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Background. Synthetic fibers have many benefits in clinical practice; however, they cause microplastic pollution, and their unaffordable price increases treatment costs. Natural silk fibers require biocompatibility assessment. This study investigated the effects of natural and synthetic fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) on the cytotoxicity of fibroblast cell lines. Methods. Three commercial synthetic fibers (polyethylene, quartz, and E-glass) and two silk fibers from Bombyx mori and Samia ricini cocoons were employed. These fibers were made into FRC samples (n=6) by impregnation in flowable composite using a brass mold (25×2×2 mm). NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium, supplemented, and seeded in 2×104 cells/mL. They were stored at 37 °C under 5% CO2 for 24 hours. The FRC samples were made into powder, eluted in dimethylsulfoxide, continued with PBS, supplemented with Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM), and exposed to cells for 24 hours. Blank (medium only) and control (cells and medium) samples were included. Subsequently, MTT was added for 4 h and read by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (λ=570 nm). Cell viability (%) was calculated and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results. All groups of FRCs showed>80% cell viability. One-way ANOVA showed no significant difference between FRC groups regarding the viability of fibroblast cell lines (P>0.05). Conclusion. Both natural silk and synthetic fibers exhibit low cytotoxicity to fibroblast cell lines. B. mori and S. ricini silk fibers showed the potential to be used as alternative synthetic fibers.

Background and aim: Nano-filled composite resins are popular due to their small filler size, which results in a smooth restoration surface, a vital physical property. The consumption of carbonated drinks is increasing. Continuous exposure in a low pH environment causes composite resin's surface roughness. A rough surface accumulates dental plaque, which causes various dental complications. Material and methods: This research used 27 Filtek Z350XT nano-filled composite samples prepared using disc-shaped 8mm diameter and 2mm thickness. Samples were divided into three groups: a control group of pH 7.0 distilled water, carbonated drink A of pH 2.4, and carbonated drink B of pH 2.9, immersed in 5mL vials for two hours per day for 15 days. The surface roughness of samples was measured before and after immersion on day 15 using a surface roughness tester. Changes in surface roughness were analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Test. Results: Surface roughness of samples immersed in the control group, carbonated drink A of pH 2.4 and carbonated drink B of pH 2.9 respectively to be 0.1333±0.07331μm: 0.8011±0.07897μm; 0.5311±0.08695μm. One-way ANOVA showed a significant difference in the surface roughness of nano-filled composite resin samples. Conclusions: Based on the results, it can be concluded that after 15 days of immersion in carbonated drinks with low pH levels, the surface roughness of nano-filled composite resin significantly increased.

As one of the essential materials in dentistry, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has been extensively used for root fracture repair, apexification, and root filling material due to its good sealing ability and biocompatibility. However, poor mechanical properties and low antibacterial efficacy are significant limitations of MTA for medical applications. To overcome these problems, we modified MTA by incorporating ZnO and chitosan in this study. The modification was performed by adding ZnO in various concentrations (5, 10, and 15 wt%) while preparing MTA and 4% chitosan solution as the hydration liquid. The modified-MTA samples were characterized with TG/DTA, XRD, FTIR, and SEM instrumentations. The effects of ZnO and chitosan on mechanical strength, radiopacity, pH, Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions release, and antibacterial properties of MTA samples were evaluated. It found that the modified MTA altered to a more compact structure and ultimately influenced the properties of hydrated products. The modified MTA's radiopacity and weight loss measurements complied with ISO standards as endodontic materials. Antibacterial evaluation against Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated enhanced efficacy due to the synergistic effect of ZnO and chitosan in MTA. Incorporating 10 wt% ZnO and 4% chitosan solution into the synthesized MTA was the optimum composition, significantly improving the mechanical and antibacterial properties. All the demonstrated tests revealed the potential of the modified MTA as a promising candidate for dental restorative material.

