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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of particle sizes on yield, diffusivity, mass transfer and morphological characterization on extraction rate of rubber seed oil recovery by supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). Pressure 30 MPa, temperature 60 oC and average particle size 500 µm gives the maximum oil recovery (34.71%), diffusivity coefficient (5.13 E-12 m2/s) and extraction rate (0.6 mg/sec). The morphological characterization of extracted rubber seeds was done on the basis of scanning electron microscopy which was parallel with the results of the effect of particle size. The results obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the rubber seeds oil contained significant essential fatty acids and certain chemical constituents which are very valuable.

Due to industrial expansion (printing, rubber, plastics, textiles, cosmetics, leather industries, etc.), various types of synthetic dyes are discharged into the water bodies which cause severe hazards to the environment. Therefore, these dyes need to eliminate from the wastewater using potential adsorbent materials. Graphene-Silver oxide nanocomposite (GO-Ag) was synthesized by modified Hummer’s method using lemon juice as a reducing agent. This adsorbent was employed for malachite green (MG) removal from the aqueous solution. The chemically synthesized adsorbent was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The efficiency of GO-Ag nanocomposite was studied under different experimental limits such as solution concentration, time and pH. The capacity of adsorption of dye (MG) was observed to be 65.21 mg/g at pH 8. The adsorption of malachite green onto GO-Ag nanocomposite best fit to Freundlich model and followed the pseudo-second order of kinetic model. The method can be applied to dyes removal in wastewaters.

Naturally active compounds are usually contained inside plants and materials thereof. Thus, the extraction of the active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods. The commonly employed extraction methods are mostly based on solid-liquid extraction. Frequently used conventional extraction methods such as maceration, heat-assisted extraction, Soxhlet extraction, and hydrodistillation are often criticized for large solvent consumption and long extraction times. Therefore, many advanced extraction methods incorporating various technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, high pressure, high voltage, enzyme hydrolysis, innovative solvent systems, adsorption, and mechanical forces have been studied. These advanced extraction methods are often better than conventional methods in terms of higher yields, higher selectivity, lower solvent consumption, shorter processing time, better energy efficiency, and potential to avoid organic solvents. They are usually designed to be greener, more sustainable, and environment friendly. In this review, we have critically described recently developed extraction methods pertaining to obtaining active compounds from plants and materials thereof. Main factors that affect the extraction performances are tuned, and extraction methods are chosen in line with the properties of targeted active compounds or the objectives of extraction. The review also highlights the advancements in extraction procedures by using combinations of extraction methods to obtain high overall yields or high purity extracts.

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as Roselle, is a native plant in Malaysia that is rich with bioactive compounds. In the present study, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction of Roselle was investigated. The optimum particle size (212µm, 300µm, 425µm, 600µm, and 710µm) to obtain highest yield was pre-determined. The effects of two operating parameters, pressure (20MPa, 25MPa, and 30MPa) and temperature (40 ºC, 60 ºC, and 80 ºC) on extraction yield were studied using response surface methodology (RSM). From the experimental data, the optimum conditions were achieved using particle size 300µm, pressure 27.5MPa, and temperature 50.8 ºC. Using the optimized parameters, the highest extraction yield was predicted to be 163.26 mg-extract/g-dried sample. The validation experimental results were consistent with the predicted values.

Currently, there is increasing interest on low cost and commercially available materials for the adsorp-tion of heavy metals. The vital benefits of adsorption technologies are its potential in reducing the concentration of heavy metal ions using low-cost adsorbent materials. Fruit peel wastes (FPW) are readily available in abundance. Furthermore, it has a high potential as a sustainable adsorbent due to its large quantity of lignocellulosic materials. Realizing this potential, there are many studies on various fruit peels waste adsorbents used in the removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions from wastewater. However, there is no comprehensive review of these adsorbents, especially on the factors that influenced the adsorption capacity. Hence, this review aims to study on the various fruit peels waste adsorbents and the factors by comparing the metal binding capacities, metal removal perfor-mances, sorbent dosage, optimum pH, temperature, initial concentration and contact time. Finally, the adsorption mechanisms were also discussed.

