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In this Final Thesis Report, an antenna system that operates in the Sub-6 GHz spectrum for future 5G New Radio (5G NR) applications has been proposed. After studying the latest technologies in mobile communication and the application of these technologies in vehicles, a design of a flexible antenna capable of being integrated in the rear-view mirror of a car is developed to introduce this Next Generation to the automotive sector. The antenna design is developed using an EM simulator so that the results can be as close as possible to a real measurement. Later, the final prototype of the antenna is manufactured and its characteristics are evaluated in terms of VSWR, efficiency and gain, among other specifications collected in a final datasheet. By comparing the results of the measurements with the simulations, it is concluded that the project?s antenna has a smooth working in 5G applications. En el siguiente documento de Trabajo de Fin de Grado, se propone una antena que trabaja en las bandas 5G Sub-6 del espectro frecuencial para aplicarla en futuros sistemas de 5G New Radio (NR). Tras el estudio realizado sobre las últimas tecnologías en mobile communication y sobre la aplicación de estas tecnologías en los coches, el diseño consiste en una antena flexible que puede ser instalada en el retrovisor de un vehículo para introducir esta nueva era al sector automovilístico. El diseño de la antena es desarrollado a través de un software que permite realizar simulaciones electromagnéticas de manera que los resultados extraídos puedan ser lo mayor parecidos a una medida real. Más tarde, se manufactura el prototipo final de la antena y se evalúa sus características en términos de ROE, eficiencia y ganancia, entre otras especificaciones recogidas en el manual final. Comparados los resultados de las medidas con las simulaciones, se concluye que la antena de este proyecto sí puede ser usada en aplicaciones 5G. En aqeust treball, es proposa una antena que treballa a les bandes 5G Sub-6 de l'espectre freqüencial per aplicar-la en futurs sistemes de 5G New Radio (NR). Després de l'estudi realitzat sobre les últimes tecnologies en comunicacions mòbils i sobre l'aplicació d'aquestes tecnologies als automòbils, el disseny consisteix en una antena flexible que pot ser instal·lada al retrovisor d'un vehicle per introduir aquesta nova generació al sector automobilístic. El disseny de l'antena és desenvolupat a través d'un simulador electromagnètic de manera que els resultats extrets puguin ser el més semblants possibles a una mesura real. Més tard, es manufactura el prototip final de l'antena i se n'avalua les característiques en termes de ROE, eficiència i guany, entre altres especificacions recollides al manual final. Comparats els resultats de les mesures amb les simulacions, es conclou que l'antena d'aquest projecte sí es pot fer servir en aplicacions 5G.

© 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Data aggregation is one of the crucial features of the 3GPP Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) technology. However, mobility events and radio link failures, which may occur during the data aggregation, may pose challenges in meeting the latency, reliability, and throughput key performance indicators (KPIs). Unlike single connectivity, the user equipment (UE) in MR-DC operation can experience such events in either of the two base stations (BSs) serving the UE with MR-DC. In typical MR-DC deployments, these events occur more frequently in the BS acting as the secondary node (SN) since the SN operates at a higher frequency band. In this paper, we show that handovers (HOs) and signal blockage events that occur at the SN can create out-of-order data reception or losses at the UE’s Packet Data Control Protocol (PDCP) layer, making the application stop receiving data for up to hundreds of milliseconds. Thus, challenging to meet the KPIs defined for such an application. To mitigate this effect, we propose an intelligent and efficient mechanism that operates in the transmitting PDCP layer and significantly minimizes the data interruption periods suffered by the application when the UE aggregates data and HOs or failures of the SN occur. We use LTE/NR testbed experiments to show that the proposed mechanism achieves a high and stable aggregate throughput with near-zero interruption time and data reliability of at least 99.999% without transport layer retransmissions. The experiments are conducted for saturated TCP traffic and under-link quality variations based on traces extracted from a Nokia-proprietary system-level simulator.

With the continuous evolution of the mobile communications networks, it is important to have virtualized open-source ecosystems such as OpenAirInterface, that can provide low cost networks to the different operators. In this project we aim to develop a centralised radio controller for the management of 4G small cells based on OpenAirInterface technology. This radio controller interacts with the specific solution equivalent to OAI's RT RIC called FlexRAN. The objective of the radio controller is to achieve an automated deployment of 4G services over OAI technology cells, where each service is assigned several dedicated radio resources (RAN slice). Specifically, the aim is to manage the radio resources assigned to the different services dynamically and according to the requirements of the service (QoS, latency, etc.).