The physical and antibacterial properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) have been improved by adding copper nanoparticles (CuNP). The CuNP colloid was synthesized by reacting CuCl2·2H2O and NaBH4 as the reducing agent using C6H8O6 as the capping agent. The Cu(II) concentration was varied by 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 mM to produce CuNP-3, CuNP-6, and CuNP-9 colloids, respectively. The CuNP colloids were characterized with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and TEM. MTA was hydrated with CuNP at a mass-to-volume ratio of 2:1 to produce Cu-MTA-3, Cu-MTA-6, and Cu-MTA-9, respectively. All products were characterized with XRD and SEM-EDX. The compressive strength, pH, Ca ion release, and solubility were measured, and antibacterial activity was tested. The results showed a spherical shape of the synthesized CuNP with a particle size of ~28.08 nm. Adding CuNP-9 to hydrated MTA increased the compressive strength, pH, Ca ion release, and solubility, with the value of 4.78±0.38 MPa; 9.01±0.03; 1718±63 ppm, and 22.48±0.37%, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity occurred for Cu-MTA-9, with an inhibition zone of 10.15±0.47 mm against S. aureus and 11.93±1.16 mm against P. aeruginosa. The findings show a potential application of the product for endodontic materials containing antibacterial agents.

Objectives: To evaluate the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of experimental bis-phenol-A and bis-GMA free E-glass fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) prepared with hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) based resin. Methods: Two ratios of HDDMA/TEGDMA resin were evaluated: exp-1 (70/30 wt.%) and exp-2 (50/50 wt.%) with two bis-GMA resin control groups (bis-GMA/MMA and bis-GMA/TEGDMA resins, both 70/30 wt.%). E-glass fibers were embedded into the resins to prepare FRCs specimens. Biocompatibility was assessed for cytoviability and biofilm formation with Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Mechanical properties were evaluated for flexural strength and hardness (24 h, water storage 1 and 28 days), water sorption (1, 7, 14, and 28 days), contact angle, and surface roughness. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way and two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: Cytoviability of the experimental groups was significantly higher than the control groups (p < 0.05). The exp-1 cytoviability (98.2 ± 1.3%) met the ISO 10993-5 standard requirement for noncytotoxic materials. The adherence of bacteria to the experimental FRCs was visibly less than the controls, while Candida albicans adhered visibly more to the experimental groups than the controls (p < 0.05). Flexural strength showed slightly higher values for controls than for the experimental groups. The exp-1 hardness value was significantly higher in the control groups for all storage conditions (p < 0.05). The water sorption of the experimental groups was significantly higher than the controls. The surface roughness indicated no significant difference (p = 0.87). The exp-1 showed a higher contact angle with the control groups. Conclusion: The experimental HDDMA/TEGDMA-based FRCs might be potential alternatives for bis-GMA-based FRCs. Clinical significance: The HDDMA/TEGDMA E-glass FRCs might provide biocompatible restorations.

Background: Composite resins are widely used in dentistry to restore dental caries. Recently, short fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) resins have been widely used for high-stress areas, especially in posterior teeth. Bombyx mori silk fibre is under research to reinforce dental composite resin as it has good mechanical properties. Purpose: This study aims to obtain the effects of alkalisation and silk fibre volume fraction on the flexural strength of FRC. Methods: Bombyx mori silk fibres were obtained from Perhutani, Pati, Indonesia. Samples were divided into two alkalisation groups (4% and 8%). Alkalisation of the silk fibres was conducted through the scouring process in NaOH, hydrolysis (30% H2SO4) and drying. Silk fibres were then reinforced in a resin matrix. The samples were subdivided based on the fibre volume fraction reinforcements, which were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. Each group of samples consisted of three specimens (n = 3). Flexural strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) and post-hoc least significant difference test (p < 0.05). Results: The results showed the flexural strength (MPa) means of the 4% alkalisation group were 169.31 ± 54.28 (0%), 76.08 ± 43.69 (5%), 107.86 ± 40.61 (10%) and 101.99 ± 10.61 (15%). The flexural strength (MPa) means of the 8% alkalisation group were 169.31 ± 54.28 (0%), 82.62 ± 22.41 (5%), 111.07 ± 32.89 (10%) and 153.23 ± 23.80 (15%). Statistical analysis by ANOVA indicated that the fibre volume fraction affected the flexural strength of composite resins. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the volume fraction of silk fibre increases the flexural strength of composite resins, although the strength is not as high as a composite resin without fibres. However, the alkalisation percentage did not affect the flexural strength of composite resins, and there was no interaction between alkalisation percentage and fibre volume fraction with the flexural strength of composite resins.