The massive production of rice straw could eventually lead to uncontrolled air pollution due to open burning activity. In this study, the rice straw was treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) to remove silica as well as to maximize the hydrolysis of the treated rice straw. Thus the study aimed to determine the effects of reaction parameters (i.e. AHP concentrations, particle sizes of rice straw, and temperature) towards the pretreatment with AHP in a batch system. From the characterization analysis, the rice straw sample contained high amount of silica (20%) and lignin (20%). From the study, >83.8% silica removal, 80% of delignification, and 7.88% of reduced sugar were achieved at optimum conditions of 60 °C with 10% AHP solution for sample with

This investigation reports on the biosorption mechanism of Congo Red dyes (CR) in aqueous solution using acid-treated durian peels, prepared for this study. The biosorbent nature was characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Brunaure-Emmet-Teller (BET). The effect of process parameters within operational range of pH (2–9), contact time (10–200 min), initial concentration (25–400 mg g−1) and temperature (25–65 °C) for the optimum removal of CR dyes was investigated using central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM), and revealed that the optimum condition of biosorption was achieved around a pH of 5.5, contact time of 105 min at initial concentration of 212.5 mg L−1 within 45 °C temperature, which corresponds to 95.2% percent removal of CR. The experimental data fitted better to the second order polynomial model, with a correlation coefficient R2 value of 0.9917 and the Langmuir isotherm model with biosorption capacity of 107.52 mg g−1. Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption of CR dyes was spontaneous. The mechanism of the adsorption of CR dyes revealed that the biosorption of CR dyes investigated under different operational conditions show that under acidic pH, the adsorption efficiency of the acid treated durian peels is enhanced for the adsorption of CR dye molecules.

Eucalyptus globulus is an aromatic medicinal plant which known for its 1,8-cineole main pharmacological constituent exhibits as natural analgesic agent. Eucalyptus globulus-loaded micellar nanoparticle was developed via spontaneous emulsification technique and further evaluation for its analgesic efficacy study, in vivo analgesic activity assay in rats. The nanoemulsion system containing Eucalyptus-micelles was optimized at different surfactant types (Tween 40, 60 and 80) and concentrations (3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0, 15.0, and 18.0 wt. %). These formulations were characterized by thermodynamically stability, viscosity, micelles particle size, pH, and morphology structure. The spontaneous emulsification technique offered a greener micelles formation in nanoemulsion system by slowly titrated of organic phase, containing Eucalyptus globulus (active compound), grape seed oil (carrier oil) and hydrophilic surfactant into aqueous phase, and continuously stirred for 30 min to form a homogeneity solution. The characterizations evaluation revealed an optimized formulation with Tween 40 surfactant type at 9.0 wt. % of surfactant concentration promoted the most thermodynamic stability, smaller micelles particle size (d = 17.13 ± 0.035 nm) formed with spherical shape morphological structure, and suitable in viscosity (≈2.3 cP) and pH value (6.57) for transdermal purpose. The in vivo analgesic activity assay of optimized emulsion showed that the transdermal administration of micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus on fore and hind limb of rats, possessed the central and peripheral analgesic effects by prolonged the rats pain responses towards the heat stimulus after being put on top of hot plate (55 °C), with longest time responses, 40.75 s at 60 min after treatment administration. Thus, this study demonstrated that micellar nanoparticle of Eucalyptus globulus formed in nanoemulsion system could be promising as an efficient transdermal nanocarrier for the analgesic therapy alternative.

