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AbstractThis study examines the impact of visual assistance and cognitive load on situation awareness (SA) during takeover events in Level 3 (L3) autonomous driving, where drivers are permitted to engage in Non-Driving Related Tasks (NDRTs). Utilizing a driving simulator, the research explores how different NDRTs, occupying various sensory channels, influence drivers’ SA under two visual assistance conditions: full marking and key marking. Results from the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scales, along with eye-tracking data, demonstrate significant interactions between visual assistance conditions and tasks, highlighting key marking’s superior effectiveness in enhancing SA across all NDRTs. The study reveals that cognitive workload, largely arising from NDRTs rather than road attention, remains unaffected by visual assistance conditions. Findings suggest that drivers’ strategies for allocating attention are consistent, regardless of the visual task presence. This research contributes to understanding SA in autonomous driving takeovers, offering valuable insights for developing Human-Machine Interface (HMI) designs to improve SA and takeover performance in autonomous driving systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research indicated a need to improve pilot training with regard to understanding of autopilot logic and behavior, especially in non-routine situations. Therefore, we tested the effect of problem-based exploratory training on pilots' understanding of autopilot functions. Using a moving-base flight simulator, general aviation pilots (n = 45) were trained to diagnose failures either without foreknowledge and guidance (exploratory group), without foreknowledge but with some guidance (exploratory-guidance group) or with foreknowledge and full guidance (control group). They subsequently performed six test scenarios in which their understanding of the effects of failures was tested by requiring them to deduce the failures and select autopilot modes that were still functioning. Those who received exploratory training with guidance were significantly more likely than the other groups to diagnose failures correctly. The exploratory training group also selected the most appropriate functioning autopilot modes significantly faster than the control group. The results suggest that exploratory training with an appropriate level of guidance is useful for gaining a practical understanding of autopilot logic and behavior. Exploratory training may help to improve transfer of training to operational practice, and prevent automation surprises and accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the opportunity to use the Digital Twin of a complex system, as a Decision Support System. In studying the phenomenon of human Decision Making, the concept of Situation Awareness appears to be of primary importance when dealing with these complex systems. Given the complexity of the system to be represented in the DT, its own complexity, and the need to integrate the user's abilities to allow the acquisition of SA, the concept of reality anchor is proposed to identify the elements of the studied situation necessary for users to perceive, understand and project the situation they face. A methodology, called the Reality Anchor Methodology, has been defined to ensure the elicitation and implementation of these elements in a DT. This methodology is composed of three steps that aim (1) to elicit the reality anchors through a study of the operators' tasks and activities, (2) to design a prototype to carry out human-in-the-loop tests and (3) to validate the definition of Reality Anchors by analysing the SA, experience feedback and the activities performed during the tests. This method was applied to a case study in the oil-and-gas industry and showed the importance of the defined reality anchors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explored the use of multimodal signals in designing vehicle takeover requests. • Found that informative signals enhance processing times and situation awareness compared to instructional signals. • Multimodal displays, especially tactile-visual, outperform unimodal displays. • Observed no significant age-related differences in situation awareness levels. • Drivers showed a preference for signals conveying obstacle locations over purely instructional ones. Research has revealed that conditionally automated vehicles can adversely affect situation awareness, a crucial factor in ensuring a safe transition of driving control during takeover, particularly for older adults. The objective of this study was to design and test more complex multimodal interfaces capable of delivering critical real-time road information, including obstacle locations, statuses, and lane availability, to effectively assist drivers who may experience age-related cognitive and physical declines, when navigating complex automated systems. This study investigated the effects of displays (single tactile, and visual and tactile combined), information presentation type (instructional, informative, baseline), and age (older and younger adults) on participants' takeover performance (i.e., information processing time and situation awareness). In general, the utilization of informative information resulted in an enhancement of drivers' situation awareness and information processing time, compared to when using the instructional information type. Moreover, multimodal displays were associated with faster processing speeds compared to unimodal displays. However, no significant main effect of the display was observed on the level of situation awareness. Likewise, there was no discernible age-related disparity in situation awareness levels. Yet, younger adults exhibited shorter information processing times than older adults. This research aims to improve situation awareness and processing time to help drivers, especially older adults, prevent time-critical accidents during the takeover process in automated driving. The findings from this study may inform the design of next-generation in-vehicle human–machine interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation awareness (SA) describes an individual's understanding of their surroundings and actions in the near future based on the individual's comprehension and understanding of the surrounding inputs. SA measurements can be applied to improve system performance or human effectiveness in many fields of study, including driving. However, in some scenarios drivers might need to drive in unfamiliar traffic regulations (UFTRs), where the traffic rules and vehicle configurations are a bit different from what the drivers are used to under familiar traffic regulations. Such driving conditions require drivers to adapt their attention, knowledge, and reactions to safely reach the destination. This ability is influenced by the degree of handedness. In such tasks, mixed-/left-handed people show better performance than strong right-handed people. This paper aims to explore the influence of the degree of handedness on SA when driving under UFTRs. We analyzed the SA of two groups of drivers: strong right-handed drivers and mixed-/left-handed drivers. Both groups were not familiar with driving in keep-left traffic regulations. Using a driving simulator, all participants drove in a simulated keep-left traffic system. The participants' SA was measured using a subjective assessment, named the Participant Situation Awareness Questionnaire PSAQ, and performance-based assessment. The results of the study indicate that mixed-/left-handed participants had significantly higher SA than strong right-handed participants when measured by performance-based assessment. Also, in the subjective assessment, mixed-/left-handed participants had significantly higher PSAQ performance scores than strong right-handed participants. The findings of this study suggest that advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), which show improvement in road safety, should adapt the system functionality based on the driver's degree of handedness when driving under UFTRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During SAE L3 automated driving, drivers engage in non-driving related tasks (NTRDs), but NTRDs impair situation awareness (SA) and takeover quality. This study aimed to find an NTRD that is interesting but has a minimal negative impact on SA. Given the strong impact of games on cognition, we studied how games affected SA and takeover performance. In the game survey, we investigated the impact of four type of games on driving SA. The results showed that there were some games positively affected SA (situational game). In the formal experiment, we used a realistic simulated driving environment to investigate the effect of games on SA and takeover performance. A 3 (task type: situational game/non-situational game/monitoring) × 4 (attention duration, time between monitoring requests and takeover requests: 4 s/6 s/8 s/10 s) mixed design was used. Results showed that drivers who engaged in the situational game had higher SA, better takeover performance, and required less attention duration than drivers who engaged in the non-situational game. Both groups showed faster takeover time than the monitoring group, indicating higher arousal. Our research results indicate that playing situational games can improve SA and takeover quality in automated driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency sensors are an important means for electromagnetic situation awareness, where the radio frequency signals are detected and analyzed to provide the necessary data support for electromagnetic situation awareness. In view of the problems with existing radio frequency sensors such as incompleteness and poor integration of acquired information, on the basis of a distributed architecture and proceeding from multiple domains such as time, frequency, space, and energy, a distributed multi-domain radio frequency sensor for electromagnetic situation awareness was designed for multi-domain collaborative detection of radio frequency signals, thereby providing an important reference for analyzing and evaluating the electromagnetic situation on the battlefields. First, the hardware scheme of the sensor was designed based on the Zynq multi-processor (ZynqMP) and the ADRV9009 radio frequency transceiver chip, followed by the physical production and testing of the system. Then, corresponding extraction algorithms were designed for the key characteristic indexes in the domains of time, frequency, space, and energy. Finally, the corresponding internal and external field experiments were designed for comparison and test of the functions and performance. The results of actual experiments show that the error of the number of oscillations of the waveform obtained by the sensor in the time domain is less than 1. 