Background: Abalone (Haliotis varia Linnaeus) shells possess a high arginine content and are expected to be an alternative desensitisation material that is both insoluble and able to properly close dentinal tubules. Different methods of manufacturing abalone gel affect the molecular weight, hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties and protein content of the lysis. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of different manufacturing methods on the dentinal tubule closure of abalone desensitisation gel. Methods: This study involved the extraction of abalone shells followed by preparative and thin-layer chromatography. The drying of the samples was carried out by the precipitation, drying, and addition methods. The research was divided into eight treatment groups, each consisting of three samples (F1, F2, F3). Each sample was applied to two study subjects’ post-extracted third molars, which were cut into disc shapes and subsequently etched with 6% citric acid. The percentage of dentinal tubule occlusion was calculated by Image J (NIH, USA) software. Data were analysed using three-way ANOVA. Results: The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) both in terms of the effects of the samples with deposition and addition on the occlusion of the dentinal tubules and in terms of the interactions between the samples with drying and addition. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in terms of the interactions of the samples’ three manufacturing methods. Conclusion: The manufacture of abalone gel as a desensitisation material requires a minimum of two interactions between the sample-making method and the addition, deposition, and drying methods. The best method was deposition.

Background: The success of root canal treatment is influenced by hermetic root canal obturation. This study was conducted to analyze the apical sealing ability after the addition of calcite-synthesized hydroxyapatite (HA) as an epoxy resin sealer filler. Methods: Calcite-synthesized HA powder was prepared using the microwave hydrothermal process. HA resin sealer powder and epoxy resin paste (3:1) were mixed, and concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% were prepared. A sample of thirty maxillary incisors were prepared in the root canal and then, the crown was cut to leave 13 mm of the root and a working length of 12 mm. The root canal was prepared using the crown-down technique and irrigated using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid alternately. The samples were divided into six groups, with each group consisting of five roots. Group I was obturated with gutta percha using an epoxy resin sealer without HA (HA-0%) as a control group. In each of the Groups II, III, IV, V, and VI, 10% HA resin sealer, 20% HA, 30% HA, 40% HA, and 50% HA were used. All the samples were incubated in a 10-ml simulated body fluid solution at 37°C for 4 weeks. Apical closure density measurement was done using a scanning electron microscope, and the results were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests. Results: A significant increase in the apical sealing ability was observed in the HA-20% sealer group and the HA-30% and HA-40% groups compared to that in the control group. However, the HA-50% sealer group showed a decrease in the apical sealing ability, whereas the HA-10% sealer group showed no difference. The HA-30% had the highest sealing ability than other concentrations. Conclusion: The addition of calcite-synthesized HA as a filler at concentrations of 20%, 30%, and 40% increased the apical sealing ability of the epoxy resin sealer.

Background: Restoration of the teeth immediately after bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is contraindicated due to the remnant of free radicals that will stay inside enamel and dentin for 1-3 weeks and reduce the adhesion of composite resin. Sodium ascorbate is an antioxidant substance known to bind free radical residues, thereby shortening the delay in restoration. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the resin bond strength of bleached dentin influenced by the application of 35% sodium ascorbate. Methods: Nine premolars were divided into their crown and root sections, with the crown subsequently being cut into four equal parts to obtain 36 samples. These were then divided into four groups, each containing nine samples. Group A (control): samples were bleached using35% hydrogen peroxide, immersed in an artificial saliva, stored in an incubator at 37°C for seven days and then filled with a composite resin. Group B:samples were also bleached by means of 35% H2O2 followed by one application of 0.025 ml 35% sodium ascorbate for 5 minutes and restored with composite resin. Group C: samples were bleached with 35% H2O2, followed by two applications of 0.025 ml 35% sodium ascorbate for 5 minutes, and restored with a composite resin. Group D: dentin was bleached with 35% H2O2 followed by three applications of 0.025 ml sodium ascorbate 35% for 5 minutes and restored with a composite resin. The shear bond strength of the composite resin was measured by a universal testing instrument (Zwick, USA). Data was analyzed by means of one-way Anova and LSD. Results: The highest mean shear bond strength of composite resin was in group C, while the lowest was in group B. The result of one-way Anova indicated a difference in the shear bond strength of composite resin in the four treatment groups (p < 0.05). An LSD test showed there to be a difference in shear bond strength of composite resin between group A and groups C and D or between group B and groups C and D. There was no difference in shear bond strength of composite resin between group A and group B or between group C and group D. Conclusion: Application frequency of 35% sodium ascorbate affect on shear bond strength of composite resin restoration in bleached dentin by 35% H2O2.

