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Sexual violence during dating is a serious issue. The increased sexual violence during dating demonstrates that this phenomenon is becoming increasingly dangerous. This study investigates the gender relationship between perpetrators and victims of sexual violence during dating among university students. This study employed a mixed method. This study included 404 male and female students who had experienced sexual violence as respondents. This study discovered various types of sexual violence that occurred in the context of a loving relationship pattern. The perpetrators tend to control and manipulate the victim, making them want to do whatever they want. The victim loved the perpetrator excessively and was forced to serve the perpetrator’s sexual desires as a form of attention and love for the partner, even though the victim was undergoing psychological treatment. Love is transformed into a “desire to have,” causing the individual to lose himself. The subject has become an object as a result of the dating relationship. The perpetrator was repeatedly abused and was very possessive of their partner. The perpetrator did not consider their partner as a subject but rather as an object for negative emotions that significantly impacted the victim. Repeated sexual violence indicates a dating relationship that leads to a controlling relationship. This occurs because the perpetrator’s hegemony over the victim is carried out persuasively by convincing the victim to approve of the perpetrator’s actions.

For all religions, including Islam, pluralism in society is a challenge. Many thought reconstructions and debates regarding the Islamic paradigm are results of conflicts between right and left Islamic ideologies about the religious paradigm. This research aimed to determine how Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL) and Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) groups embrace tolerance and social networks. The data were analyzed using van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis and a multi-level approach to offer a more critical understanding of the paradigms. This research discovered that JIL has promoted religious tolerance within its theological domain, while HTI has reacted adversely. HTI has not renounced tolerance, but its ideology does not include religious tolerance. HTI derives its legitimacy from Islam; its activists see Islam as a religion and an ideology. JIL also views religion as more than just text and pursues a contextual view of theology. Meanwhile, HTI was restricted to its textual interpretation. Its dissemination in several media outlets further demonstrated its paradigm and the unity of HTI members.

Anak-anak merupakan generasi penerus bangsa. Di masa depan, kepemimpinan bangsa ini ada di tangan mereka. Oleh karena itu, anak-anak harus dipersiapkan dengan sebaik-baiknya. Peran orangtua sangat besar dalam mensosialisasi anak. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan orang tua tentang pengasuhan anak harus ditingkatkan. Dalam hal ini, keluarga memegang peran penting dalam melahirkan generasi penerus yang mumpuni karena secara makro, ketahanan bangsa bergantung pada ketahanan keluarga. Di masa yang akan datang, bangsa ini akan dipimpin oleh generasi yang saat ini sedang mengalami sosialisasi dalam keluarga. Maka dari itu, secara mikro, orang tua harus diberdayakan karena sosialisasi dimulai dari keluarga. Peningkatan pengetahuan orang tua dilakukan dengan melakukan upaya revitalisasi fungsi keluarga dalam mempersiapkan generasi emas.

Sexual violence can occur anywhere and anytime. It can cause the victim to have prolonged trauma. This article aimed to examine the experiences of victims or survivors of sexual violence and to find out the healing process they carried out. This study employed a descriptive quantitative approach by interviewing 377 respondents. According to the findings of this study, sexual violence has various impacts on victims, including shame, low self-esteem, feelings of inferiority, and a desire to retaliate against the perpetrator. Fears that arise as a result of sexual violence include the fear of getting pregnant, contracting sexually transmitted diseases, sin, and feeling inferior. As a healing process, the victims engaged in a variety of activities ranging from worship to favorite activities to reduce trauma. This study concludes that the healing process is significant for victims, with the aim of accelerating both physical and psychological recovery.

The number of cases of domestic violence against women and children in Indonesia has escalated year by year. Various studies have revealed the impact of family violence on children, but few have sought to investigate the sociological lives of youth who have been exposed to domestic violence since childhood. This study aimed to reveal the experiences of educated youth who are exposed to domestic violence and its impact on them. This study used a qualitative method. The research informants were educated youth who had been victims of domestic violence and were currently students in the university. The results showed that children who were victims of exposure to violence had bad experiences throughout their lives. They recorded domestic violence from childhood to growing up. They believe that parents and families are parties that are unable to provide protection. In addition, exposure to violence also causes mental health disorders, poor psychological conditions, and thoughts of refusing to marry. This study concludes that exposure to domestic violence has a serious impact on children’s social development because from childhood to adulthood they grow up in a violence zone.