This paper focuses on Beyond fifth generation (B5G) non-linear data modeling and decision-making tools to optimize cost reduction versus coverage-QoS trade-off, in other words, the number of active Remote Radio Heads or Units (RRHs) needed according to traffic demands. The cost and energy optimization are analytically expressed by modeling the complex relationships between input and output system parameters using realistic scenarios and traffic profiles for low, medium, and high traffic environments. The optimization tool is based on a multi-objective integer linear programming model, designed to reduce the network cost while maintaining a good coverage-QoS and accounting for capacity constraints, User Equipments (UEs), and different slices. Results at 3.6 and 28 GHz are presented by analyzing and comparing several Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) split options in a heterogeneous deployment with Macro-RRHs (MRRHs) and Small-RRHs (SRRHs). Cost reductions ranging from 30 % to 70 % have been obtained depending on the scenario. This proposal allows mobile network opera This work was supported in part by the COST2020-INTERACT (Intelligence-Enabling Radio Communications for Seamless Inclusive Interactions) EU Project, in part by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe'' under Grant RTI2018-099880-B-C32, and in part by Grant FPI-UPC.

Les xarxes de sensors mòbils estan atraient molt interès a la comunitat investigadora, ja que permeten explotar la mobilitat i cobreixen àrees més grans que les xarxes de sensors fixes. Aquesta tesi aborda les principals qüestions que sorgeixen en aquests marcs de sensors mòbils, com ara el mostreig irregular tant en l'espai com en el temps o la baixa resolució espai-temporal, des d'una perspectiva de processament de senyal mitjançant grafs (GSP). Presentem un mètode d'interpolació basat en grafs amb topologia d'arbre per a xarxes de detecció mòbil com a solució per augmentar la resolució espai-temporal que proporcionen aquestes xarxes de sensors. Els paràmetres del mètode de basat en grafs amb topologia d'arbre proposat estan optimitzats per a una base de dades de qualitat de l'aire que recull els nivells d'ozó en una àrea urbana de Zuric, Suïssa. Hem trobat que la nostra solució és capaç d'adaptar-se als canvis locals i superar les tècniques clàssiques d'interpolació espacial com ara Kriging i Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Las redes de sensores móviles están atrayendo mucho interés en la comunidad investigadora, ya que permiten explotar la movilidad y cubrir áreas más grandes que las redes de sensores fijas convencionales. Esta tesis aborda los principales problemas que surgen en los escenarios con sensores móviles, como el muestreo irregular tanto en espacio como tiempo o la baja resolución espacio-temporal, desde una perspectiva de procesado de señal mediante grafos (GSP). Presentamos un método de interpolación basado en grafos con topología de árbol para redes de sensores móviles como solución para aumentar la resolución espacio-temporal que proporcionan estas redes de sensores. Los parámetros del método basado en grafos con la topología de árbol propuesto están optimizados para una base de datos de calidad del aire que recopila los niveles de ozono en un área urbana de Zúrich, Suiza. Descubrimos que nuestra solución puede adaptarse a los cambios locales y superar las técnicas clásicas de interpolación espacial como Kriging e Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Mobile sensor networks are attracting a lot of interest in the research community, since they allow to exploit mobility and cover larger areas than conventional fixed sensor networks. This thesis approaches the main issues that arise in these mobile sensor frameworks, such as irregular sampling in both space and time or low spatio-temporal resolution, from a Graph Signal Processing (GSP) perspective. We present a tree graph-based interpolation method for mobile sensing networks as a solution to increase the spatio-temporal resolution that these sensor networks provide. The proposed tree graph method parameters are optimized for an air quality dataset gathering ozone levels in an urban area in Zurich, Switzerland. We found that our solution is able to adapt to local changes and outperform classical spatial interpolation techniques such as Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Outgoing