Background: Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) is can be used in dentistry as an orthodontic retainer. FRC still has a limitations because of to a weak bonding between fibers and matrix. Purpose: This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of silane as coupling agent and fiber impregnation on the tensile strength of E-glass FRC. Methods: The samples of this research were classified into two groups each of which consisted of three subgroups, namely the impregnated fiber group (original, 1x addition of silane, 2x addition of silane) and the non-impregnated fiber group (original, 1x addition of silane, 2x addition of silane). The tensile strength was measured by a universal testing machine. The averages of the tensile strength in all groups then were compared by using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney post hoc tests. Results: The averages of the tensile strength (MPa) in the impregnated fiber group can be known as follow; original impregnated fiber (26.60±0.51), 1x addition of silane (43.38±4.42), and 2x addition of silane (36.22±7.23). The averages of tensile strength (MPa) in the non-impregnated fiber group can also be known as follow; original non-impregnated fiber (29.38±1.08), 1x addition of silane (29.38±1.08), 2x addition of silane (12.48±2.37). Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference between the impregnated fiber group and the non-impregnated fiber group (pConclusion: It can be concluded that the addition of silane in the non-silanated fiber group can increase the tensile strength of E-glass FRC, but the addition of silane in the silanated fiber group can decrease the tensile strength of E-glass FRC. It is also known that the impregnation of fiber can increase the tensile strength of E-glass FRC.

Modelling wax is an auxiliary material in acrylic denture fabrication. This material should have standard quality. Many local and imported brand of modelling waxes are distributed in Yogyakarta. The aim of this study is to examine the quality of modelling waxes in Yogyakarta. The aim of this study is to examine the quality of modelling waxes in Yogyakarta based on international standard. Seven brand of modelling waxes (Rusco tropical, Cavec Tropical, Ruby, SMIC, Anchor Brand medium, Anchor Brand Hard, and Anchor Brand Medium) were exained by ISO 12163 (ANSI/ADA no. 24) specification. The specification which were examined were general requirements (uniform shapes, free from foreign materials, smooth sheets, uniform texture, cohere if softened, and uniform dimension), special requirements (color, odor & flavour, softening, trimming and flaming), and preparation for delivery requirements (packaging and marking). The modelling waxes were stated fulfill the requirements if all 5 samples of each brands were suitable with the specification. The results showed that one brand (Cavec Tropical) fulfilled general and specific requirements, 1 brand (SMIC) only fulfilled general requirements and 3 brands (Rusco tropical, Ruby and Anchor Brand Hard) only fulfilled special requirements. No brand fulfilled preparation for delivery requirements. The conclusion of this study was no brand of modelling waxeds distributed in Yogyakarta fulfilled all requirements.

The aim of this research is to investigate the correlation of acrylic resins surface tension (chemial, heat, and microwave activated) on the amount of adsorbed pellicle on the acrylic surfaces. Sixty samples (10x10x2 mm) were made of chemical activated (Hilon, England), heat activated (Stellon, England), and microwave activated (Acron MC, Japan) acrylic resins. Contact angle (surface tension of acrylic resins and saliva (5 treatment groups, n=3) an acrylic resins and aquadest (control group, n=5) were measured by photographing method. The samples from treatment groups were contacted with saliva for 1 hour, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours and the protein concentration were measured by Bradford method. The data were analyzed by analysis of variants, LSD, and correlations. The results showed that: (1) acrylic resins type influenced the surface tensions (p0,05). It was concluded that there is not any correlation between acrylic resins surface tension and the amount of adsorbed pellicle.