Indonesia has experienced incidents of domestic violence involving partners working in professional fields. The domestic violence has become a critical problem in both developed and developing countries. The number of cases of violence against women (VAW) has been increasing every year. Data from Indonesian National Commission on Violence Against Women year 2020 show that there are 431,471 cases. Earlier studies indicated that high academic and professional status achieved by women can reduce VAW. However, cases of domestic violence reveal that such initiatives are not enough and do not exclude academically and professionally empowered women from being victims of domestic violence. The studies indicate that power relations between husband and wife play a crucial role in determining the incidence of domestic violence in a family. This study aims to reveal power relations in dual-career families experiencing domestic violence in Indonesia. The study deploys the qualitative research method and applies the Connell theory on gender and power. This research was conducted in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, and it involved 44 key informants and 34 supporting informants from the general public. The results reveal three categories of power relations between husbands and wives, who faced domestic violence in dual-career families: male-dominated families, female-dominated families and alternating families (i.e., families where the dominant roles of men as husbands and women as wives can change). This study concludes that the ownership of intellectual and economic resources in themselves does not contain the power relations between husband and wife play a critical role in determining the incidence of domestic violence. cases of domestic violence. Based on power relations between husband and wife, alternating family, driven by women’s resistance, is capable of changing the structure of the family. In alternating families, the power of husband and wife are alternated. There are reversed roles between them. Furthermore, it tends to build a new structure where there is no hierarchical family position between women and men. In addition, the structural change will create an equal and ideal family.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) challenged educators, especially female teachers, as they shouldered the double burden of being both teachers and spouses. This study articulates the online teaching experiences of Indonesian women that work as elementary school teachers. Moreover, the study explores strategies implemented by these teachers to overcome this career-family dichotomy. Carried out in Indonesia’s East Java province, this descriptive mixed method study surveyed 347 married female teachers, 212 of which have school-aged children. Results showed that home-based online teaching created additional burdens for female teacher and they experienced workload resulting from this dual role, further emphasized by the expectation of domestic duties that are primarily enforced on women. Several strategies, including time management, involving their husbands in domestic chores — that strengthened their social support —, and simultaneously teaching their own children along with their students, were implemented. Therefore, couple’s negotiations regarding role division are needed to achieve gender equality within familial structures. A doença do coronavírus de 2019 (Covid-19) desafiou os educadores, especialmente as professoras, uma vez que elas suportaram o duplo encargo de serem simultaneamente professoras e esposas. Este estudo articula as experiências de ensino online de mulheres indonésias que trabalham como professoras do ensino básico. Além disso, o estudo explora estratégias implementadas por estas professoras para ultrapassar esta dicotomia carreira-família. Realizado na província indonésia de Java Oriental, este estudo descritivo de método misto pesquisou 347 professoras casadas, 212 das quais têm filhos em idade escolar. Os resultados mostraram que o ensino online domiciliário criou encargos adicionais para as professoras e que estas tiveram uma sobrecarga de trabalho resultante deste duplo papel social, ainda mais acentuada pela expectativa de deveres domésticos que são principalmente impostos às mulheres. Foram implementadas várias estratégias, incluindo a gestão do tempo, envolvimento dos seus maridos nas tarefas domésticas — que reforçaram o seu apoio social —, e simultaneamente o ensino dos seus próprios filhos juntamente com os seus alunos. Por conseguinte, são necessárias negociações do casal relativamente à divisão de papéis para alcançar a igualdade de género no seio das estruturas familiares. La maladie à coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) a été particulièrement éprouvante pour les enseignants, et tout particulièrement les femmes, puisqu’elles ont dû assumer la double charge d’être en même temps professeures et épouses. Cet article reprend les expériences d’enseignement à distance de femmes indonésiennes professeures de l’enseignement élémentaire. L’étude explore les stratégies mises en œuvre par ces enseignantes afin de surmonter la dichotomie carrière-famille. Menée dans la province indonésienne de Java Oriental, cette étude descriptive selon une méthode mixte a concerné 347 enseignantes mariées, dont 212 ont des enfants en âge scolaire. Les résultats ont montré que l’enseignement à distance à domicile a créé des charges supplémentaires pour les professeures, qui ont eu une surcharge de travail du fait de ce double rôle social, encore plus accentuée par l’attente des tâches ménagères qui sont principalement imposées aux femmes. Plusieurs stratégies ont été adoptées, notamment la gestion du temps, la participation des maris aux tâches ménagères – qui a renforcé leur appui social – et, simultanément, l’enseignement de leur propres enfants en même temps que leurs élèves. Par conséquent, il faut des négociations au sein du couple concernant le partage des rôles afin d’atteindre l’égalité de genre au sein des structures familiales. La enfermedad del coronavirus de 2019 (Covid-19) desafió a los educadores, especialmente a las profesoras, tomando en cuenta que ellas soportaron la doble función de ser simultáneamente profesoras y esposas. Este estudio articula las experiencias de enseñanza online de mujeres indonesias que trabajan como profesoras de enseñanza básica. Además de eso, el estudio explora estrategias implementadas por estas profesoras para superar esta dicotomía carrera-familia. Realizado en la provincia indonesia de Java Oriental, este estudio de método descriptivo mixto buscó 347 profesoras casadas, 212 de las cuales tienen hijos en edad escolar. Los resultados mostraron que la enseñanza online domiciliaria creó encargos adicionales para las profesoras y que estas tuvieron una sobrecarga de trabajo resultante de este doble papel social, incluso más acentuada por la expectativa de deberes domésticos que son principalmente impuestos a las mujeres. Fueron implementadas varias estrategias,incluyendo la gestión del tiempo, envolvimiento de sus maridos en las tareas domésticas - que reforzaron su apoyo social -, y, simultáneamente la enseñanza de sus propios hijos de manera conjunta con sus alumnos. Por consiguiente, son necesarias negociaciones de la pareja relativamente a la división de papeles para alcanzar la igualdad de género en el seno de las estructuras familiares. publicada