92%, the measurement error of the signal bandwidth and center frequency in the frequency domain is less than 3. 2% and 0. 04%, respectively, the error of energy calculation in the energy domain is less than 5. 6% ; and the measurement error of direction-of-arrival angle in the space domain is less than 2. 7% . Therefore, the expectations of the design have been met. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation Awareness (SA) is a cornerstone for system verification and validation, particularly vital at the future Shore Control Centre (SCC). However, engine room monitoring (ERM) receives little attention regarding the SA. This research conducted two Likert-type surveys with 201 marine engineers and employed a descriptive statistic and the Mann–Whitney U test to investigate cue strengths in forming comprehension around the engine room and generality in cue strengths by ship types, experience and ranks of respondents. The importance varies to different extents, and their perspectives seem not to deviate much, with the max disagreement rate at 12% by ship types and the ranks of respondents. The extent of disagreement tends to reduce with the increment of experience thresholds. The outcomes offer a promising strategy for developing a human-centred monitoring system to mitigate the potential risk of information overload and incorrect schema instantiation at the future SCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare today is the prerogative of teams rather than of individuals. In acute care domains such as anaesthesia, intensive care, and emergency medicine, the work is complex and fast-paced, and the team members are diverse and interdependent. Three decades of research into the behaviours of high-performing teams provides us with clear guidance on team training, demonstrating positive effects on patient safety and staff wellbeing. Here we consider team performance through the lens of situation awareness. Maintaining situation awareness is an absolute requirement for safe and effective patient management. Situation awareness is a dynamic process of perceiving cues in the environment, understanding what they mean, and predicting how the situation may evolve. In the context of acute clinical care, situation awareness can be improved if the whole team actively contributes to monitoring the environment, processing information, and planning next steps. In this narrative review, we explore the concept of situation awareness at the level of the team, the conditions required to maintain team situation awareness, and the relationship between team situation awareness, shared mental models, and team performance. Our ultimate goal is to help clinicians create the conditions required for high-functioning teams, and ultimately improve the safety of clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluated the causal relationships among situation awareness (SA), cohesion, and autonomic synchrony (S E ) within teams. SA is often a team effort and should be more accurate in better-functioning teams. Background: Cohesive teams perform better overall, although the relationship appears reciprocal; the relationship to SA has not been considered previously. S E is a collective neurocognitive activity that has been connected to team coordination, communication, and performance in some circumstances. Method: In this experiment, 71 undergraduates, organized into 16 teams, played two matches of a first-person shooter computer game and completed self-report measures of cohesion and SA. S E was determined through time series analysis of electrodermal responses using the driver-empath framework. Results: Empaths and those who came from more synchronized teams reported less cohesion in the team. Granger causality regression showed reciprocal relations among SA, S E , and cohesion that were both positive and negative after controlling for match difficulty. Conclusion: The cohesion-SA relationship is similar to the reciprocal cohesion-performance relationship. S E plays an important and independent role in both the social and cognitive aspects of team behavior. It is possible, furthermore, that individuals who are more attuned to their co-workers reported a more accurate, and less obliging, social situation. Application: Results are applicable to situations requiring teamwork in a dynamic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation awareness (SA) is critical for decision making and performance in a wide variety of fields. It is quite challenging to achieve however, due to information overload, poorly integrated technologies, system complexity, workload, and automation. SA-oriented design (SAOD) was developed as a systematic methodology for addressing these challenges. The goal of the current paper is to review the contribution of SAOD and its usefulness for system design. SAOD is summarized and compared to other design approaches. An example of SAOD applied to command and control is provided. Results of SAOD applications are reviewed and directions for further development of SAOD are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philips Visual Patient Avatar, a user-centered visualization technology, offers an alternative approach to patient monitoring. Computer-based simulation studies indicate that it increases diagnostic accuracy and confidence, while reducing perceived workload. About three months after the technology's integration into clinical practice, we conducted an assessment among anesthesia providers to determine their views on its strengths, limitations, and overall perceptions. This single-center qualitative study at the University Hospital of Zurich examined anesthesia providers' perceptions of the Philips Visual Patient Avatar after its implementation. The study included an online survey to identify medical personnel's opinions on the technology's strengths and areas for improvement, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of 63 of the 377 invited anesthesia providers (16.7%) responded to the survey. Overall, 163 comments were collected. The most prevalent positive themes were good presentation of specific parameters (16/163; 9.8%) and quick overview/rapid identification of problems (15/163; 9.2%). The most common perceived area for improvement was the ability to adjust the visualization thresholds of Visual Patient Avatar, which represent the physiological upper and lower vital-sign limits (33/163; 20.3%). The study showed that users consider Philips Visual Patient Avatar a valuable asset in anesthesia, allowing for easier identification of underlying problems. However, the study also revealed a user desire for the ability to freely adjust the thresholds of the Visual Patient Avatar by the handling caregivers, which were fixed to the departmental standard during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimming at the multitudinous battlefield situation information and the difficulty in recognizing the changing trends, based on large models, a situation awareness agent and an intelligent situation awareness inductive method are proposed. Starting from cognitive concepts and combining the abstractness and embodiment characteristics of agents, three key components in the construction of agents have been clarified: learning environment, memory mode, and knowledge generation mechanism. The architecture of the battlefield situation awareness agent is designed, including memory component, planning component, execution component, evaluation component, and key points for agent training. In the long-term memory component, based on the modeling characteristics of complex battlefield states, the paper discusses the application of large language models, multimodal large models and large sequence models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study developed a fixation-related electroencephalography band power (FRBP) approach for situation awareness (SA) assessment in automated driving. Background: Maintaining good SA in Level 3 automated vehicles is crucial to drivers' takeover performance when the automated system fails. A multimodal fusion approach that enables the analysis of the visual behavioral and cognitive processes of SA can facilitate real-time assessment of SA in future driver state monitoring systems. Method: Thirty participants performed three simulated automated driving tasks. After each task, the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) was deployed to capture their SA about key elements that could affect their takeover task performance. Participants eye movements and brain activities were recorded. Data on their brain activity after each eye fixation on the key elements were extracted and labeled according to the correctness of the SAGAT. Mixed-effects models were used to identify brain regions that were indicative of SA, and machine learning models for SA assessment were developed based on the identified brain regions. Results: Participants' alpha and theta oscillation at frontal and temporal areas are indicative of SA. In addition, the FRBP technique can be used to predict