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Kavitha R Sivaraman, Chirag G Patel, Thasarat S Vajaranant, Ahmad A ArefDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USAAbstract: Primary pigment dispersion syndrome (PPDS) is a bilateral condition that occurs in anatomically predisposed individuals. PPDS may evolve into pigmentary glaucoma, but it is difficult to predict which patients will progress. Secondary pigment dispersion is more often unilateral and acquired as a result of surgery, trauma, or intraocular tumor, but can likewise lead to pigmentary glaucoma. We report two cases of patients with bilateral PPDS who developed secondary pigment dispersion and pigmentary glaucoma in one eye. Patients with PPDS who acquire a secondary mechanism of pigment dispersion may be at an increased risk of progression to pigmentary glaucoma, presumably due to an increased burden of liberated pigment. In addition to regular surveillance for progression to glaucoma from PPDS, secondary causes of pigmentary dispersion in these eyes should be considered when patients present with grossly asymmetric findings. When secondary pigment dispersion is identified in eyes with PPDS, we recommend prompt intervention to alleviate the cause of secondary pigment dispersion and/or aggressive control of intraocular pressure to limit glaucomatous damage.Keywords: primary pigment dispersion syndrome, pigmentary glaucoma

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Purpose: To describe a technique for traumatic cataract management for cases in which part of the anterior capsule has been incarcerated into a healed corneal laceration., Methods: This is a single-center retrospective chart review of 3 patients with capsular/corneal incarceration after penetrating injury. Each patient underwent primary globe repair, followed by subsequent cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) and iris prosthesis placement. The main outcome measure was corrected distance visual acuity., Results: At a mean of 19-month postoperative follow-up (range 12-26 mo), corrected distance visual acuity ranged from 20/25 to 20/80 and all patients had improved vision compared with before cataract surgery. At the final follow-up, all IOLs and iris prostheses were in stable position and no eyes required corneal transplantation., Conclusions: Traumatic cataracts may be complicated by incarceration of the anterior capsule into the cornea. Incorporating the posterior aspect of the cornea into the anterior capsulotomy enables cataract removal and IOL placement in a stable capsular bag complex., Competing Interests: M. E. Snyder is a consultant, has royalty agreements with HumanOptics, and is a shareholder of VEO Ophthalmics. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate whether high-resolution optical coherence tomography (HR-OCT) can detect histologic tumor margins of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN)., Methods: Eight eyes of 8 patients with OSSN undergoing excision were studied prospectively. Immediately before surgery, the tumor was imaged using commercially available HR-OCT to identify the conjunctival margins of the neoplastic lesion. The tumor borders of the lesion determined by HR-OCT were mapped in relation to an anatomic reference point and transferred intraoperatively. The tumor was excised with 4-mm margins from the visible edge of the lesion with a "no-touch" technique. The specimens were sent for pathologic analysis and the histologic tumor margin was compared to the HR-OCT predicted tumor border., Results: Mean age of the 8 patients was 67 ± 9.9 years. Seven were male, 7 were white, and, ethnically, 3 were Hispanic. All 8 tumors were bulbar and in the exposure zone. Seven tumors were limbal. Corneal extension was present in 5. Mean tumor area was 17.5 ± 11.1 mm 2 . Clinically, 2 of the tumors were leukoplakic, 1 papillomatous, and 3 gelatinous. A conjunctival tumor margin identified with the HR-OCT coincided with the pathologically confirmed margin mark in all eyes., Conclusions: HR-OCT has the potential to predict histologic tumor margins in OSSN. Optical identification of tumor margins could potentially decrease the incidence of residual positive margins and minimize healthy tissue removal. Advances in HR-OCT technology and integration into a microscope for "real-time" imaging are needed to further improve this technique. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe a method of surgical management for cases of localized epithelial downgrowth (EDG)., Methods: Single-center retrospective chart review of patients with histologically confirmed localized EDG of stratified squamous epithelium. Each patient underwent a partial lamellar sclerokeratouvectomy encompassing the area of suspected EDG. The main outcome measure was recurrence of EDG., Results: At a mean of 51 months of postoperative follow-up (range: 31-86), no patient had evidence of recurrent EDG. One eye developed worsening of preexisting glaucoma. All 3 eyes developed localized corneal edema, but only 1 required corneal transplantation., Conclusions: EDG is a potentially devastating complication of intraocular surgery or penetrating injury. In cases of localized involvement of the anterior chamber structures, definitive management of EDG can be achieved via resection of the involved scleral, corneal, and uveal tissue. A lamellar approach minimizes tissue loss and maintains a structurally sound, pressurized globe.