This article belongs to the Special Issue Ionosphere Monitoring with Remote Sensing., Ionospheric perturbations affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves. These perturbations, besides being a problem for space communications, satellite navigation, and Earth observation techniques, could also be used as another Earth observation tool. Several recent studies showed correlations with earthquakes with ionospheric anomalies, but almost all of them use ground stations to measure the Total Electron Content (TEC) variations, and, in particular, the ones occurring after an earthquake. Here, a preliminary study is presented on how the ionospheric scintillation measured with GNSS-R instruments over oceanic regions shows a small, but detectable correlation with the occurrence of earthquakes, which in some cases occurs before the earthquakes. This study uses GNSS-R data from NASA CYGNSS Mission to measure the ionospheric amplitude scintillation (S4 ) for 6 months from March 2019 to August 2019, applying a statistical analysis based on confusion matrixes, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to correlate S4 anomalous variations to earthquakes. A small positive correlation is found between the ionospheric scintillation and the earthquakes during the six previous days. However, the study has some weakness because (a) a small number (∼45) of large (M > 6) earthquakes over oceanic regions are studied, (b) the region studied is close to the geomagnetic equator, where ionospheric scintillations are usual, and (c) the overall correlation is small., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and EFRD, “Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques” SPOT, grant RTI2018-099008-BC21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and by the Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600 and, Grant RYC-2016-20918 financed by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future.

This work tackles the problem faced by network/infrastructure providers of jointly selecting routing and functional split level to satisfy requests from virtual mobile network operators (vMNOs). We build a novel system model that brings together all the involved elements and features, embracing split levels defined by the 3GPP and packet switch fronthaul network. To our best knowledge, this is the first work that provides a solution for multiple vMNO requests considering the two aforementioned sub-problems (i.e. split selection and routing). We use the model defined to formulate an optimization problem, which is characterized by the exponential size of its search space. We propose two heuristic approaches to address this problem: (1) a greedy scheme, and (2) an evolutionary algorithm, which is also improved with a specialized initialization. We conduct extensive experiments to assess the performance and behavior of the proposed methods, over varying network instances. When possible, we also perform comparisons with respect to the optimal solution and a well-known commercial solver. Our results indicate that the proposed techniques represent appropriate trade-offs between solution quality and execution time, and can serve complementary goals: the quality of the results yielded by our evolutionary method are better, but at the cost of longer execution times; in contrast, our greedy algorithm offers a reasonably appropriate performance, with an execution time that is notably lower. Our experiments show that it is possible to produce near-optimal results to the above complex problem through computationally efficient algorithmic solutions. This paper has been partially supported by the Secretary of Public Education of Mexico (SEP) and Cinvestav through research grant 262, and the National Council of Research and Technology (CONACYT) through grant ERANetLACFONCICYT No. 272278. Luis Diez and Ramon Agüero acknowledge the funding by the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, MINECO-FEDER) by means of the project FIERCE: Future Internet Enabled Resilient smart CitiEs (RTI2018-093475-AI00).

Special issue Applications of GNSS Reflectometry for Earth Observation II.-- 22 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050994.-- Data used in this study will be publicly and freely available for everyone at the Copernicus system as part of the FSSCat mission, The Federated Satellite System mission (FSSCat) was the winner of the 2017 Copernicus Masters Competition and the first Copernicus third-party mission based on CubeSats. One of FSSCat’s objectives is to provide coarse Soil Moisture (SM) estimations by means of passive microwave measurements collected by Flexible Microwave Payload-2 (FMPL-2). This payload is a novel CubeSat based instrument combining an L1/E1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems-Reflectometer (GNSS-R) and an L-band Microwave Radiometer (MWR) using software-defined radio. This work presents the first results over land of the first two months of operations after the commissioning phase, from 1 October to 4 December 2020. Four neural network algorithms are implemented and analyzed in terms of different sets of input features to yield maps of SM content over the Northern Hemisphere (latitudes above 45 ºN). The first algorithm uses the surface skin temperature from the European Centre of Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) in conjunction with the 16 day averaged Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to estimate SM and to use it as a comparison dataset for evaluating the additional models. A second approach is implemented to retrieve SM, which complements the first model using FMPL-2 L-band MWR antenna temperature measurements, showing a better performance than in the first case. The error standard deviation of this model referred to the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) SM product gridded at 36 km is 0.074 m3/m3. The third algorithm proposes a new approach to retrieve SM using FMPL-2 GNSS-R data. The mean and standard deviation of the GNSS-R reflectivity are obtained by averaging consecutive observations based on a sliding window and are further included as additional input features to the network. The model output shows an accurate SM estimation compared to a 9 km SMOS SM product, with an error of 0.087 m3/m3. Finally, a fourth model combines MWR and GNSS-R data and outperforms the previous approaches, with an error of just 0.063 m3/m3. These results demonstrate the capabilities of FMPL-2 to provide SM estimates over land with a good agreement with respect to SMOS SM, This work was supported by the 2017 ESA S3 challenge and Copernicus Masters overall winner award (“FSSCat” project). This work was (partially) sponsored by project SPOT: Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques grant RTI2018-099008-B-C21 / AEI / 10.13039/501100011033, and by the Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600. This work was also (partially) sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project ESP2017-89463-C3, by the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (CEX2019-000928-S), and by the CSIC Plataforma Temática Interdisciplinar de Teledetección (PTI-Teledetect). Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin received support from the grant for the recruitment of early-stage research staff FI-DGR 2018 of the AGAUR - Generalitat de Catalunya (FEDER), Spain; Christoph Herbert received the support of a fellowship from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) with the fellowship code LCF/BQ/DI18/11660050 and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 713673; David Llavería received support from an FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education FPU18/06107, With the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)