Domestic violence is a social problem in Indonesia, with the number of cases increasing. There have not been many sociological studies discussing women's resistance to domestic violence. This study...

Teachers should act creatively to help students understand the subject matter. The Snwoball Throwig model is a fun learning model for students because it contains elements of play. The author uses this model in class IVC MIN 1 Rembang 2019 students with the aim of improving student learning outcomes in thematic learning material life cycle material for class IVC MIN 1 Rembang in 2019, the author uses the classroom action research method with two cycles to obtain data about the abilities of students . The data obtained showed that this model significantly succeeded in improving the students' abilities in thematic learning of animal life cycle materials. The Snwoball Throwing model can be a model that can help improve students' abilities in animal life cycle material

This study aimed to determine the online learning process and the associated obstacles experienced by students. With the background of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, this study sought to uncover what social constructions the students engage in related to the new policy for online learning that has recently been enforced by the Indonesian government. A quantitative study was conducted with a descriptive research approach. There were 274 college student respondents from Madura, Indonesia. This study found that not all of the students prefer online learning, inclusive of expressing their disapproval that online learning is effective. Social, economic and cultural factors are important indicators that online learning has not been able to be effectively carried out in a number of regions in Indonesia. Rural communities are not ready to welcome the latest learning methods and they are still comfortable using conventional methods. Online learning on Madura Island is not only constrained by technical problems and facilities but also by the human resources that need to be encouraged to accept the latest learning models. Students consider this learning model to not be beneficial due to the presence of several obstacles, including the geographical area. This is because rural areas make it difficult to access the internet. They also have to buy an internet quota. Internet access in some applications requires a large quota so this becomes problem for some students, especially for those who come from lower-middle income families. Therefore the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure as well as the facilitated internet access among rural communities, financial assistance and the socialisation of the importance of online learning is necessary. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.8.13

