaç malzemenin yüzeyini çürütmelerine karşın esas tahribatı odun delici organizmalar yapmaktadır. Odun delici organizmalar yumuşakçalar ve kabuklular olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. Yumuşakçalar grubuna giren önemli odun zararlısı organizmalar Teredinid’ler ve Pholad’lardır. Odun delici kabukluların en önemli cinsleri ise Limnoria, Sphaeroma ve Chelura’dır. Odun delici organizmaların yayılışını etkileyen en önemli faktörler, deniz suyu sıcaklığı ve tuzluluk oranıdır.

The long term durability of wood material in service is depended on the two factors; the conditions in serviceand the end, and natural durability characteristic. When compared to other plants wood reveals more resistanceagainst biodeterioration caused by microorganisms. Natural resistance of wooden tissue is based on their cellwall. However, main reason of the natural resistance of certain woods is the toxical constituents present inheartwood., Ağaç malzemenin kullanım yerinde uzun süre dayanıklılığı iki faktöre bağlıdır; kullanım sırasında ve sonundakişartları ve özünde var olan doğal dayanımıdır. Odun, diğer bitkisel dokularla kıyaslandığındamikroorganizmaların neden olduğu bozunmaya karşı daha dirençlidir. Odunsu dokuların doğal direnci, başlıcahücre çeperlerine dayanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bazı odunların doğal direncinin temel nedeni öz odunlarındamevcut olan toksik maddelerdir.

Some forest and agricultural wastes of Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey were subjected to mushroom ( Pleurotus florida) cultivation in this study. 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 (w:w) mixtures were prepared mainly by tree leaves wood wastes of timber work shops, cupola of nut trees (NC) and leaves (NL), corn stalks (CS), waste tea leaves (WTL) of tea factories, wheat straw (WS) and waste paper(WP). P.floridaof which the strain was numbered darmycel by Fungi Perfect co. (USA) was used in inoculations of pre-pared series of substrates after being sterillized in an autoclave by direct vapor. Results indicated that wood waste yield highest mushroom production as wood waste, waste tea leaves (WW+WTL) based on dry substrate weight, in a mixture of 3:1 (w:w) with waste tea leaves which reportedly exceeds 10.000 ton and its value as lignocel-lulosic source, it's importance can be estimated in utilization as substrate of mushroom cultivation for forest villagers. Other region-al agricultural and forest wastes were also gave remarkable yield values. In P.florida cultivation corn stalk and cupola and nut increased the yield values when used with wood wastes as mixtures presence of wood waste in the prepared mixtures with wheat straw and corn stalks improved the quality of properties of fruit body as cupola of nut resulted in smaller caps in diameter. Further studies are being continued in strain development of different Pleurotus species and increasing mushroom yield by many activators and additives for the region.

Türkiye II. Orman Entomoloji ve Patoloji Sempozyumu Bakır, mantarlara karşı sahip olduğu yüksek zehirlilik etkisi nedeniyle son 50 yıldır emprenye endüstrisinde en fazla kullanılan maddeler arasında yer almaktadır. Mantar ve böceklere karşı performansı tüm dünya tarafından kabul edilen CCA (bakır-krom-arsenik) maddesinin yasaklanması, bu maddeye alternatif yeni ve çevre dostu maddelerin gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Geliştirilen maddeler arasında yaygın olarak kullanılan bakır-azol; mantar ve böceklere karşı son derece etkili olmasına rağmen bazı mantar türlerine tolerans göstermektedir. Yapılan çalışmada, bakır- azol emprenye maddesi su itici farklı kimyasallar ile kombine edilerek mantar çürüklük performansı araştırılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, %2,4’lük bakır azol çözeltisi ve bu çözeltiye sırasıyla %5-10-15 parafin ve %0,5-1-2 oranında silikon maddesi katılarak sinerjik etkinin mantar çürüklük testi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Sarıçam türü kullanılan çalışmada emprenye işlemi dolu hücre yöntemine göre yapılmıştır. Çalışmada esmer çürüklük mantarı olarak Coniophora puteana ve beyaz çürüklük mantarı olarak Trametes versicolor kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; yalnızca bakır azol ile emprenye edilen odun öneklerin ağırlık kaybı diğer varyasyonlara göre düşük bulunmuştur. Bakır azol örneklerinde meydana gelen ağırlık kaybı %3 değerinin altında bulunmuştur. Bakır azol çözeltisine parafin ve silikon maddelerinin katılmasıyla örneklerdeki ağırlık kaybı artış göstermiştir. Copper are among the most commonly used substances in impregnating industry due to its high toxicity against fungi at last 50 years. The performance of CCA (copper-chrome-arsenic) approved by all over the World because of its superior performance against wood-inhabiting fungi and insects, New and environmentally friendly materials have developed due to this substance banned. Among of developed impregnation materials, copper-azole is the most widely used, because it is highly effective against fungi and insects, although some fungal species shows tolerance.In the study, the performance of woody materials against some decay fungi were investigated against copper-azolecombined with different water-repellent preservative chemicals. In this context, the synergistic effect was investigated on fungal decay test 2.4% copper azole solution and this solution adding ingredients 5-10-15% paraffin, 0,5-1-2% percent silicone respectively. We are used Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood species and full cell impregnation methods. In the study, Coniophora puteanaas brown rot agent and Trametes versicolorfungi as white rot agent were used. According to the results, the weight loss of wood samples impregnated with only copper azole were lower than compared to other variations. Weight loss of samples impregnated with copper azole was found below the 3% level. Weight loss of the sample was further reduced by incorporating paraffin and silicone in copper azole solution