Nowadays, mobile communication networks are an essential part of our lives. They are present in both our personal and professional lives. The current networks are not prepared to support the population's future needs, such as having a reliable connection anytime and anywhere. The project shows an empirical design accompanied by a simulation and emulation platform for 3D networks based on UAVs and nanosatellites using functional virtualization of split B. In this regard, a completely virtualized test system has been created to attain the main objective of this study, i.e. to verify the results of previous theoretical studies on the virtualization of this split. Through a sample of the orbital arcs and the use of the experimental evaluation platform designed here, it has been possible to promisingly estimate the virtualization behaviour of this functional split. This study provides a new experimental tool in research on functional splits and verifies the operation of a split B in a virtualized 3D network scenario. Hoy en día, las redes de comunicación móvil son una parte esencial de nuestras vidas. Están presentes tanto en nuestra vida personal como profesional. Las redes actuales no están preparadas para soportar las necesidades futuras de la población, como tener una conexión confiable en cualquier momento y lugar. El proyecto muestra un diseño empírico acompañado de una plataforma de simulación y emulación para redes 3D basada en UAVs y nanosatélites utilizando virtualización funcional de split B. En este sentido, se ha creado un sistema de prueba completamente virtualizado para lograr el objetivo principal de este estudio, es decir verificar los resultados de estudios teóricos previos sobre la virtualización de esta escisión. A través de una muestra de los arcos orbitales y el uso de la plataforma de evaluación experimental diseñada aquí, ha sido posible estimar de manera prometedora el comportamiento de virtualización de esta división funcional. Este estudio proporciona una nueva herramienta experimental en la investigación de splits funcionales y verifica el funcionamiento de un split B en un escenario de red 3D virtualizada. Actualment, les xarxes de comunicacions mòbils són una part essencial de la nostra vida. Estan presents tant en la nostra vida personal com professional. Les xarxes actuals no estan preparades per donar suport a les necessitats futures de la població, com ara tenir una connexió fiable en qualsevol moment i en qualsevol lloc. El projecte mostra un disseny empíric acompanyat d’una plataforma de simulació i emulació per a xarxes 3D basades en UAV i nanosatèl·lits que utilitzen la virtualització funcional del split B. En aquest sentit, s’ha creat un sistema de proves completament virtualitzat per assolir l’objectiu principal d’aquest estudi, és a dir, per verificar els resultats d’estudis teòrics previs sobre la virtualització d’aquest split. Mitjançant una mostra dels arcs orbitals i l’ús de la plataforma d’avaluació experimental dissenyada aquí, s’ha pogut estimar prometedorament el comportament de virtualització d’aquest split funcional. Aquest estudi proporciona una nova eina experimental en la investigació dels splits funcionals i verifica el funcionament d’un split B en un escenari de xarxa 3D virtualitzada.