This research was aimed to determine the composiiton of adsorbed pellicle on acrylic resin surface. Fifteen plates of 10x10x2 mm were made from chemical, heat, and microwave activated acrylic resin. The plates were incubated in saliva for 1,2,3,4, and 5 hours. Pellicle characterization was done every hour by SDS PAGE electrophoresis. The result showed that: 1. chemical, heat, and microwave activated acrylic resin adsorbed salivary pellicle by molecular weight of 50-61 kDa (amylase band); 2. incubation of 1,2,3,4, and 5 hours in saliva resulted in similar pellicle composition. In conclusion, adsorbed salivary pellicle on acrylic resin surface during 5 hours showed similar characteristic in every hour, with the major protein adsorbed: amylase.

Everyday denture cleaning is needed to prevent the mouth from denture stomatitis and esthetic concern. Enzyme cleansers are developed in attempt to break down the organic components of denture plaque. The aim of this research is to determine the efficient cleansing duration of papain solution to remove 24-hour denture plaque. The research was done on 16 patients with complete dentures. Plaque removal was determined by Lowry method and SDS PAGE. The result shows that papain dose required to hydrolyze 24-hour dentue plaque is 15.66 TU/mg enzyme activity for 10 minutes soaking. Soaking the denture in papain for 10 minutes makes all of the detected plaque protein bands remobe. In conclusion, efficient cleansing duration of papain solution to remove 24-hour denture plaque is papain activity of 15.66 TU/mg by soaking duration of 10 minutes. Further research is suggested to examine papain residue on the denture that may influence the denture wearer biocompatibility.

Background: Ultrasonic scaling has been used commonly for stain and calculus removal in dental clinic for over 60years. Previous researches even had proved that ultrasonic scaling may give effects on the surface of tooth root. Ultrasonic wave exposure for 20 seconds or more can increase caspase-3 activity as an indicator of increased apoptotic cells associated with tissue damage. Purpose: This research was aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasonic scaling duration and replication on caspace-3 expression in dental pulp cells. Methods: The samples of this research were 54 male Sprague Dawley rats aged 2 months old divided into 2 groups, each of which consisted of 27 mice. The first group was induced with stain, while the second group was not. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups for ultrasonic scaling 1, 3, and 5 times. Each subgroup was divided into 3 sub-subgroups for duration procedure of 15, 30 and 60 seconds respectively. During scaling process, those rats were anesthetized using 0.1 ml of ketamine and 0.1 ml of xylol added to 2 ml of distilled water injected intramuscularly into their right thigh as much as 0.4 ml. Scaling was done on buccal surface of right first maxillary molar from cervical to occlusal. The teeth were decalcified and embedded in paraffin, then their sagittal plane was cut for thickness of 3µm and painted with immunohystochemistry for detecting caspace-3 expression of cell within dental pulp. Results: The results showed that the duration and replication of ultrasonic scaling procedures affected on the expression of caspace-3 cells as analyzed with Univariate Analisis of Variance test (pConclusion: It can be concluded that duration and replication of ultrasonic scaling procedure on teeth with and without stain enhauced the expression of caspace-3 in dental pulp cells.

