Search

Purpose: To examine the accuracy of cystography under general anesthesia in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Materials and Methods: A prospective study of children who had VUR on cystography without general anesthesia (i.e., the gold‐standard), and who are candidates for endoscopic VUR repair surgery. All children subsequently underwent a cystography under general anesthesia before injection using standardized method, which was compared to the gold‐standard cystography. χ2 and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare proportions and medians between groups. Results: Between 2017 and 2021, 126 renal units in 13 boys and 50 girls were included. Median age was 3.4 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.5−6.5). Median time from cystography without to cystography with general anesthesia was 3.8 months (IQR 2.7−6). Of the 126 renal units, 96 had VUR on cystography without general anesthesia. On dichotomous analysis (no VUR vs. any VUR) sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of cystography under general anesthesia were 47% (45/96), 87% (26/30), 34% (26/77) and 92% (45/49), respectively. Accuracy was 56.3%; Cohen's Kappa coefficient was 0.22, indicating poor agreement. In subgroup analysis, the sensitivity of cystography under general anesthesia was significantly lower in primary VUR (20% vs. 55% in secondary VUR, p = 0.01) and active VUR (14% vs. 52% in passive VUR, p = 0.008). Conclusion: Cystography under general anesthesia was poorly correlated to cystography performed while the child was awake or lightly sedated. Clinical decision relying on this cystography is questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To review and update several aspects of testicular torsion., Incidence: The relative incidence of testicular torsion, torsion of testicular appendix and epididymo-orchitis is variable and depends on mode of diagnosis and patients' age. AGE: Testicular torsion can occur at any age. The peak is in adolescents below the age of 18 years., Symptoms: Classical symptoms are not always present. Range of duration is varied. Nausea and vomiting are positive predictive value for testicular torsion., Physical Examination: Main findings predicting testicular torsion are absence of cremasteric reflex and diffuse tenderness., Imaging: Color Doppler Ultrasound can assess in equivocal and low clinical suspicious conditions for testicular torsion., Neonatal Torsion: There are two conditions in this age group; the prenatal that urgent exploration is in controversy and postnatal that urgent surgery is required., Late Outcome: Early salvage rate and late atrophy depends on duration and degree of torsion., Medicolegal: Testicular torsion is an active area of malpractice litigation. Late presentation and atypical presentations do not affect the medicolegal outcome.