drivers' SA with an accuracy of 88% using a neural network model. Conclusion: The FRBP technique, which incorporates eye movements and brain activities, can provide more comprehensive evaluation of SA. Findings highlight the potential of utilizing FRBP to monitor drivers' SA in real-time. Application: The proposed framework can be expanded and applied to driver state monitoring systems to measure human SA in real-world driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of Network Security Situation (abbreviated as NSS for short) technology is in a period of vigorous development recently. NSS technology means network security situational awareness technology. It refers to the technology of collecting, processing, and analyzing various real-time information in the network to understand and evaluate the current network security status. It can not only find network security threats, but also reflect the NSS in the system security metrics, and provide users with targeted security protection measures. Based on data mining methods, this paper analyzed and models perceived threats and security events with data mining algorithms, and improved information security measurement methods based on association analysis. This paper proposed network security information analysis and NSS based on data mining, and analyzed the experimental results of network awareness of NSS information security measurement. The experimental results showed that when the Timer was 8, the accuracy of the awareness of NSS information security measurement method based on data mining can reach 92.89%. The data mining model had the highest accuracy of 93.14% in situation understanding and evaluation of KDDCup-99 dataset. The results showed that the model can accurately predict the NSS. When Timer was 6, the highest accuracy of the model was 92.71%. In general, the NSS prediction mining model based on KDDCup-99 can better understand, evaluate and predict the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between situation awareness (SA) and the physical environment in patient rooms through building a conceptual model. Background: Nurses work in very complicated and dynamic environments where having high levels of SA could be critical for their performance. Studies have also shown that nurses' awareness of the physical environment and patient room is a part of their awareness of dynamic situations in which nurses' spatial awareness may play a role in SA. Despite literature outlining the importance of SA, there is a lack of studies exploring the relationship between the two. Method: A literature review was conducted for the study from nursing and psychology databases. Thirty-three articles, books, and dissertations from a scoping review were included for in-depth review. Results: An in-depth review of the harvested literature indicated that there is in fact a relationship between these two phenomena. Founded on Endsley's model of SA, the literature review in this study offers a conceptual model that articulates a plausible causal pathway between the physical environment and SA. Conclusions: There are a lot of studies focusing on SA and various aspects of it related to nursing, but almost none mention the physical environment and its impact on SA. The current inquiry suggests that spatial awareness plays a prominent role in SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study used the looking-at-nothing phenomenon to explore situation awareness (SA) and the effects of working memory (WM) load in driving situations. Background: While driving, people develop a mental representation of the environment. Since errors in retrieving information from this representation can have fatal consequences, it is essential for road safety to investigate this process. During retrieval, people tend to fixate spatial positions of visually encoded information, even if it is no longer available at that location. Previous research has shown that this "looking-at-nothing" behavior can be used to trace retrieval processes. Method: In a video-based laboratory experiment with 2 (WM) x 3 (SA level) within-subjects design, participants (N = 33) viewed a reduced screen and evaluated auditory statements relating to different SA levels on previously seen dynamic traffic scenarios while eye movements were recorded. Results: When retrieving information, subjects more frequently fixated emptied spatial locations associated with the information relevant for the probed SA level. The retrieval of anticipations (SA level 3) in contrast to the other SA level information resulted in more frequent gaze transitions that corresponded to the spatial dynamics of future driving behavior. Conclusion: The results support the idea that people build a visual-spatial mental image of a driving situation. Different gaze patterns when retrieving level-specific information indicate divergent retrieval processes. Application: Potential applications include developing new methodologies to assess the mental representation and SA of drivers objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ongoing turn to automation, the growing trend towards the design of conditionally and highly automated vehicles (C/HAV) is evident. In a CAV, the driver no longer needs to partake in the driving. However, the vehicle might send a takeover request (TOR) when the CAV's system reaches its operational boundaries, i.e. a call for a transition from autonomous to manual drive. Previous research on TORs has focused on the context of urgent situations, e.g. hazards and unpredictable events. Furthermore, it has been noted that drivers' situation awareness (SA) deteriorates after being in autonomous drive. However, less is known about TORs in non-urgent situations. Motivated by this need, the study explores how design friction can serve as a guiding concept for transferring control between autonomous and manual drive in non-urgent situations to increase situation awareness. Design friction is defined as elements of interactions that steer attention and guides the driver to take informed decisions. The work resulted in prototypes that leveraged design friction as part of a takeover sequence. The proposed design was empirically evaluated in a fixed-base medium-fidelity driving simulator. The results indicated that the level of friction might have been too extensive, as some annoyance was expressed. However, participants claimed to feel calm and aware of their surroundings at the moment of regaining control of the vehicle. This suggests that design friction is a promising tool for guiding concept design to enhance transitions from autonomous to manual drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evaluation of a system warning cyclists against safety critical events trimodally. • Cyclist warning system using real time information provided by connected traffic. • Earlier braking reactions for rides with vs. without warning system. • System can enhance cyclists' situation awareness in safety critical situations. • Increased perceived safety and stable workload for rides with vs. without system. Problem: Increasing numbers of crashes involving pedelecs, and particularly older pedelec users, induce a need to enhance cycling safety. We evaluated a prototype cyclist warning system (CWS) that aims to increase situation awareness (SA) by alerting to safety critical events (SCE) with trimodal (auditory, visual, tactile). Method: To investigate the effects of CWS usage, we conducted a 2x2 mixed design bicycle simulator study with factors (1) CWS usage (within: rides WITH vs. WITHOUT CWS) and (2) age group (between: younger vs. older cyclists) on braking reaction time, gaze behavior, mental workload, and perceived safety. In sum, N = 64 participants (n = 32 younger, 18–40 years; n = 32 older, ≥ 55 years) took part in the study and experienced two balanced blocks of short rides including SCE of particular relevance for cycling safety. Results: CWS usage resulted in earlier braking reactions to all investigated SCE and partly earlier fixation on the critical interaction partners (CIP) indicating increased cyclists' SA. Consistently to behavioral measures, participants' assessments regarding perceived safety further supported the safety improvements derived from CWS independently of age group. Moreover, CWS usage did not add to mental workload ratings. Age effects were selectively found for gaze data showing that across all SCE, older adults fixated longer and more frequently on street alignment, and less frequently on other road users. Discussion: Taken together, the CWS evaluation showed promising results indicating the potential of the tested CWS to increase SA and enhance cyclists' safety both on a behavioral level and regarding subjective assessments. Further research should address the systems' safety potential under real-world conditions and for situations of higher complexity. Practical Applications: Understanding the potential impact of road safety measures such as CWS is important to contribute effectively to reducing SCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient monitoring is crucial in critical care medicine. Perceiving and interpreting multiple vital signs requires a high workload that can lead to decreased situation awareness and consequently inattentional blindness, defined as impaired perception of unexpectedly changing data. To facilitate information transfer, we developed and validated the Visual-Patient avatar. Generated by numerical data, the animation displays the status of vital signs and patient installations according to a user-centered design to improve situation awareness. As a surrogate parameter for information transfer in patient monitoring, we recorded visual attention using eye-tracking data. In this computer-based study, we compared the correlation of visually perceived and correctly interpreted vital signs between a Visual-Patient-avatar ICU and conventional patient monitoring. A total of 50 recruited study participants (25 nurses, 25 physicians) from five European study centers completed five randomized scenarios in both modalities. Using a stationary eye tracker as the primary endpoint, we recorded how long different areas of interest of the two monitoring modalities were viewed. In addition, we tested for a possible association between the length of time an area of interest was viewed and the correctness of the corresponding question. With the conventional monitor, participants looked at the installation site the longest (median 2.13–2.51 s). With the Visual-Patient-avatar ICU, gaze distribution was balanced; no area of interest was viewed for particularly long. For both modalities, the longer an area was viewed, the more likely the associated question was answered incorrectly (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99, p = 0.008). The Visual-Patient-avatar ICU facilitates and improves information transfer through its visualizations, especially with written information. The longer an area of interest was viewed, the more likely the associated question was answered incorrectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper intends to explore the safety of users using smart glasses to read articles while walking. We explore two factors of text presentation: the number of displayed words and the control methods of the text. Three text display modes (RSVP5, 3-lines, Page) and three text control modes (Auto, Manual, Mix) are designed and implemented. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the text display and control methods. One is to evaluate the user’s responsiveness, assessing how quickly the user is allowed to initiate a behavior when faced with an immediate need to respond. The other is to evaluate the ability of users to observe the surrounding environment, assessing whether the user can have sufficient ability to notice when an abnormal situation occurs. Besides the safety aspects, we also measure users’ cognitive workload, system usability, and other subjective statistics as their user experience. The experimental results showed that in the display modes, providing too much text at one time reduced the user’s ability to respond, and the RSVP5 display mode resulted in a poorer user experience. In terms of the control modes, the mix control modes make it easier for users to ignore their surroundings, and the auto control mode gets the worst user experience. As a result, when considering both safety and user experience, we suggest a smart glasses reading system should display a few lines of text at a time and let the users fully and manually control the text. Finally, a few guidelines are provided suggesting how to design a smart glasses reading system for pedestrians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Examine the extent to which increasing information integration across displays in a simulated submarine command and control room can reduce operator workload, improve operator situation awareness, and improve team performance. Background: In control rooms, the volume and number of sources of information are increasing, with the potential to overwhelm operator cognitive capacity. It is proposed that by distributing information to maximize relevance to each operator role (increasing information integration), it is possible to not only reduce operator workload but also improve situation awareness and team performance. Method: Sixteen teams of six novice participants were trained to work together to combine data from multiple sensor displays to build a tactical picture of surrounding contacts at sea. The extent that data from one display were available to operators at other displays was manipulated (information integration) between teams. Team performance was assessed as the accuracy of the generated tactical picture. Results: Teams built a more accurate tactical picture, and individual team members had better situation awareness and lower workload, when provided with high compared with low information integration. Conclusion: A human-centered design approach to integrating information in command and control settings can result in lower workload, and enhanced situation awareness and team performance. Application: The design of modern command and control rooms, in which operators must fuse increasing volumes of complex data from displays, may benefit from higher information integration based on a human-centered design philosophy, and a fundamental understanding of the cognitive work that is carried out by operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual Patient Avatar ICU is an innovative approach to patient monitoring, enhancing the user's situation awareness in intensive care settings. It dynamically displays the patient's current vital signs using changes in color, shape, and animation. The technology can also indicate patient-inserted devices, such as arterial lines, central lines, and urinary catheters, along with their insertion locations. We conducted an international, multi-center study using a sequential qualitative-quantitative design to evaluate users' perception of Visual Patient Avatar ICU among physicians and nurses. Twenty-five nurses and twenty-five physicians from the ICU participated in the structured interviews. Forty of them completed the online survey. Overall, ICU professionals expressed a positive outlook on Visual Patient Avatar ICU. They described Visual Patient Avatar ICU as a simple and intuitive tool that improved information retention and facilitated problem identification. However, a subset of participants expressed concerns about potential information overload and a sense of incompleteness due to missing exact numerical values. These findings provide valuable insights into user perceptions of Visual Patient Avatar ICU and encourage further technology development before clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Regular on-road views do not maintain situation awareness during automated driving. • Unintuitively, regular views of the road failed to improve take-over performance. • Recovery of situation awareness remains crucial for safe take-over process. • Situation awareness maintenance remains a challenge in automated driving. The loss of situation awareness (SA) caused by the out-of-the-loop phenomenon is a major problem for successful take-overs after highly automated driving. Despite recent advances in driving automation, a human backup for the automated system is currently indispensable. For uneventful situations, the automation works and drivers can perform engaging non-driving-related tasks (NDRTs). However, they need to be ready to respond at all times in case of a take-over request (TOR). For smooth and safe transition from automated to manual control, SA has to be re-established within seconds. We investigated whether regular out-the-window looks can facilitate this process. This driving simulation study is the first to investigate whether such situation awareness maintenance can improve take-over performance after a TOR. In a repeated-measures design, 89 participants experienced 5-minutes of highly automated driving with a NDRT followed by a critical take-over situation. Every 30 s, participants were asked either to monitor the traffic scene for 3 s (monitoring condition) or to merely interrupt the NDRT for 3 s (control condition). We ensured that incidental traffic monitoring was impossible during the NDRT. In the control condition, participants saw a blank screen during the 3-seconds intervals. Contrary to common intuition, the results show neither improvements in objective take-over performance nor in perceived SA, driver availability, criticality, stress, risk assessment, or adequacy of the TOR. We conclude that brief interruptions of the NDRT to look at the ongoing traffic are unable to maintain the driver's SA during highly automated driving. Future studies should therefore focus on other measures to optimize the recovery of SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood gas analysis plays a central role in modern medicine. Advances in technology have expanded the range of available parameters and increased the complexity of their interpretation. By applying user-centered design principles, it is possible to reduce the cognitive load associated with interpreting blood gas analysis. In this international, multicenter study, we explored anesthesiologists' perspectives on Visual Blood, a novel visualization technique for presenting blood gas analysis results. We conducted interviews with participants following two computer-based simulation studies, the first utilizing virtual reality (VR) (50 participants) and the second without VR (70 participants). Employing the template approach, we identified key themes in the interview responses and formulated six statements, which were rated using Likert scales from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) in an online questionnaire. The most frequently mentioned theme was the positive usability features of Visual Blood. The online survey revealed that participants found Visual Blood to be an intuitive method for interpreting blood gas analysis (median 4, interquartile range (IQR) 4-4, p < 0.001). Participants noted that minimal training was required to effectively learn how to interpret Visual Blood (median 4, IQR 4-4, p < 0.001). However, adjustments are necessary to reduce visual overload (median 4, IQR 2-4, p < 0.001). Overall, Visual Blood received a favorable response. The strengths and weaknesses derived from these data will help optimize future versions of Visual Blood to improve the presentation of blood gas analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of modern war is increasing，and the rapid operational mission planning is of great importance to improve the efficiency of command and control. This paper presents a joint operational Task Matrix （TM） model，which is a theoretical method for mission planning; A belief network model is put forward to describe the relationship among the elements in TM