Background: Direct contact between the bleaching agent and the enamel surface results in demineralization, alteration in surface roughness and bacterial adhesion. Many studies try to minimize this side effect through different way. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determined the effect of Calcium Phospho Peptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) containing fluoride application before and after bleaching procedure on the adhesion of S. Mutans and enamel roughness. Methods: The samples were 6 teeth which were divided into 4 groups, and each tooth was cut into four pieces. Group A and C were treated with CPP-ACP after bleaching, while group B and D were treated with CPP-ACP before and after bleaching. CPP-ACP used in group C and D was the one that contain fluoride. After treatment, all samples were sterilized, immersed in steril human saliva for one hour, then immersed into S. mutans suspension of 108 CFU. Samples were incubated overnight. On the next day the samples were put into steril BHI and vortexed for one minute to detach the bacteria. Fifteen ml BHI containing bacteria was poured into TYS agar then incubated 37°Cfor 48 hours. Bacterial colony was counted with colony counter. The SEM examination was done on all samples. Results: Application of desensitizing agent reduced the S.mutans adhesion significantly among groups (psignificant differences among groups. Conclusion: The application of CPP-ACP containing fluoride before and after bleaching was effective to reduce the accumulation of S.mutans colony and enamel roughness.Latar belakang: Kontak langsung antara bahan bleaching dan permukaan enamel menyebabkan demineralisasi, perubahan kekasaran permukaan dan berpengaruh terhadap banyaknya bakteri Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) yang melekat. Banyak peneliti mencoba meminimalkan efek samping ini dengan cara yang beragam. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti efek aplikasi CPP-ACP mengandung fluor sebelum dan setelah bleaching terhadap adhesi S.mutans dan kekasaran enamel. Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah 6 buah gigi yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, kemudian masing-masing gigi dibelah menjadi 4 bagian. Kelompok A dan C diaplikasi dengan CPP-ACP setelah bleaching, sedang Kelompok B dan D diaplikasi CPP-ACP sebelum dan setelah bleaching. CPP-ACP yang digunakan pada kelompok C dan D adalah yang mengandung fluor. Setelah perlakuan, semua sampel disterilkan dan direndam dalam saliva steril, lalu direndam dalam suspensi S. mutans 108 CFU dan diinkubasi 24 jam. Hari berikutnya sampel dimasukkan dalam BHI steril, divortex 1 menit untuk melepaskan bakteri. Lima belas ml BHI yang berisi S. mutans tersebut diambil untuk dikultur dalam agar TYS dan diinkubasi 37°C selama 48 jam. Bakteri yang tumbuh dihitung dengan colony counter. Pemeriksaan SEM dilakukan untuk meneliti permukaan enamel. Hasil: Aplikasi CPP-ACP(F) menurunkan jumlah bakteri yang melekat pada enamel secara signifikan (pSimpulan: Aplikasi CPP-ACP mengandung fluor sebelum dan sesudah bleaching efektif mengurangi akumulasi S. mutans dan kekasaran pada permukaan enamel.

Background: The filler addition to resin based sealers will enhance the physical properties of the polymer. Because of its biological properties, the synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) has been proposed as filler for dental material such as composite resin. The calcite synthesized HA is the HA produced of calcite minerals that came from many Indonesian mining. Purpose: The aim of study was to determine the effect of different concentration of calcite synthesized HA as the filler of the epoxy-resin-based root canal sealer on the physical properties such as its contact angle, the film thickness and the microhardness. Methods: The crystal of the calcite synthesized hydroxyapatite with the size between 77.721-88.710 nm and the ratio of Ca/P 1.6886 were synthesized at Ceramic Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering, using wet method of hydrothermal microwave. The powders of the epoxy- resin were prepared by added the synthesized hydroxyapatite crystal in 5 different weight ratios (e.g.: HA-10%, HA-20%, HA-30%, HA-40% and HA-50%). Each of these was mixed with the paste of 3:1 ratio using spatula on a glass plate until homogen and then measuring the contact angle and the film thickness. Microhardness test was conducted after the mixture of experimental sealer was stored for 24 hrs at 37 oC to reach perfect polymerization. Results: All of contact angles were a film thickness in accordance with ISO 6876 (seen that the microhardness were increased, while in the HA-50% was decreased and in the HA-40% has the same microhardness to the control groups (HA-0%). Conclusion: Calcite synthesized HA as the filler did not affect contact angle and film thickness of the sealer. Microhardness of the epoxy-resin based sealer could be increased using maximum 30% of the calcite synthesized HA as the filler.Latar belakang: Penambahan bahan pengisi pada sealer berbahan dasar resin akan meningkatkan sifat fisik polimer. Karena sifat biologis bagus, hidroksiapatit (HA) sintetis digunakan sebagai bahan pengisi material kedokteran gigi seperti resin komposit. Hidroksiapatit sintesis kalsit merupakan HA yang hasilkan dari mineral kalsit berasal dari berbagai daerah pertambangan di Indonesia. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti pengaruh berbagai konsentrasi HA sintesis kalsit sebagai bahan pengisi sealer berbahan dasar resin epoksi terhadap sifat fisiknya yaitu sudut kontak, ketebalan film dan kekerasan mikronya. Metode: Kristal HA sintesis kalsit yang berukuran 7,721-88,710 nm dengan rasio Ca/P 1,6886 diperoleh dari sintesis di Laboratorium Keramik, Teknik Mesin, Universitas Gadjah Mada menggunakan wet method dengan microwave hidrotermal. Serbuk resin epoksi dipersiapkan dengan menambahkan kristal HA sintesis kalsit dalam lima konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu HA-10%, HA-20%, HA-30%, HA-40% dan HA-50% (dalam berat). Masing-masing serbuk diaduk dengan pasta resin epoksi dengan perbandingan 3:1 menggunakan spatula di atas glassplate hingga homogen, selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran sudut kontak dan ketebalan film. Pengukuran kekerasan mikro dilakukan setelah sealer disimpan dalam inkubator 37 oC selama 24 jam sehingga mencapai polimerisasi sempurna. Hasil: Semua kelompok menunjukkan bahwa sudut kontak menunjukkan bahwa ketebalan filmnya sesuai dengan ISO 6876 ((p=0,858). Pada kelompok HA-10%, 20% dan 30% kekerasan mikronya meningkat, sedangkan pada HA-50% menurun dan HA-40% kekerasannya sama dengan kelompok kontrol (HA-0%). Simpulan: Penambahan hingga 50% HA sintesis kalsit sebagai bahan pengisi sealer resin epoksi tidak mempengaruhi sudut kontak dan ketebalan film. Kekerasan sealer dapat ditingkatkan dengan menambahkan HA sintesis kalsit maksimum hingga 30%.