Reverse micelle extraction of erythromycin and amoxicillin were studied by using eco-friendly sophorolipids biosurfactant. Application of biosurfactant can further improve reverse micelle extraction in terms of sustainability and environmental friendliness compared to synthetic surfactants. The mass transfer behavior of the antibiotics during reverse micelle extraction was investigated. Experimental results show that the reverse micelle extraction of amoxicillin and erythromycin were completed within 200 s. The range of combined mass transfer coefficients obtained is 1.748 × 10−8 to 1.064 × 10−7 for reverse micelle extraction of amoxicillin and 3.395 × 10−7 to 1.131 × 10−6 for erythromycin. The rate limiting steps for each extraction process were identified. The overall mass transfer coefficients of backward extraction were found to be lower than that of forward extraction for both antibiotics which indicates that the forward extraction process was more efficient and faster than the backward extraction. Comparisons between erythromycin and amoxicillin showed that erythromycin has better equilibrium partitioning and larger calculated overall mass transfer coefficients compared to amoxicillin. This may be due to some differences in behaviors and characteristics of amoxicillin and erythromycin during the reverse micelle extraction process. This reverse micelle extraction method was found to be more efficient in extracting erythromycin compared to amoxicillin.

Surfactants have the ability to form nano-sized micelles in the aqueous phase and reverse micelles in the organic phase through a self-assembly process. The micelles and reverse micelles are able to encapsulate various substances. This phenomenon has been exploited for the extraction and separation of various biomolecules. Micelle-based extraction techniques have many benefits including low solvent consumption, utilization of safe solvents, easy operation, fast extraction process, good selectivity, high extraction efficiency, and protection of encapsulated biomolecules. Biosurfactants have many advantages like high biodegradability, high specificity, low toxicity, biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and stable at extreme conditions. They are produced from renewable and cheap resources. Many biosurfactants also possess better surface activity compared to chemical surfactants. Therefore, biosurfactants are a good alternative to chemical surfactants in micelle-based extraction techniques.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 is a valuable alternative technique in which organic solvents are used in a series of laboratories and different industrial processes. In early research, water was used as the common solvent for the extraction process, but recently CO2 has received much attention as a supercritical fluid at different industrial levels. The industry zones, especially the rubber industries, prefer to use SFE with CO2 because this combination offers many advantages such as sample recovery, maintenance of purity factor, high selectivity in products, and a very short processing time, around 10–60 min. SFE with CO2 is very effective for reducing product contamination and improving environmental safety. CO2 as a solvent when used widely in various industrial processes and with SFE does not produce any emissions harmful to the environment. SFE technologies are used in different industrial applications that have shown substantial development in recent years. In this chapter, the role of SFE in rubber industries, and the importance of the rubber industry in Malaysia, with potential SFE applications, are summarized as possible future directions in research, especially for new investigators working in this area.

Phytomedicines have been widely implemented throughout the world for centuries and recognized by scientific committees and patients for their better therapeutic value, with fewer adverse effects offered by herbal medicines compared with modern drugs. The enhancement of phytotherapeutics demands a scientific approach in delivering the biological constituent efficiently, in a sustained manner to achieve patient satisfaction and avoid repeated administration. Incorporation of phytomedicines into nanotechnology is an innovative approach to magnifying the solubility, absorption rate, and permeation membrane of phytomedicine, which possess the high bioavailability and therapeutic potential of these medicinal plants. Therefore, this chapter reviews numerous investigations regarding the pharmacological activity of phytomedicine, the main factors that limit the therapeutic potential of phytomedicine, and the incorporation of phytomedicine into several nanocarriers. Hence, the overall discussion has revealed the potential of novel drug delivery systems in intensifying the bioavailability and efficacy of the pharmacological activity of phytomedicine. This finding depicts the several in vivo assays of phytomedicine-loaded nanocarriers that have been discussed throughout this chapter.

Nanotechnology is an innovative area of science that includes the design, characterization, production, and application of materials, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale (1-100 nm). Nanotechnology incorporation in cosmetic formulation is considered as the hottest and emerging technology available. Cosmetic manufacturers use nanoscale size ingredients to provide better UV protection, deeper skin penetration, long-lasting effects, increased color, finish quality, and many more. Micellar nanoparticles is one of the latest field applied in cosmetic products that becoming trending and widely commercialized in local and international markets. The ability of nanoemulsion system to form small micellar nanoparticles size with high surface area allowing to effectiveness of bioactive component transport onto the skin. Oil in water nanoemulsion is playing a major role as effective formulation in cosmetics such as make-up remover, facial cleanser, anti-aging lotion, sun-screens, and other water-based cosmetic formulations. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the properties, advantageous, and mechanism of micellar nanoparticles formation in nanoemulsion system. Therefore, present article introduce and discuss the specific benefits of nanoemulsion system in forming micellar nanoparticles for cosmetic formulation which become major factors for further development of micellar-based cosmetic segments.