model ;A naive bayesian learning method for belief network is designed; A mechanism of imagination is put forward to speed up the learning process ; A search algorithm named Deep Minimum Threat Generation Tree（DMTGT） is proposed, which can efficiently calculate task priority by balancing search error and search speed. Finally, the validity of above models and algorithms is verified by simulation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the impact of interface display modalities and human-in-the-loop presence on the awareness, workload, performance, and user strategies of humans interacting with teleoperated robotic systems while conducting inspection tasks onboard spacecraft. Background: Due to recent advancements in robotic technology, free-flying teleoperated robot inspectors are a viable alternative to extravehicular activity inspection operations. Teleoperation depends on the user's situation awareness; consequently, a key to successful operations is practical bi-directional communication between human and robot agents. Method: Participants (n = 19) performed telerobotic inspection of a virtual spacecraft during two degrees of temporal communication, a Synchronous Inspection task and an Asynchronous Inspection task. Participants executed the two tasks while using three distinct visual displays (2D, 3D, AR) and accompanying control systems. Results: Anomaly detection performance was better during Synchronous Inspection than the Asynchronous Inspection of previously captured imagery. Users' detection accuracy reduced when given interactive exocentric 3D viewpoints to accompany the egocentric robot view. The results provide evidence that 3D projections, either demonstrated on a 2D interface or augmented reality hologram, do not affect the mean clearance violation time (local guidance performance), even though the subjects perceived a benefit. Conclusion: In the current implementation, the addition of augmented reality to a classical egocentric robot view for exterior inspection of spacecraft is unnecessary, as its margin of performance enhancement is limited in comparison. Application: Results are presented to inform future human–robot interfaces to support crew autonomy for deep space missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In March 2020, the municipality of Oslo's Nursing Home Agency was hit by Norway's first COVID‐19 outbreak. Being responsible for a very vulnerable group, they had to deal with a situation never before encountered and of which they had very limited knowledge. In this study, we explored how situational awareness (SA) changed from a creeping to an urgent crisis. We undertook a case study of the Nursing Home Agency's top management during the initial period of the COVID‐19 pandemic (December 2019 through late March 2020). We conducted individual interviews with the management in charge of decisions. Thematic analysis yielded four main categories affecting SA: perception of event development, perception of available time, information, and cooperation and trust. We found that subjective experience of the geographical proximity of the crisis and subjective experience of time were essential in shaping SA. Perception of time was essential to the understanding of urgency, which was an important factor in reacting properly. Further, the perception of space was necessary for the crisis to be interpreted as critical. Time and space are objective factors but are perceived subjectively. Our model showed that the crisis must be perceived as urgent for proper actions to be decided upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to create a Bayesian network (BN) model to manage and improve workers' situation awareness. The 12 important variables affecting workers' situation awareness were determined using the Fuzzy Delphi method and experts' opinions. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The BN model was created using the Dempster-Shafer theory. The expectation-maximization algorithm was employed to determine the conditional probability tables. Belief updating was utilized to determine the variables with the strongest effects on situation awareness. Based on performance evaluation criteria of the BN model, the model performance was acceptable. Environmental distraction, safety knowledge, and fatigue were the best predictors of situation awareness. Furthermore, it was found that decreasing environmental distraction and work pressure, and improving safety knowledge were the best intervention strategies to improve workers' situation awareness. Overall, we can conclude that the BN model is a powerful tool to create a causal model. Moreover, using belief updating as an exclusive characteristic of BN enables managers to select the best intervention strategies. The results of this study provide a basis for managers' decision-making to improve employee safety performance in the workplaces and the proposed model can potentially be used for employee safety performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situation awareness (SA) is the ability to recognize and understand the current state of the environment and predict state changes in the near future. The level of SA is an important basis for determining whether the operator's state is competent for the current complex task. Taking a simulated flight task as an example, the study aims to explore the influence of the mental fatigue state induced by the cumulative effect of time on the level of SA in a complex operating environment. In this study, the data of fatigue self-assessment, electrocardiogram, and eye physiological of ten participants were collected in the simulated flight tasks, and the SA scores of the participants' perception, understanding and prediction levels were evaluated using probe technology. The experimental results show that the scores of perception level of SA was basically not affected by the mental fatigue state caused by the accumulation effect, while the understanding level and prediction level both showed a decline in scores. The results of the study are of reference value for further exploring the multilevel SA level changes under the time accumulation effect in complex tasks and developing reliable human‒machine intelligence systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The goal of this systematic literature review is to investigate the relationship between indirect physiological measurements and direct measures of situation awareness (SA). Background: Across different environments and tasks, assessments of SA are often performed using techniques designed specifically to directly measure SA, such as SAGAT, SPAM, and/or SART. However, research suggests that indirect physiological sensing methods may also be capable of predicting SA. Currently, it is unclear which particular physiological approaches are sensitive to changes in SA. Method: Seven databases were searched using the PRISMA reporting guidelines. Eligibility criteria included human-subject experiments that used at least one direct SA assessment technique, as well as at least one physiological measurement. Information extracted from each article was the physiological metric(s), the direct SA measurement(s), the correlation between these two metrics, and the experimental task(s). All studies underwent a quality assessment. Results: Twenty-five articles were included in this review. Eye tracking techniques were the most commonly used physiological measures, and correlations between conscious aspects of eye movement measures and direct SA scores were observed. Evidence for cardiovascular predictors of SA were mixed. EEG studies were too few to form strong conclusions, but were consistently positive. Conclusion: Further investigation is needed to methodically collect more relevant data and comprehensively model the relationships between a wider range of physiological measurements and direct assessments of SA. Application: This review will guide researchers and practitioners in methods to indirectly assess SA with sensors and highlight opportunities for future research on wearables and SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A brief gamified immersive intervention changed 11–14-year-olds' looking behaviour. • Cycling confidence and propensity increased and were related to game performance. • Situation awareness test performance did not improve. • Explicit and implicit learning approaches may be similarly effective. Despite the health benefits of active travel, very few people in the UK choose to cycle short journeys; a frequently cited barrier is personal safety concerns. Recent research using immersive video-based training has shown promise, in terms of improving young children's situation awareness and looking behaviour when cycling, although such evidence is sparse. We designed and delivered a brief gamified immersive intervention to address this. Forty-four schoolchildren took part in a 10-minute intervention comprising 360-degree real-world point-of-view footage of a cycle journey through a busy urban environment, experienced via a head-mounted display (HMD) with built-in eye tracking. The participants were split into two groups: an explicit learning group who received instructions regarding adaptive looking behaviour, and an implicit learning group who received no instructions. In a gamified protocol, participants scored points for fixating on target areas that represented adaptive looking behaviour; reward sounds notified them when they were successful. The explicit learning group accrued points more rapidly in the early stages of the intervention, but the implicit learning group matched the explicit group's performance level by the end of the brief intervention. All participants' cycling confidence increased after the brief intervention, and these increases were correlated with their performance in the game, but participants' performance on video-based situation awareness tests did not improve. Brief gamified immersive interventions could be used to