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Introduction Twenty-four-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance with double probe pH monitoring (MII-pH), though considered the most sensitive tool for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is invasive, time consuming, not widely available, and unable to detect non-acid reflux. In contrast, the presence of pepsin in the saliva would act as a marker for reflux, considering that pepsin is only produced in the stomach. Objective To evaluate the predictive value of salivary pepsin in diagnosing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) as suggested by the results of reflux symptom index (RSI > 13), reflux finding score (RFS > 7), and positive response to treatment with a 4-week course of proton-pump inhibitors. Methods This prospective study was done at a tertiary care hospital on 120 adult patients attending ENT OPD with clinical diagnosis of LPR. The presence of pepsin in their pharyngeal secretions and saliva using a lateral flow device, the Peptest, was compared with RSI, RFS, and with the response to medical treatment using the Chi-squared test. Results Salivary pepsin was found to be positive in 68% of the patients, with 87.5% of them showing positive response to treatment. Chi-squared analysis showed a significant association between positive salivary pepsin and RFS > 7, RSI >13, a combination of RFS > 7 and RSI > 13 as well as with response to treatment (p

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, whose incidence is rapidly increasing in India. T2DM is caused by varying degrees of insulin resistance (IR) and relative insulin deficiency. Leptin, an adipokine with the primary function of regulating energy balance, is found to mediate insulin secretion and sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Hence, we aimed to determine the role of leptin in the development of IR in newly diagnosed T2DM patients., Aim: This study aims to compare the leptin levels and homeostatic model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) levels in the study population., Material and Methods: The study included a total of sixty patients newly diagnosed with T2DM. Their fasting blood samples were collected to estimate the glucose, insulin, and leptin levels. IR was calculated using HOMA-IR formula. Statistical analysis was done by Pearson's correlation, Spearman's correlation, and One-sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank test., Results: Leptin and HOMA-IR levels were significantly high in T2DM patients ( P < 0.001) when compared with reference values. Body mass index showed a significant positive correlations with insulin ( r = 0.40, P < 0.01), HOMA-IR ( r = 0.37, P < 0.01), and leptin levels ( r = 0.90, P < 0.01). Leptin levels showed significant positive correlations with plasma insulin ( r = 0.35, P < 0.01) and HOMA-IR levels ( r = 0.31, P < 0.05). The correlation between leptin and HOMA-IR levels was more pronounced and significant among the obese T2DM subjects ( r = 0.82, P = 0.01)., Conclusion: Hyperleptinemia reflecting leptin resistance plays an important role in the development of IR in obeseT2DM patients, making leptin a possible biomarker for the same., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.