Consumer consciousness on the concept of natural-based ingredients triggers the natural cosmetics market to grow. The active compounds in natural ingredients offer valuable bioactivities such as antioxidant, photoprotection, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory actions that useful for skincare, hair care and dental care. This review presents an overview on natural ingredient, especially plant-derived, used in cosmetic products and the examples of Malaysian plants used for cosmetic purposes.

In the present work, acid treated natural oil palm trunk powder (OPTP) has been utilized as novel adsorbents for the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution. The batch method was employed to study the adsorption behavior of MO which was subsequently determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometer. The adsorption characteristics and operational parameters were determined by monitoring different parameters such as pH, contact time, dye concentration and temperature. The acid treated OPTP and MO saturated OPTP adsorbent were characterized based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The maximum adsorption of MO was observed at pH 6 and a contact time 120 min was sufficient to attain the equilibrium. The adsorption of MO onto treated OPTP best fit to Langmuir model and followed the pseudo second order kinetic model. Different thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy, and entropy have been calculated and it was concluded that with increase in temperature adsorption increases, which indicates adsorption of MO onto OPTP was endothermic in nature and favourable with positive value of .H . The method can be applied to the removal of MO dyes in waste waters.

In clinical studies, drugs with hydrophobic characteristic usually reflect low bioavailability, poor drug absorption, and inability to achieve the therapeutic concentration in blood. The production of poor solubility drugs, in abundance, by pharmaceutical industries calls for an urgent need to find the alternatives for resolving the above mentioned shortcomings. Poor water solubility drugs loaded with polymeric micelle seem to be the best alternative to enhance drugs solubility and bioavailability. Polymeric micelle, formed by self-assembled of amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous environment, functioned as solubilizing agent for hydrophobic drug. This review discusses the fundamentals of polymeric micelle as drug carrier through representative literature, and demonstrates some applications in various clinical trials. The structure, characteristic, and formation of polymeric micelle have been discussed firstly. Next, this manuscript focuses on the potential of polymeric micelles as drug vehicle in oral, transdermal routes, and anti-cancer agent. Several results from previous studies have been reproduced in this review in order to prove the efficacy of the micelles in delivering hydrophobic drugs. Lastly, future strategies to broaden the application of polymeric micelles in pharmaceutical industries have been highlighted.

The aim of this chapter is to review recent developments in the detection of potentially dangerous VOCs (VOCs) using various kinds of carbon-based nanocomposites. These VOCs include components of gasoline, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetrachloroethylene, etc., that have adverse effects on the health of humans as well as other living organisms. Carbon-based nanocomposites are now considered new and novel materials that provide high tensile strength as well as mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties that make them better and more promising candidates for the detection of potential hazardous VOCs. In addition, owing to the ease of fabrication and reduction, the low cost, and simple operation, carbon-based nanocomposites offer great potential for portable real-time medical diagnostics, in contrast to the conventional methods-based on cost and labor-extensive lab-bench instruments. A summary of recent information obtained using various VOCs with different carbon-based nanocomposites has been included in the discussion. Alongside the detection efficiency, their mode of operation under various parameters has been covered in detail.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is a native plant in Malaysia and it is often reported on its nutritional and medicinal values. To date, numerous studies have been conducted on roselle, both calyx and seed, and it is proven that the major bioactive compounds in calyx are ascorbic acid and anthocyanin, whereas the seed is rich in carbohydrates, proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, which are a good source of minerals and antioxidants. The utilization of roselle is commonly noticeable in food, cosmetic and personal care industries. It is interesting to note that the constituents present in roselle calyx and seed extract, which are anthocyanin, fatty acids and tocopherol, make it possible to be exploited in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, this paper discusses the potential of roselle extract to be used as a health supplement, by reviewing its extraction methods, selected phytochemicals and also its future perspective in the pharmaceutical industry.