develop young cyclists' competence, and therefore confidence, regarding cycling on roads, which could, in turn, encourage them to cycle short journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial control system (ICS) is the brain of national industrial manufacturing and civil infrastructure. However, the security risks associated with ICS have become increasingly prominent, making it a significant target for cybersecurity protection. This paper proposed a solution for the issues associated with ICS security data dispersion and delayed threat perception. Specifically, the paper presented a multi-source data-driven ICS security situational awareness system named Argus, which incorporated an awareness chain for ICS security. Furthermore, the paper developed autonomous situational awareness technologies for ICS security, such as stateless high-speed device scanning, precise threat intelligence extraction, and suspicious attack behavior detection, to achieve multi-channel and three-dimensional ICS security monitoring and situational awareness. The experimental results indicated that, compared with conventional ICS situational awareness methods, the perception accuracy of the Argus system has improved by over 10%, with efficiency improvements by two orders of magnitude. Additionally, Argus allows for proactive warning and mitigation of potential security risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drivers takeover automation when they understand the consequences of the situation. • Many drivers do not know when their automation is compromised. • Increased cybersecurity knowledge improves situation awareness in AVs. • Vehicle-to-everything experience increases situation awareness in AVs. Autonomous vehicles offer many potential benefits; however, this expansion of cyber-physical systems also introduces a new potential vulnerability through cybersecurity threats. It is therefore important to understand the role vehicle occupants can play in preventing and responding to cyberattacks. The objective of this study is to (1) evaluate drivers' responses to unexpected cyberattacks, and (2) evaluate how cybersecurity knowledge affects situation awareness (SA) during cyberattacks on automated driving. A driving simulator study with 20 participants was conducted to measure drivers' performance during unexpected cyberattacks on a SAE Level 2 partially-autonomous vehicle and the infrastructure in the driving environment. Each participant experienced four driving scenarios, each scenario with a different cyberattack. Two cyberattacks were directly on the vehicle and two were on the infrastructure. Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) was used to measure participants' situation awareness during the drives and at the time of the cyberattacks. Participant takeover responses to the cyberattacks were collected through the driving simulator. Participants also completed a cybersecurity knowledge survey at the end of the experiment to assess their previous overall cyber awareness and experience with autonomous vehicles. Most of the participants recognized the cyberattacks, however only about half of the participants chose to takeover control of the vehicle during the attacks, and in one attack no one overtook the automation. Results from ANOVAs showed significantly higher SA for participants with greater familiarity with cybersecurity terms and vehicle-to-everything technology. In addition, SA scores were significantly higher for participants who believed security systems (i.e., firewall, encryption) are important and for those who felt protected against cybercrimes. The present results suggest that increased cybersecurity knowledge can cause a high level of situation awareness during automated driving, which can help drivers to control unexpected driving situations due to cybersecurity attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Situation awareness (SA) is a key indicator of operator task performance and behavioral safety in Human-Machine Interaction (HMI), and task difficulty is an important influencing factors in establishing and maintaining SA, especially in safety-critical scenarios such as flying and nuclear. However, the complexity and diversity of multitasking make it difficult to quantify task difficulty, which to a certain extent limits the research on cognitive research. To solve this problem, we proposed an approach to quantifying task difficulty in multitasking and analyzed the effect of task difficulty on different levels of SA through experiments in this paper. First, a task difficulty measure for a single meta-task was developed based on Shannon’s information theory, including both discrete and continuous meta-tasks. Next, a three-dimensional attribute model of meta-tasks was proposed to measure the difficulty value added by concurrent tasks based on multiple resource theory. Finally, an experiment was conducted to measure SA at different levels based on SAGAT, and SA under different levels of task difficulty was analyzed. The results showed a strong negative correlation between SA and task difficulty. Specifically, compared to SA at the comprehension and prediction levels, SA at the perceptual level was more easily influenced by task difficulty. This study can provide some reference for the quantify of task difficulty in human factors experiments, the optimization of tasks in HMI, and the selection of operator attention allocation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the influence of using optical see-through head-mounted displays (OST-HMDs) as a replacement for conventional monitors for an extended duration, as required for laparoscopic surgery. We developed the experiment scenario including two displays (surgical field and patient vitals) in three different combinations of the HMD and conventional monitors. An experiment was conducted to compare the task performance, situation awareness, physical discomfort, and perceived workload in the three different display settings. From this study, it was shown that even though the OST-HMD resulted in higher physical discomfort and lower self-perceived performance rating, the surgical task performance, and situation awareness were not worse, and in some conditions even better than conventional monitors. The main obstacle to using OST-HMDs to replace conventional monitors in laparoscopic surgery would be the weight of the HMDs and the head discomfort caused by wearing them for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Evaluate and model the advantage of a situation awareness (SA) supported by an augmented reality (AR) display for the ground-based joint terminal attack Controller (JTAC), in judging and describing the spatial relations between objects in a hostile zone. Background: The accurate world-referenced description of relative locations of surface objects, when viewed from an oblique slant angle (aircraft, observation post) is hindered by (1) the compression of the visual scene, amplified at a lower slang angle, (2) the need for mental rotation, when viewed from a non-northerly orientation. Approach: Participants viewed a virtual reality (VR)-simulated four-object scene from either of two slant angles, at each of four compass orientations, either unaided, or aided by an AR head-mounted display (AR-HMD), depicting the scene from a top-down (avoiding compression) and north-up (avoiding mental rotation) perspective. They described the geographical layout of four objects within the display. Results: Compared with the control condition, that condition supported by the north-up SA display shortened the description time, particularly on non-northerly orientations (9 s, 30% benefit), and improved the accuracy of description, particularly for the more compressed scene (lower slant angle), as fit by a simple computational model. Conclusion: The SA display provides large, significant benefits to this critical phase of ground-air communications in managing an attack—as predicted by the task analysis of the JTAC. Application: Results impact the design of the AR-HMD to support combat ground-air communications and illustrate the magnitude by which basic cognitive principles "scale up" to realistically simulated real-world tasks such as search and rescue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An event-related potential (ERP)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) can be used to monitor a user's cognitive state during a surveillance task in a situational awareness context. The present study explores the use of an ERP-BCI for detecting new planes in an air traffic controller (ATC). Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of different visual factors on target detection. Experiment 1 validated the type of stimulus used and the effect of not knowing its appearance location in an ERP-BCI scenario. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of the size of the target stimulus appearance area and the stimulus salience in an ATC scenario. The main results demonstrate that the size of the plane appearance area had a negative impact on the detection performance and on the amplitude of the P300 component. Future studies should address this issue to improve the performance of an ATC in stimulus detection using an ERP-BCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of analyzing the development of underwater multi-platform cluster variable granularity situational awareness, this paper studies the system of systems and the synchronization of spatiotemporal evolution for multi granularity underwater situation awareness. Virtual physical artificial intelligence theory and method for multi granularity underwater situation awareness are proposed to establish the dynamic virtual physical neural network embedded with interpretation models of context and knowledge. Driven by spatiotemporal data and context information, multi granularity underwater situation awareness and synchronous situation evolution analysis across domains are realized to make collaborative intelligent decisions for underwater offensive and defensive confrontation tasks. Theoretical analysis and numerical results show that multi granularity underwater situation awareness and synchronous situation evolution analysis can enhance information superiority by integrating cluster resources, with optimal involved functional domains and space-time scales. Our approach can provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the construction and development of underwater all-around attack and defense systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A hazard perception training course was designed to maximize retention of learning. • A randomised control design was used to evaluate the course with novice drivers. • Trainees had higher hazard prediction test scores in the short-term (9 days post). • Trainees also out-performed controls in the medium-term (2 months post). • There was no significant decrease in test scores between the two retention periods. Hazard perception training has been proposed as a potential strategy for reducing crash risk in drivers. Although previous work has shown that hazard perception is a trainable skill, it also indicates that the effect of hazard perception training often decays over time, sometimes to the point of being negated. In the present study, we evaluate a hazard perception training course specifically designed to minimize the rate of forgetting through the use of evidence-based strategies such as incorporating distributed practice and taking advantage of the contextual interference effect. We report data on a sample of novice drivers, in which we evaluated the effect of the course on a validated measure of hazard perception skill (a verbal-response "hazard prediction test") in both the short term (M = 9.24 days, or 1.32 weeks) and medium term (M = 9.87 weeks, or 2.27 months), using a randomized control design. At both retention points, trained participants scored significantly and substantially higher than an untrained control group, adjusting for baseline performance. Further, the hazard prediction scores of trained drivers did not significantly decrease between the short- and medium-term assessment points, indicating that there was no evidence of skill decay over this time frame. There was also no evidence that completing the course increased driver confidence at any time point, which is important given that increased confidence could potentially lead to unintended negative effects on crash risk. The results suggest that the training course improves a skill that has been associated with crash risk over a time period that is of practical value, especially as refresher training sessions could be used to further extend the effect into the longer term (i.e., beyond the duration examined in this study) if necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Situation awareness (SA) is a key factor in accountability and ensuring patient safety in health care. SA is an essential element to research on human factors in healthcare. It is essential to identify valid instruments for measuring this concept and assessing how it is affected by interventions and educational methods. Methods: This systematic review aimed to assess the measurement properties of situation awareness instruments in health care providers' (HCPS) using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology. Four databases (Medline (through PubMed), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were systematically searched. A manual search was also conducted on Google Scholar and the reference list of the included primary studies to supplement the electronic search. Studies aiming to determine the measurement properties of SA instruments or non-technical skills in HCPS were included. The overall results for each measurement property were reported as sufficient, insufficient, inconsistent, or indeterminate, and the quality of evidence was reported as high, moderate, low, or very low. Results: A total of 25 studies and 15 instruments were included in the study. More than one measurement property was reported in some of the studies, and none of the studies presented all measurement properties. The most common measurement properties were content validity (12/25) and internal consistency (12/25). Cross‐cultural validity and responsiveness were not investigated in any study. Evidence quality for the measurement properties was not high in any of the 15 instruments. Conclusions: None of the instruments can be recommended as the most suitable instrument, and all instruments were classified as promising instruments in need of further psychometric assessment. This systematic review proves the dire need for the development and psychometric evaluation of instruments to measure SA in HCPs in clinical settings. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020147349. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network security situation awareness (NSSA) is an integral part of cybersecurity defense, and it is essential for cybersecurity managers to respond to increasingly sophisticated cyber threats. Different from traditional security measures, NSSA can identify the behavior of various activities in the network and conduct intent understanding and impact assessment from a macro perspective so as to provide reasonable decision support, predicting the development trend of network security. It is a means to analyze the network security quantitatively. Although NSSA has received extensive attention and exploration, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews of the related technologies. This paper presents a state-of-the-art study on NSSA that can help bridge the current research status and future large-scale application. First, the paper provides a concise introduction to NSSA, highlighting its development process. Then, the paper focuses on the research progress of key technologies in recent years. We further discuss the classic use cases of NSSA. Finally, the survey details various challenges and potential research directions related to NSSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Situation awareness (SA) refers to people's perception and understanding of their dynamic environment. In primary care, reduced SA among physicians increases errors in clinical decision-making and, correspondingly, patients' risk of experiencing adverse outcomes. Our objective was to understand the extent to which electronic health records (EHRs) support primary care physicians (PCPs)' SA during clinical decision-making. Method: We conducted a metanarrative review of papers in selected academic databases, including CINAHL and MEDLINE. Eligible studies included original peer-reviewed research published between January 2012 and August 2020 on PCP–EHR interactions. We iteratively queried, screened, and summarized literature focused on EHRs supporting PCPs' clinical decision-making and care management for adults. Then, we mapped findings to an established SA framework to classify external factors (individual, task, and system) affecting PCPs' levels of SA (1–Perception, 2–Comprehension, and 3–Projection) and identified SA barriers. Results: From 1504 articles identified, we included and synthesized 19 studies. Study designs were largely noninterventional. Studies described EHR workflow misalignments, usability issues, and communication challenges. EHR information, including lab results and care plans, was characterized as incomplete, untimely, or irrelevant. Unmet information needs made it difficult for PCPs to obtain even basic SA, Level 1 SA. Prevalent barriers to PCPs developing SA with EHRs were errant mental models, attentional tunneling, and data overload. Conclusion: Based on our review, EHRs do not support the development of higher levels of SA among PCPs. Review findings suggest SA-oriented design processes for health information technology could improve PCPs' SA, satisfaction, and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study examines the differences in emotions induced by accidents and incidents as emotional stimuli and the effects on pilot situation awareness (SA) after induction. (2) Method: Forty-five jet pilots were randomly divided into three groups after which their emotions were induced using the pictures of accident, incident, and neutral stimulus, respectively. (3) Results: The conditions of accidents and incidents both induced changes in the pilots' happiness and sadness and the changes in the emotion were regulated by the emotional intelligence of pilots in the high SA group. The emotion induction, which caused a direct change in pilot's happiness and fear, resulted in conditions that indirectly affected level 1 of SA in pilots. (4) Conclusions: The research elucidates the difference between accident and incident in inducing pilot emotions, and reminds us that SA level exerts the regulating effects on the same emotional induction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscoelastic point-of-care haemostatic resuscitation methods, such as ROTEM or TEG, are crucial in deciding on time-efficient personalised coagulation interventions. International transfusion guidelines emphasise increased patient safety and reduced treatment costs. We analysed care providers' perceptions of ROTEM to identify perceived strengths and areas for improvement. We conducted a single-centre, mixed qualitative–quantitative study consisting of interviews followed by an online survey. Using a template approach, we first identified themes in the responses given by care providers about ROTEM. Later, the participants rated six statements based on the identified themes on five-point Likert scales in an online questionnaire. Seventy-seven participants were interviewed, and 52 completed the online survey. By analysing user perceptions, we identified ten themes. The most common positive theme was "high accuracy". The most common negative theme was "need for training". In the online survey, 94% of participants agreed