Empowerment is seen as being capable of making choices about job, marriage, mobility, entertainment, and the number of children. The present study focused on the role of handicraft businesswomen, their experiences, and the role of handicraft business as a tool of empowerment for women in Gilgit, Pakistan. The study was limited to the experiences of women producing handicrafts and viewed as socio-economic empowerment for those who are producing handicrafts. This study employed a qualitative research design. The thematic analysis of interviews of the craftswomen showed that they were empowering themselves economically and socially through handicraft business. The research findings reinforced the objectives of the study that the craftswomen perceive empowerment as economic independence and the income generated through handicrafts strengthens their economic as well as social position in society. This study concludes that their economic and social position becomes stronger after starting to earn income. These women also felt like the source of change in terms of motivation, inspiration, and encouragement for the other women in the society. They viewed and regarded the skill of handicrafts as the source of income and financial support for their families.

COVID-19 pandemic affected the increasing frequency and intensity of a husband and wife’s interaction. The pandemic further worsened domestic violence experienced by women, and this has made them resist the violence. This study aims to unravel domestic violence and women’s resistance. The research used a qualitative method on women who experienced domestic violence amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that the resistance was triggered by numerous internal conflicts, such as declining income and increasingly diverse household conflicts during the pandemic. Women spontaneously resist against verbal, physical, and psychological abuse to save themselves from harm and to protect their dignity. The resistances are demonstrated in various ways, including fighting the husband back, verbal abuse, shouting, threatening to divorce, scratching, and punching the husband. Additionally, women also resorted to passive resistance by giving the silent treatment, staying away, stopping communication, not sleeping in the same bed, and refusing to serve the husband. This resistance exhibited women’s awareness to defend their rights. Women did realize that they have the right to fight back as a manner of combating gender inequality.

Introduction: The case of HIV AIDS every year has increased. This is supported by the development of globalization resulting in social changes and lifestyles, including risky behaviors such as sexual intercourse with multiple partners, premarital sex, and drug abuse. Such lifestyle endangers reproductive health, especially the possibility of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) in couples. Objective: To know the relation of knowledge level about HIV AIDS with premarital sexual behavior to fishermen in TPI Unit II Juwana Pati Central Java.Method: The type of quantitative research design used is descriptive correlasional.Populasi Penelitian Population in this research is the fisherman in TPI Unit II as many as 251 fishermen. The sample of research using non-probability sampling technique that is accidental sampling, as many as 72 respondents, with error rate 10% of the total population. This research was conducted at TPI Unit II of Juwana Central Java. Data were collected using a knowledge-level questionnaire on HIV AIDS and pre-marital sexual behavior. To test hypotasis using test analysis using Kendall Tau.Results: Based on Kendall's Tau correlation test results showed a relationship between HIV AIDS knowledge level and premarital sexual behavior on fishermen in TPI Unit II Juwana Pati Central Java because it has a coefficient of 0.452 with a significance value of 0.000. This shows that p 0,1.Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between HIV AIDS knowledge level and premarital sexual behavior of fishermen in TPI Unit II Juwana Pati Central Java

Remittances sent by migrant workers represent one of the largest cash flow into developing countries. This study examines the relationship between remittances and the changing lifestyles among Indonesian overseas workers’ families in their hometowns. Using descriptive research methods, I interviewed 53 relatives of migrants in Indonesia. The results revealed that remittances from migrant workers strongly influenced their family’s lives in their hometowns. As the family’s financial situation improved, their living paradigm also changed in various ways. However, there was a contradiction between the typical worker’s motive, which was to fulfill basic needs in his hometown, and the consumer lifestyle they practiced as reflected in their buying of various items for the exchange value rather than the use value. Thus, the money they earned during their overseas employment was not systematically allocated as long-term productive asset. Instead, they mostly spent the money to achieve symbolic status while showing off their success as overseas migrant workers through engagement in the consumer culture. The behavior and lifestyle of families also changed when one member became a migrant worker. Before having a migrant worker as a family member, a family may live in poverty. When the migrant worker comes home from abroad, the whole family’s lifestyle becomes more consumption-oriented and glamorous. Families of migrant workers, even those in rural areas, are familiar with online shopping, various beauty and cosmetic products, health products, and other consumables. Thus, online sellers often benefit from the consumer behavior of migrant workers.