Drug-induced photosensitivity of the skin is drawing increasing attention. In past few decades, photosensitivity has been reported with an array of drugs, and is now recognized as a noteworthy medical problem by clinicians, regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry. The photosensitivity is of two types i.e., phototoxicity and photoallergy. Phototoxic disorders have a high incidence, whereas photoallergic reactions are much less frequent in human population. Several hundred substances, chemicals, or drugs may invoke phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. In order to avoid photosensitive reactions, it is essential to understand the mechanism behind the photosensitizing properties of such substances before these drugs are introduced in clinical settings. Photosensitization is inter-related to photochemical reaction, through the knowledge of which the photosensitivity of a drug can be anticipated. This review highlights the current research status on photosensitizing drugs and its correlation to phototoxicity. Different mechanisms of photodegradation of photolabile drugs have also been discussed.

The revelation of the anticancer properties of cisplatin has inspired research into metal complexes for the treatment of cancer. Several second and third generation cisplatin analogues were developed with claims of good anticancer properties and reduced side effects. However, the persistence of some side effects and the resistance of cancer cells have tempted scientists to explore new metal complexes as anticancer drugs. Therefore, the approach of rational drug design has been extended to the development of non-platinum anticancer drugs, and a large number of such complexes have been developed. Iron complexes are of interest to inorganic medicinal chemists for the development of anticancer agents. The anticancer potency of iron complexes was first reported in ferrocenium picrate and ferrocenium trichloroacetate salts, and was attributed to their ability to form reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative DNA damage. This review discusses the advances in iron complexes as anticancer agents. The aspects of the photocytotoxicity, redox activity and multinuclearity of anticancer iron complexes are discussed, in addition to discussing ferrocenyl derivatives and salen complexes. The legacy of nanotechnology and synergism in harnessing the potential of iron complexes is highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of iron complexes as anticancer agents are outlined.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Roselle) seeds are rich in proteins, carbohydrates and unsaturated fatty acids, and are a good source of minerals and antioxidants. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction was applied for extraction of oil from Roselle seed at temperatures of 40 °C to 80 °C and pressures of 20 MPa to 30 MPa. The effects of temperature and pressure on the extraction yield and solubility of oil were determined. Process optimization was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). A particle size of 300 μm, SC-CO2 flow rate of 5 mL/min and extraction time of 180 min were held constant throughout this study. The overall oil yield increased as pressure and temperature was increased, while a reverse effect was observed at higher temperatures. The optimum extraction conditions for Roselle seed oil corresponded to a pressure of 30 MPa and temperature of 40 °C. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the coefficient of determination R2 for oil yield and gamma tocopherol concentration were 0.9723 and 0.9754, respectively, indicating a good correlation and agreement between the experimental and predicted values.

Reverse micelles extraction of erythromycin and amoxicillin were carried out using the novel Sophorolipids biosurfactant. By replacing commonly used chemical surfactants with biosurfactant, reverse micelle extraction can be further improved in terms of environmental friendliness and sustainability. A central composite experimental design was used to investigate the effects of solution pH, KCl concentration, and sophorolipids concentration on the reverse micelle extraction of antibiotics. The most significant factor identified during the reverse micelle extraction of both antibiotics is the pH of aqueous solutions. Best forward extraction performance for erythromycin was found at feed phase pH of approximately 8.0 with low KCl and sophorolipids concentrations. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 10.0 and with low KCl concentration. On the other hand, best forward extraction performance for amoxicillin was found at feed phase pH around 3.5 with low KCl concentration and high sophorolipids concentration. Optimum recovery of erythromycin was obtained at stripping phase pH around 6.0 with low KCl concentration. Both erythromycin and amoxicillin were found to be very sensitive toaqueous phase pH and can be easily degraded outside of their stable pH ranges.