Purpose: Describe the presentation and management of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)-like inflammation and secondary limbal stem cell dysfunction in the setting of ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD)., Methods: Retrospective observational case series in a multicenter clinical practice. Participants were 13 patients (26 eyes) with ocular cGVHD and SLK-like inflammation presenting to the University of Illinois at Chicago and BostonSight® between January 1, 2009 and July 1, 2013., Main Outcome Measures: 1) Reversal or worsening of SLK, and 2) development of limbal stem cell dysfunction., Results: All eyes showed evidence of SLK-like inflammation and superior limbal stem cell dysfunction manifested by conjunctival injection and superior conjunctival and corneal staining. In addition to aggressive lubrication, management strategies for SLK included topical steroids (20/26), punctal occlusion (18/26), topical cyclosporine (24/26), autologous serum tears (12/26), therapeutic soft contact lens (13/26 eyes) and scleral lenses (4/26 eyes). SLK and limbal stem cell dysfunction were reversed in 23/26 eyes. Three eyes of two patients with long-standing disease demonstrated frank limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and corneal pannus, with one patient requiring multiple reconstructive surgical procedures., Conclusions: SLK-like inflammation is an under-recognized condition in patients with severe dry eyes secondary to ocular cGVHD. Untreated SLK can potentially lead to permanent LSCD over time. Early recognition and management of SLK in ocular cGVHD can improve vision, reverse signs, and may prevent these long-term consequences., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To describe the morphological distribution of host tissue and microbial biofilms on the intraocular surfaces of Boston type I keratoprostheses (KPros) explanted because of corneal melt., Methods: Retrospective study of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images from 4 explanted Boston type I KPros composed of polymethylmethacrylate and titanium. SEM images of KPro-associated ocular surfaces were reviewed for the presence of inflammatory cells, microbes, and/or biofilm formation. One sterile type I KPro was also imaged to serve as a (device only) control., Results: All 4 KPros were explanted because of culture-negative, clinically "sterile" donor corneal melt with impending KPro extrusion. In all cases, the rough, irregular surfaces of the device harbored more adherent corneal epithelium and stromacytes, inflammatory cells, and bacteria than the smooth, polished surface of the KPro optic. Two KPros showed not only evidence of prior bacterial colonization but marked biofilm formation., Conclusions: SEM images of explanted KPros explanted for "sterile" corneal melt demonstrated evidence of biofilm formation despite negative donor corneal cultures and the absence of clinical suspicion for infection. These results suggest that "sterile" corneal melt may be due to inflammatory host responses to low microbial burdens as seen in biofilms and/or released antigens after antibiotic-induced lysis. There was increased adherence of host tissue cells and microbial biofilms on the nonpolished surfaces of the KPro. Polishing the intraocular polymethylmethacrylate and titanium KPro surfaces may decrease microbial adhesion and biofilm formation in human subjects with KPros, but what impact this will have on rates of postoperative endophthalmitis is unknown.

Purpose: To analyze the bacterial microbiota colonizing the ocular surface of patients with Boston type 1 keratoprostheses (K-Pros) for antibacterial resistance patterns and capacity to form biofilms., Methods: Twenty-seven eyes with a Boston type 1 K-Pro and 16 fellow control eyes from 26 patients were enrolled. The surface of the K-Pro optic and/or the inferior conjunctival fornix was swabbed and plated separately on culture media. Positive cultures were processed to assess for biofilm-forming capability. Microtiter plate adherence assay and polymerase chain reaction for ica and atlE genes were used. An in vitro assay of vancomycin tolerance was performed on isolated strains and compared to standard controls with and without biofilm-forming capability., Results: Eighty-five percent of K-Pro eyes and 69% of control eyes had positive cultures (P = 0.20). All Gram-positive strains exhibited susceptibility to vancomycin by standard testing. Biofilm-forming bacterial isolates were detected in 57.7% of K-Pro eyes and 53.3% of control eyes. A vancomycin tolerance assay showed that the antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) within biofilms was significant in only three of five biofilm-forming strains (P < 0.05). In all strains, bacterial cells in planktonic form were more susceptible to vancomycin than in biofilm form (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: Coagulase-negative staphylococcus can be isolated from K-Pro surfaces despite the use of vancomycin prophylaxis. In this study, the majority of isolated strains had biofilm-forming capability. In vitro vancomycin tolerance assays suggest that biofilm formation decreases susceptibility to vancomycin. This may contribute to higher rates of infectious complications observed in these patients.

Glaucoma may develop or worsen after ocular surface transplantation and often requires surgical management for adequate intraocular pressure control. Traditional glaucoma filtering procedures in patients with prior ocular surface transplant may be problematic for several reasons, which include mechanical disruption of the pre-existing graft, epithelial and stem cell toxicity induced by antifibrotic agents, and increased risk of future corneal transplantation failure. We describe the implantation of a glaucoma drainage implant via a limbal-based conjunctival incision with tube placement in the ciliary sulcus in three eyes of two patients with prior ocular surface transplantation. At a follow-up interval of 3-7 months, all three eyes have excellent postoperative control of intraocular pressure, stable vision, and healthy ocular surface grafts.