This article describes the feminization of poverty-reducing program by directing the program to female breadwinners in 10 regencies in East Java Province, Indonesia. The main activity of such program is to provide productive financial support to a target group, namely poor female breadwinners in rural areas. The main focus of the research is to examine the targeting accuracy of the program in providing productive financial support to the target group. To acquire this objective, a survey was conducted to collect data for the examination. In addition, the targeting accuracy is measured for the accuracy of its recipients, its amount, and its utilization. The results of the study indicate that the feminization of poverty-reducing program has met the target. It means that the funds have really been given to the poor female breadwinners who live in rural areas. The sum of the money has been in agreement with the amount that should be given, and it has been utilized by the target group productively in accordance with the program objectives.

Background: The economic contribution of women batik craftsmen in Tuban is relatively important in their families even though their income is below the district / city minimum wage (below the UMK). In general, women batik craftsmen in Tuban work as additional income earners, with flexible working hours that can be combined with domestic duties. Objective: This activity is to provide solutions to problems; a) Tuban batik handicraft and business is treated as a side job, not as a main job, so that it is not professionally in managing their business; b) women batik craftsmen in Tuban have social characteristics with low education and often live in economically poor conditions so that they are in a weak and vulnerable position from the socio-economic structure; c) the work welfare of women batik craftsmen in Tuban is not formally protected because batik production and business are located in a home environment which is considered as the informal sector; d) women who make Tuban batik have to play a 'multi burden' role. Methods: This activity is carried out in training and business management assistance. Results: The results of this activity are: 1) Increased awareness of women batik craftsmen for their strategic role in economic contribution to improve family welfare; 2) Increased knowledge and skills of women regarding the strategy of harmonizing roles in batik handicraft activities - batik business management with family - household management; 3) Increased knowledge and skills of women batik craftsmen regarding professionalism and management of entrepreneurship in handicrafts - batik businesses based on local wisdom. Conclusions: There was an increase in knowledge and awareness of women batik craftsmen about the strategic role of women, harmonization of women's roles and professionalism.

HIV/AIDS prevention is very important and absolutely necessary. HIV transmission is now entering a fairly alarming level, in which people with HIV/AIDS in certain subpopulations are emerging. Special steps and resources are thus needed to cope with the condition. There are some phenomena potentially encourage HIV transmissions, such as the increasingly common free sex, homosexuality, the use of unsafe and unsterile syringes in narcotics consumption, commercial sex workers and various high-risk sexual activities. One of the crucial concerns that arises when sending prostitutes back to their hometowns without any coordinated and holistic mechanism is that the prostitutes may cause the spreading of HIV/AIDS in their hometowns. The research objective is to provide the material (input) how the prostitutes themselves may cause the spreading of HIV/AIDS. The research employed descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the implementation and the role division in the closure have been highly coordinated and holistic. The leading sector in the role division is the Social Welfare epartment of the Government in Surabaya. In terms of health aspects for the former prostitutes sent back to their hometowns, there has been no policies related to medical screening designed to identify the disease early. Screening is very important for early diagnosis during the post-closure phase. The screening mechanism is that the Provincial Health Department has to optimize the monitoring, coordination, cooperation, agreements and partnerships with stakeholders such as the Local Health Department and the National/Provincial/Distric AIDS Commission, NGOs that are concerned with the problems of HIV-AIDS, international organizations, professional organizations, community leaders, religious leaders and universities.