Background Essential oils are liquid extracts from aromatic plants, which have numerous applications in multiple industries. There are a variety of methods used for the extraction of essential oils, with each method exhibiting certain advantages and determining the biological and physicochemical properties of the extracted oils. Essential oils from different plant species contain more than 200 constituents which are comprised of volatile and non-volatile components. The application of essential oils as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral agents is due to their effective and efficient properties, inter alia. Method Several advanced (supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical extraction liquid, solvent-free microwave extraction) and conventional (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, solvent extraction) methods have been discussed for the extraction of essential oils. Advanced methods are considered as the most promising extraction techniques due to less extraction time, low energy consumption, low solvent used and less carbon dioxide emission. Conclusion This manuscript reviewed the major research studies in the field and discussed several research findings on the chemical composition of essential oils, methods of oil extraction, and application of these oils in pharmaceutical and therapeutic fields. These essential oils can be used as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and as skin permeation enhancer agents.

In the present research, we study the thermodynamic parameters of ternary system of two different sugars, i.e., (a)D(-)glucose+lysozyme+water and (b)maltose+lysozyme+water. It has been done at various temperatures (293.15, 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15 K) and concentrations of sugars. The apparent molal volume and apparent molal compressibilities have been calculated for these systems. The partial molal volume of D(-)glucose and maltose has also been evaluated in aqueous lysozyme solution. We have made an attempt to examine transfer volume of the said solutes from water to aqueous lysozyme solution. Interaction between sugars and water molecules is expected to create polar environment, which helps to increase the hydrophobic interactions in proteins, thus stabilizing the protein.

The direct determination of toxic metal ions, in environmental samples, is difficult because of the latter's presence in trace concentration in association with complex matrices, thereby leading to insufficient sensitivity and selectivity of the methods used. The simultaneous removal of the matrix and preconcentration of the metal ions, through solid phase extraction, serves as the promising solution. The mechanism involved in solid phase extraction (SPE) depends on the nature of the sorbent and analyte. Thus, SPE is carried out by means of adsorption, ion exchange, chelation, ion pair formation, and so forth. As polymeric supports, the commercially available Amberlite resins have been found very promising for designing chelating matrices due to its good physical and chemical properties such as porosity, high surface area, durability and purity. This review presents an overview of the various works done on the modification of Amberlite XAD resins with the objective of making it an efficient sorbent. The methods of modifications which are generally based on simple impregnation, sorption as chelates and chemical bonding have been discussed. The reported results, including the preconcentration limit, the detection limit, sorption capacity, preconcentration factors etc., have been reproduced.

Chemically oxidized pineapple fruit peel biomass has been used as a biosorbent for Cd(II) and Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize the treated pineapple fruit peel. The biosorption efficiency of pineapple fruit peel for Cd(II) and Pb(II) was greatly enhanced after chemical oxidation probably due to introduction of carboxylic and hydroxyl groups onto the biosorbent surface. Biosorption kinetics for both metals was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and intraparticle film diffusion. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were applied to the biosorption equilibrium data and best results were obtained with Langmuir isotherm model. Maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was found to be 42.10 and 28.55 mg g−1 for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. Thermodynamic study indicates that the biosorption was exothermic and the spontaneity of the process decreases with the ...

Dyes are an important class of organic pollutants and are well known for their hazardous effects on aquatic life in general and human beings in particular. In order to reduce the negative effects of dye contaminated wastewater on humans and the environment, the wastewater must be treated carefully before discharge into main streams. Advances in science and technology have led to the evolution of several techniques for the removal of dyes from industrial and domestic effluents. In this review, the more recent methods for the removal of dyes from water and wastewater have been discussed. Wastewater treatment techniques such as adsorption, oxidation, flocculation–coagulation, membrane filtration and biological treatment have been highlighted. In addition, efforts were made to review all the available techniques and recently published studies from 2010–2014. Furthermore, the performance and special features of these technologies have been summarised. Advantages and limitations of each technique are also presented. A thorough literature survey revealed that chemical oxidation, adsorption, and biological treatments have been the most frequently investigated techniques for dye removal over the past few years.