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country with temperature variation. A lot of dental clinics do not use air conditioner. The room temperature influences water temperature for mixing alginate impression materials. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the functional relationship of room temperature and initial setting time of alginate impression materials. Methods: The New Kromopan® alginate (normal and fast sets) were used. The initial setting time were tested at 23 (control), 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 degrees Celcius room temperatures (n = 5). The initial setting time was tested based on ANSI/ADA Specification no. 18 (ISO 1563). The alginate powder was mixed with distilled water (23/50 ratio), put in the metal ring mould, and the initial setting time was measured by test rod. Data were statistically analyzed by linear regression (α = 0.05). result: The initial setting times were 149.60 ± 0.55 (control) and 96.40 ± 0.89 (31° C) seconds for normal set, and 122.00 ± 1.00 (control) and 69.60 ± 0.55 (31° C) seconds for fast set. The coefficient of determination of room temperature to initial setting time of alginate were R2 = 0.74 (normal set) and R2 = 0.88 (fast set). The regression equation for normal set was Y = 257.6 – 5.5 X (p < 0.01) and fast set was Y = 237.7 – 5.6 X (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The room temperature gave high contribution and became a strength predictor for initial setting time of alginates. The share contribution to the setting time was 0.74% for normal set and 0.88% for fast set alginates.

Background: Manufacturers supply alginate impression materials as a powder that is packaged in bulk and in individual container. Some Indonesian dental suppliers often repackage the bulk alginate into individual plastic packages which are not tied tightly and stored in the display room without air conditioner. It is known that critical factors to the shelf life of alginate includer avoidance of moisture contamination which may lead to premature setting of the alginate and avoidance of high temperature which may cause depolymerization of the alginate. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine storage duration effect of repacked alginates on deformation recovery. Methods: Two brands of alginates (Tulip®TU, and Aroma Fine DF III®AF) were repacked into 120 plastic containers. The samples were stored in room condition (temperature 29° C ± 1° C, relative humidity 60% ± 10%) for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 weeks. The alginates setting time and recovery from deformation were measured according to the ANSI/ADA specification number 18 (ISO 1563). result: The results revealed that there was decreased setting time during 5 weeks but there was slight decreased in deformation recovery after 3 weeks storage. The ANOVA showed there was no significant difference of alginates deformation recovery among the storage times (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Storage duration of repacked alginates in plastic containers during 5 weeks in room condition do not influence the alginate deformation recovery.

Zeolite is a pore mineral occupied by ions and water molecules. Heat activation of zeolite causes the release of water molecules, from the pores and increases zeolite adsorbance capacity. Zeolite can be used as an antimicrobial agent by shifting its cation with other cation that has antimicrobial effect. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of heat activation and Cu addition on zeolite towards its antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus. There were 5 groups for heat activation of zeolite experiment: room temperature (100°C, 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C). Using effective heat activation temperature, the research was continued to determine the effect of Cu addition on Staphylococcus aureus growth. There were 4 groups of Cu concentration addition on zeolite: 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, and 0.2 M. Antimicrobial test of Cu-zeolite was determined by diffusion method. The data was analyzed by using Anova and LSD. The result showed that there was a significant difference among various zeolite heat activation toward Staphylococcus aureus growth (p