Academics acknowledge religiosity, spirituality and social support as socio-behavioral factors that influence patients’ ability to deal with chronic illness. This study has attempted to describe empirical reality of how these factors influence patients. The sample of this study was 500 chronically ill hepatitis patients and was selected through the multistage sampling techniques. Through structured interview schedule, data were collected during the period of September 2016 to March 2017 from five most populated cities of Punjab (Pakistan). Data were analyzed through descriptive (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling). The study suggests some recommendations and suggestions to policy makers regarding the significance of religiosity, spirituality and social support as coping strategies during chronic illness. The findings illustrate that social support has more association with coping than religiosity and spirituality of the patients.

In a patriarchal society, men are the breadwinners and women are obliged to perform a domestic role. However, in reality, there are many families with unemployed husbands and working wives who support the family. This study aimed to reveal the background of unemployed husbands and the conflicts and violence against wives as the main breadwinner. This study used qualitative research methods and is descriptive research in design. The researchers interviewed informants from families with unemployed husbands where the wives were the breadwinners. The results of this study indicate that the causes of the husbands not working include illness, bankruptcy, company rationalization, a lack of desire to support their family or being too lazy to work. The conflicts that often occur in families with unemployed husbands include the socialization of the children, family economy, the division of domestic labor, differences of opinion in various matters, conflicts with their extended families, and various cases that are considered trivial. The violence that occurs in the family with unemployed husbands is physical violence, verbal, and psychological abuse to wives. Although the wives are the source of the family economy, the husbands remain in a dominant position in the family. Therefore, efforts to overcome the violence in the family requires support from many parties, including the wives, families, communities, and the state.

This article describes the results of concurrent mixed method testing to identify the typology of poverty in one particular area in East Java, Indonesia known as the "Madura Horseshoe". So far, typology studies of poverty in Indonesia use a single research method. The use of concurrent mixed methods is rarely done and even considered taboo in conventional research. The test results show that the method is very suitable to academic needs and very comprehensive in identifying the typology of poverty, particularly rampant poverty in an exclusive area with specific social structure and culture, namely those dominated by a particular ethnic group. The test concludes that the typology of poverty in the exclusive region of "Madura Horseshoe" is, in majority, a structural typology. The residents suffer from poverty because they do not have productive assets and social networks. Only a small percentage has cultural constraints, of which problems, including poverty, are solved by means of praying to God and asking blessings of sustenance. If this does not yield, they give up and resign to predestined fate.

The practice of girl marriage in Indonesia has remained to this day, mainly in poor villages. This paper is intended to reveal how women who married at a young age have been victims and how the practice of girl marriage could be eliminated by using a gender mainstreaming strategy. This paper was based on research conducted in poor villages in the province of East Java, namely in Sampang Regency and Ponorogo Regency. This study is a feminist perspective research with the research subjects being women who were married at a young age, their parents, community leaders, formal leaders, and the leaders of women's organizations. The data collection techniques applied in the study were an in-depth interview technique with 20 informants and interviews using a questionnaire with 200 respondents. This study shows that the practice of early marriage is detrimental to women, since women are the victims. The study also found that implementing the gender mainstreaming strategy potentially could reduce the practice of girl marriage in poor communities.

Students’ academic achievement greatly influenced by their parents’ socioeconomic status and involvement in their academic life. Regardless of the parents’ educational qualifications, their support helps the children gain confidence in education and then in life. This study intends to see the relationship between two independent variables: parental awareness and emotional support to children and one dependent variable: academic achievement. The study area is Jafarabad, a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. The sample size was 250, designated using the Taro Yamani formula, and a simple random sampling technique was used to choose the respondents. The questionnaire was then used to collect information. The collected data was then coded and analyzed in SPSS. Pearson correlation test was used to test the hypotheses. Significant findings show that the lack of parental awareness and interest in student’s school activities is the primary cause of their poor academic achievement at secondary school. Accordingly, the study concludes that it is the primary responsibility of parents to support their children and cooperate with school administration emotionally. Therefore, the government, specifically the district education office, and local NGOs need to run awareness campaigns on the importance of parental involvement in the children’s education, which will result in the children’s excellent academic achievement.