Importance: Retroprosthetic membrane (RPM) formation is the most common complication associated with the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis and has been associated with corneal melt., Objective: To identify the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of RPMs associated with corneal melt., Design, Setting, and Participants: Observational histopathological case series at a tertiary eye care referral center among patients who underwent Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis explantation because of donor corneal melt at the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary between January 1, 2011, and January 1, 2012., Exposures: Seven RPM specimens from 7 eyes were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin AE1/3, smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and CD34. Light microscopy was used to evaluate specimens for inflammation and epithelial ingrowth. XY-karyotyping using fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed on 4 specimens with known donor-recipient sex mismatch., Main Outcomes and Measures: Histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of RPMs., Results: Inflammatory cells were present in 4 of 7 RPMs. In 3 of 4 sex-mismatched specimens, tissue XY-karyotyping of the RPM interphase cells was consistent with the host sex karyotype. The fourth specimen showed a mixture of recipient-type and donor-type cells., Conclusions and Relevance: Melt-associated RPMs show variable degrees of inflammation. Most membranes seem to originate from a proliferation of host cells, but donor tissue may contribute in some cases.

Purpose: To report a novel application of a porous polyethylene implant for lid stabilization and management of eyelid retraction in a patient with an exposed Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II., Methods: A 54-year-old woman with a history of mucous membrane pemphigoid and failed penetrating keratoplasty of the left eye underwent implantation of a Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) Type II along with permanent surgical fusion of the upper and lower lids of the left eye in January 2010. At one month follow-up, significant retraction of the lower lid around the inferior margin of the optic was noted, resulting in partial exposure of the keratoprosthesis. The patient subsequently underwent left lower eyelid reconstruction with a porous polyethylene implant to ensure coverage and stability of the KPro., Results: Eyelid reconstruction using a porous polyethylene implant resulted in stable retention of the KPro Type II for over 2 years., Conclusion: In patients with Boston KPro Type II in the setting of severe cicatrizing ocular surface disease, the use of a porous polyethylene implant during eyelid reconstruction around the KPro optic may aid in maintaining eyelid integrity and improving KPro stability and longevity.

Purpose: To evaluate whether retro-backplate retroprosthetic membrane is correlated with risk of melt in patients with a type I Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro)., Design: Retrospective, observational case series., Methods: Study of 50 eyes of 47 patients with type I Boston KPro and postoperative anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) imaging performed at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Main outcome measures were presence of retro-backplate membrane and development of melt requiring explantation. For eyes with melt, membrane thickness was measured using the AS OCT images obtained at the last visit before melt occurred. For eyes without melt, the last available AS OCT images were used for measurement., Results: AS OCT evidence of a retro-backplate membrane was observed in 100% of eyes that melted and in 34.1% of eyes that did not (P = .0034; risk ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 4.4). Retro-backplate membrane thickness in the melt group was 278 μm versus 193 μm in the nonmelt group (P = .025)., Conclusions: The retro-backplate portion of a retroprosthetic membrane is to be differentiated from the retro-optic portion seen at the slit lamp. The retro-backplate membrane as shown by AS OCT imaging is correlated with an increased risk of sterile keratolysis, possibly because of impedance of nutritional support from the aqueous humor. Further studies are needed to better standardize the AS OCT measurements of retro-backplate membranes as well as to identify early interventions to prevent progression of thin membranes once identified on AS OCT., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Diving into lakes and ponds is a common activity of rural children. We present two cases of penetrating orbital injuries from plant matter sustained in this manner. Such injuries pose a particular challenge because wooden foreign bodies are often missed during orbital exploration, and current imaging modalities cannot reliably identify retained organic material. When a patient presents with orbital penetration after a high-risk mechanism of injury, such as freshwater diving, the clinician must maintain a very high index of suspicion for retained wooden foreign body.

Purpose: To determine the etiologic diagnosis of infectious corneal ulcers at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, a tertiary teaching hospital in Kathmandu Nepal, from 2006-2009., Methods: This study involved a review of all microbiology records at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology from August 2006 through July 2009. Microbiologic records from the corneal scrapings of all patients suspected of having infectious corneal ulcers were included., Results: Corneal scrapings were obtained from 468 patients. The average patient age was 52 years, and 55% of the affected cases were males. Microorganisms were grown from 185 of the corneal scrapings (40%). Pure bacterial cultures were obtained from 72 patients (39%), and pure fungal cultures were obtained from 113 patients (61%). Gram stain was 75% sensitive (95% confidence interval, 0.632-0.841) in identifying bacterial infection, whereas KOH prep was 80.5% sensitive (95% confidence interval, 0.718-0.871) in identifying fungal organisms. Of 72 bacterial isolates, 50 isolates (69%) were Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common organism isolated in this study. Of 113 fungal isolates, 40 of isolates (35%) were identified as Aspergillus sp., Conclusions: Fungal organisms (61%) are the most common cause of infectious keratitis in this patient population. Of all organisms, S. pneumoniae was the most common organism identified. Smear microscopy is reliable in rapidly determining the etiology of the corneal infection and can be used to help guide initial therapy in this setting.