The Neem plant has a history for treating gum and teeth problems and this plant is used for oral care in India. The active component (Azadirachta indica) has been proven to exhibit antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of different concentrations of Neem leaves extract on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. Neem leaves extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% was prepared. Fifty milliliters of each concentration were dropped into holes of 6 millimeters in diameter on a MHA agar that has been inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. Distilled water was used as a control. After 24 hours of incubation, the inhibition diameters were measured and analyzed. The statistical results of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrated that the different concentrations of Neem extract had a significant influence on the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. This was followed with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) which implied that there were significant differences between all the concentrations of Neem leaves extract used in this experiment. The conclusion of this study was that Neem leaves extract exhibited antibacterial effect towards Streptococcus mutans and different concentration of Neem leaves extract influenced the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans.

Background: Composite resin is a tooth-colored filling material containing Bis-GMA which exhibits water sorption properties. People tend to consume soft drink with various colors. Water sorption properties can alter the color stability of composite resin purpose. Purpose: This study was to determine the influence of immersion durations of composite resin in soft drink on color stability. Methods: The visible-light cured hybrid composite resin and soft drink were used. Ten disk specimens (2.5 mm thickness and 15 mm diameter) of composite resin were prepared and light cured for 20 seconds, then stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37° C. The initial color of specimens were measured by Chromameter. After that, each specimen was immersed in 30 ml of soft drink up to 48, 72, and 96 hours at 37° C. The specimens’ color were measured again after each immersion. The color changes were calculated by CIE L*a*b* system formula. The data was analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and LSD (α = 0.05). Result: The ANOVA showed that the immersion durations of composite resin in soft drinks had significant influence on the color stability (p < 0.05). The LSD0.05 tests showed significant differences among all groups. The least color change was detected from the group of 48 hours immersion, while the greatest color change was from the group of 96 hours immersion. Conclusions: The immersion of composite resin in soft drinks influenced the color stability (began after 48 hours immersion).

Objectives. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Indonesian silkworm cocoon extract of Cricula triphenestrata on human fibroblasts. Methods and Materials. The cocoon shells of the silkworm Cricula triphenestrata were degumming. The shells were mixed with an aqueous solution of 0.3% Na2CO3 at 98°C for 1 hour. The solution was then dialyzed in cellulose membranes against deionized water for 3 days. The cocoon shells extract powder was collected via rotary evaporation and dried under freeze dryer. Cell culture medium was exposed to Cricula triphenestrata cocoon extract (0.01–100 μg/mL) for 24 hours. The primary human gingival fibroblasts were exposed to the treated cell culture medium for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity evaluation was done by MTT method. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Result. The result revealed no significant cytotoxicity of Cricula triphenestrata cocoon extract against human fibroblasts at a concentration up to 100 μg/mL (𝑃>0.05). Conclusion. Cricula triphenestrata cocoon extract was not cytotoxic on human gingival fibroblast cells.

Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used and developed as the material for bone substitute in medical applications. The addition of zirconia is needed to improve the strength of hydroxyapatite as the bone substitute. One of the drawbacks in the use of biomedical materials is the occurrence of biomaterial-centred infections. The recent method of limiting the presence of microorganism on biomaterials is by providing biomaterial-bound metal-containing compositions. In this case, S. epidermidis is the most common infectious organism in biomedical-centred infection. Objective. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of zirconia concentrations in hydroxyapatite on the growth of S. epidermidis. Methods and Materials. The subjects of this study were twenty hydroxyapatite discs, divided into four groups in which one was the control and the other three were the treatment groups. Zirconia powder with the concentrations of 20%, 30%, and 40% was added into the three different treatment groups. Scanning electron microscope analysis was performed according to the hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-zirconia specimens. All discs were immersed into S. epidermidis culture for 24 hours and later on they were soaked into a medium of PBS. The cultured medium was spread on mannitol salt agar. After incubation for 24 hours at 37∘C , the number of colonies was measured with colony counter. Data obtained were analyzed using the ANOVA followed by the pairwise comparison. Result. The statistical analysis showed that different concentrations of zirconia powder significantly influenced the number of S. epidermidis colony (𝑃