Political participation of women has improved significantly in many western democracy settings; in Asian countries however, women are still left behind in terms of political participation. This article explores political participation of women in a gender-segregated society where women have disproportionate social status in a strongly patriarchal culture and political system. Femininity, political socialization, political interest, political efficacy, and patriarchal political culture were taken as predictors to assess the political participation of women. Structured interview schedules were administrated to 414 women voters from two randomly selected Tehsils, i.e. Jhang and Gujar Khan, of the Punjab Province in Pakistan. Data from the interviews were processed using Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression. The results revealed that predictors explained 58.3% of the variance in the political participation of women voters in Punjab. However, two constructs of femininity: morality and loyalty were not loaded in the model. The dominant, socially designed attributes that women should possess in Pakistani society are childbearing and rearing, love and care for parents/husband, homemaking, submissiveness, passivity, and dependence. The home/private sphere becomes the ideal, normative space for women to operate. On the other hand, men are characterized by decision making, production, independence, assertiveness, violence, and wider interaction. Thus, men are associated with the public and the public sphere. These feminine & masculine ideals are the basis of social practices and social relations in Pakistani society. These are internalized, taken for granted, and embedded into the culture, social structure, and social organization of Pakistani society.

This study aimed to classify the role of women, gender and characteristics of home-based industries that were managed by women in two cities of East Java Province. This study also tried to identify strengths, weaknesses and challenges faced by these women, especially impoverished women. The research employed qualitative method supported by quantitative data. The data collected through structured interviews guided by questionnaires and indepth interviews. Three main results were attained. First, it was related to the characteristics of women workers, the role of multi-burdened women, the flexible working hours, formal education but unrelated to work, and low income but still importantly needed to support economic condition. Second, three networks were found: network between manager/owner and workers that was informal and family-oriented, network between managers and local government for marketing and training, and network with the private sector for access to capital and business development. Third, the model of empowering small home-based industries should consider the specific needs of women. In other words, there is a requisite for practical and strategic gender needs that has to be comprehended and become the basis for the planning and development to conduct activities and programs for women.

The issue of women with disabilities is still rarely studied and published in the community, especially the issues of sexual violences for women with disabilities. This study provides a recommendation for both central and local governments (especially in East Java) to accomodate reproductive health services for women with disabilities. Since The Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities through the Law no.19 in 2011, the government have not taken any significant action. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a more implementative model policy for the community. The purpose of this research acts as a reference to make an effective, efficient, and right-on-target reproductive health policy. The recommendation made in this study is expected to be a reference for various parties, including the government, in order to design a more concrete and proactive steps to overcome reproductive health issue for women with disabilities in Indonesia, and also to build strategies which unite communities with different backgrounds. In order to obtain empirical data and information, this study used descriptive research with qualitative approach. Several steps taken are (1) determining the location of the study purposively in 33 sub-districts of Malang regency: in clinic, health, education, and social department, boarding school, Bhakti Luhur, P2TP2A, and local NGOs. Malang regency is chosen because (a) it is the only city which starts concerning sexuality and reproductive health of women with disabilities issues; (b) The sex ratio in 2010 was around 98,78%, which means that the number of females is significantly larger than males. As seen from the population density of 33 sub-districts of Malang, the majority of women has high density above 2000/km². It implies that poverty is mostly suffered by women; (c) the number of reproductive health issues for women with disabilities is quite a lot, because it is regarded as a taboo. (2) Data Collection: (1) observation and (2) indepth interview, (3) informants, (4) data analysis. The result of this study indicates that there are still a lot of women with disabilities who do not understand about taking care of their reproductive organs, and thus impacting their health. The control over their reproductive organs is still low, which makes many of them suffered from sexual violences that lead to unwanted pregnancies. Some cases found during the study show that women with disabilities who become sexual violence victims did not get proper justice, because their statements are not legally accepted, and it is also reinforced by the communities’ stigma which calls person with mental disabilities as a psycho.