that monitoring the real-time ROTEM temograms helps to initiate targeted treatment more quickly and 81% agreed that recurrent ROTEM training would be beneficial. Anaesthesia care providers found ROTEM to be accurate and quickly available to support decision-making in dynamic and complex haemostatic situations. However, clinicians identified that interpreting ROTEM is a complex and cognitively demanding task that requires significant training needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting blood gas analysis results can be challenging for the clinician, especially in stressful situations under time pressure. To foster fast and correct interpretation of blood gas results, we developed Visual Blood. This computer-based, multicentre, noninferiority study compared Visual Blood and conventional arterial blood gas (ABG) printouts. We presented six scenarios to anaesthesiologists, once with Visual Blood and once with the conventional ABG printout. The primary outcome was ABG parameter perception. The secondary outcomes included correct clinical diagnoses, perceived diagnostic confidence, and perceived workload. To analyse the results, we used mixed models and matched odds ratios. Analysing 300 within-subject cases, we showed noninferiority of Visual Blood compared to ABG printouts concerning the rate of correctly perceived ABG parameters (rate ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92–1.00; p = 0.06). Additionally, the study revealed two times higher odds of making the correct clinical diagnosis using Visual Blood (OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.42–3.29; p < 0.001) than using ABG printouts. There was no or, respectively, weak evidence for a difference in diagnostic confidence (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.58–1.21; p = 0.34) and perceived workload (Coefficient, 2.44; 95% CI, −0.09–4.98; p = 0.06). This study showed that participants did not perceive the ABG parameters better, but using Visual Blood resulted in more correct clinical diagnoses than using conventional ABG printouts. This suggests that Visual Blood allows for a higher level of situation awareness beyond individual parameters' perception. However, the study also highlighted the limitations of today's virtual reality headsets and Visual Blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the subjective decision-making of pilots during final approach with varying degrees of experience for landing and go-around. Design/methodology/approach: In this research, the "Lorenz Attractor" was modified and used to model the subjective decision-making of pilots during the final approach. For landing and go-around situations, "hesitation frequency" and "decision-making time" were calculated for the subjective decision-making of pilots. Findings: In this research, the modified Chaotic Lorenz Model was used on MATLAB with varying degrees of experience, namely, student pilots, less-skilled pilots, experienced pilots and well-experienced pilots. Based on the outcomes, the less-skilled pilot needs nearly four times more decision-making time on landing or go-around compared to the well-experienced pilot during the final approach. Practical implications: Operators (pilots, air traffic controllers) need to make critical and timely decisions in a highly complex work environment, which is influenced by several external elements such as experience level and human factors. According to NASA, 80% of aviation accidents occur due to human errors specifically over the course of the aviation decision-making process in dynamic circumstances. Due to the consequences of this research the operators' training should be redesigned by assisting flight instructors on the weaknesses of pilots. Originality/value: This research explores the endogenous dynamics of the pilot decision-making process by applying a novel "Chaotic Lorenz Model" on MATLAB. In addition, the operator's total decision time formula was improved by including the decision reviewing time and external factors. Moreover, subjective decision-making model created by the current authors and Wicken's information model were modified to the highly automated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyber security situation awareness,has become a hotpot of research. However, the existing cyber security situation awareness methods are difficult to extract high-order features from network traffic data. In this work, we present an improved cyber security situation awareness method based on ResMLP and LSTM network from a new perspective. Our work focus on cyber attack behavior analysis, that is a key research content of cyber security situation awareness. It introduces the Residual Multi-Layer Perceptrons in deep learning into the network structure of long-short term memory. It can effectively extract the spatial and temporal characteristics of network traffic data, reduce the computational complexity, and improve the accuracy of cyber security situation awareness. Firstly, we extract the spatial features using the ResMLP network. Secondly, we extract the temporal characteristics using the LSTM network. The architecture of the ResMLP network replaces the self-noticing layer with a linear interaction layer, and this design architecture allows the model to guarantee accurate cyber attack behavior analysis performance while balancing the computational cost of the model, which can improve the detection efficiency of the model. Considering that the network data are fed into the model in the form of time series after processing, the model incorporates LSTM networks to avoid the gradient problem while better bringing up the temporal characteristics in the data.The experimental results show that the proposed method can model the future cyber security situation in a network environment more accurately than other similar methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Investigating influencing factors and assessing drivers' gap acceptance (GA). • Basis for initiating driving actions in automated vehicles. • GA increased by the approaching vehicle's size and decreased by its higher speeds. • Older and more conservative participants selected larger GA. • No one-fits-all solution for accepted time gaps in traffic. As a social system, traffic requires the coordination between different involved road users, particularly in shared spaces (e.g., parking areas) with fewer statutory regulations and hence more ambiguous encounters. By anticipating the development of driving scenes and adapting own driving actions, drivers maintain individually varying safety margins, such as accepted time gaps, to surrounding traffic participants. However, drivers' gap acceptance (GA) was shown to be influenced by situational factors and driver characteristics. In order to apply expectable interactions in mixed traffic, involving manual and automated vehicles (AVs), intuitive gaps in traffic flow need to be selected by AVs when initiating parking actions. Derived time gaps of manual drivers could provide a basic orientation for intuitive driving functions in AVs. Thus, the current experimental study assessed manual drivers' GA in a parking area scenario. Real-world video material was used to investigate the effects of interaction partners, their encountering speeds and drivers' age and sensation seeking on GA. In the study, 42 participants (including two age groups: 18–30 years vs ≥ 45 years) indicated their GA when initiating a left-turn parking maneuver in front of approaching vehicles. The study examined three interaction partners (motorcycle, passenger car, truck), each approaching at six different speed levels (10–35 km/h). The results revealed that selected time gaps increased as vehicle size increased, with the largest GA for the truck and the smallest gaps for the motorcycle. Moreover, time gaps decreased at higher approaching speeds of the interaction partners. In addition, older participants selected more conservative gaps and participants with higher sensation seeking scores accepted lower time gaps to initiate a parking maneuver. The results of the current study revealed that there is no one single time gap that is always considered as appropriate to initiate parking actions. For intuitive interaction capabilities in AVs and to support smooth encounters in mixed traffic, the speed of the approaching interaction partners should be considered as an essential situational factor when initiating parking maneuvers. To consider individual driving style preferences (e.g., due to driver age) and support user acceptance, selectable driving style profiles should be available in AVs as a form of customization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An important factor in preventing industrial accidents includes the ability of employees to have awareness of the work situation, understand the information from it, and predict how situations will develop. In this study, we examined the role of fatigue and work-related stress in predicting work situation awareness among workers. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 180 employees in the National Petrochemical Company in 2022 year that was selected according to the stratified random sampling method and responded to questionnaires about demographic characteristics, work situation awareness, work stress, and fatigue. The data were analyzed by correlation techniques and stepwise regression. Results: The results showed that there was a significant internal correlation between research variables. Also, the results of stepwise regression analysis revealed that fatigue and work stress significantly predicted, respectively, almost 11% and 16% of variances in work situation awareness among workers. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, fatigue and work-related stress can predict work situation awareness. Therefore, considering these variables can be significant in promoting work situation awareness among workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]