Special issue Applications of GNSS Reflectometry for Earth Observation II.-- 19 pages, 17 figures, 4 tables, supplementary material https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13061139.-- Data used in this study will be publicly and freely available for everyone through the Copernicus system as part of the FSSCat mission, CubeSat-based Earth Observation missions have emerged in recent times, achieving scientifically valuable data at a moderate cost. FSSCat is a two 6U CubeSats mission, winner of the ESA S3 challenge and overall winner of the 2017 Copernicus Masters Competition, that was launched in September 2020. The first satellite, 3Cat-5/A, carries the FMPL-2 instrument, an L-band microwave radiometer and a GNSS-Reflectometer. This work presents a neural network approach for retrieving sea ice concentration and sea ice extent maps on the Arctic and the Antarctic oceans using FMPL-2 data. The results from the first months of operations are presented and analyzed, and the quality of the retrieved maps is assessed by comparing them with other existing sea ice concentration maps. As compared to OSI SAF products, the overall accuracy for the sea ice extent maps is greater than 97% using MWR data, and up to 99% when using combined GNSS-R and MWR data. In the case of Sea ice concentration, the absolute errors are lower than 5%, with MWR and lower than 3% combining it with the GNSS-R. The total extent area computed using this methodology is close, with 2.5% difference, to those computed by other well consolidated algorithms, such as OSI SAF or NSIDC. The approach presented for estimating sea ice extent and concentration maps is a cost-effective alternative, and using a constellation of CubeSats, it can be further improved, This work was supported by 2017 ESA S3 challenge and Copernicus Masters overall winner award (“FSSCat” project). this work has been (partially) sponsored by project SPOT: Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques grant RTI2018-099008-B-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and by the Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu MDM-2016-0600. This work has also been (partially) sponsored by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project ESP2017-89463-C3, and by the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (CEX2019-000928-S), and by the CSIC Plataforma Temática Interdisciplinar de Teledetección (PTI-Teledetect). David Llavería receives support from a FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education FPU18/06107.; Joan Francesc Munoz-Martin receives support from the grant for recruitment of early stage research staff FI-DGR 2018 of the AGAUR—Generalitat de Catalunya (FEDER), Spain; C.H. receives support of a fellowship from “la Caixa” Foundation (ID 100010434) with the fellowship code LCF/BQ/DI18/11660050, and funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713673

This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of GNSS Reflectometry for Earth Observation., As opposed to monostatic radars where incoherent backscattering dominates, in bistatic radars, such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems Reflectometry (GNSS-R), the forward scattered signals exhibit both an incoherent and a coherent component. Current models assume that either one or the other are dominant, and the calibration and geophysical parameter retrieval (e.g., wind speed, soil moisture, etc.) are developed accordingly. Even the presence of the coherent component of a GNSS reflected signal itself has been a matter of discussion in the last years. In this work, a method developed to separate the leakage of the direct signal in the reflected one is applied to a data set of GNSS-R signals collected over the ocean by the Microwave Interferometer Reflectometer (MIR) instrument, an airborne dual-band (L1/E1 and L5/E5a), multi-constellation (GPS and Galileo) GNSS-R instrument with two 19-elements antenna arrays with 4 beam-steered each. The presented results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique to untangle the coherent and incoherent components from the total power waveform in GNSS reflected signals. This technique allows the processing of these components separately, which increases the calibration accuracy (as today both are mixed and processed together), allowing higher resolution applications since the spatial resolution of the coherent component is determined by the size of the first Fresnel zone (300–500 meters from a LEO satellite), and not by the size of the glistening zone (25 km from a LEO satellite). The identification of the coherent component enhances also the location of the specular reflection point by determining the peak maximum from this coherent component rather than the point of maximum derivative of the incoherent one, which is normally noisy and it is blurred by all the glistening zone contributions., This work was founded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, “Sensing with Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques”, grant RTI2018-099008-B-C21, and the grant for recruitment of early-stage research staff FI-DGR 2015 of the AGAUR—Generalitat de Catalunya (FEDER), Spain, and Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu MDM-2016-060.

El trabajo realizado abarca el estudio estructural de una antena de telecomunicaciones GSM y su respuesta al esfuerzo de viento al que se encuentra sometida. A lo largo del análisis llevado a cabo, entre otros, se ha empleado el uso de normativa europea actualmente vigente con el objetivo de corroborar la certeza del resultado obtenido en relación con si resiste o no la estructura. Dicha normativa de uso ha sido destinada al cálculo de la fuerza resultante de viento, teniendo en cuenta tanto factores estructurales como ambientales y topográficos de la zona en la que se halla la antena objeto de estudio. Una vez calculada dicha fuerza, se ha procedido al análisis tridimensional mediante Cype 3D, un programa empleado para el cálculo de estructuras. Con Cype 3D,se ha analizado la respuesta de la antena frente a los valores de tensión calculados y sacado las condiciones de contorno post ataque de viento, dejando lugar finalmente a conclusiones y valoración de resultados obtenidos.

The functional performance of space-borne instruments must be validated on ground before and after satellite integration. The effects of radio-frequency interference are also becoming more important, even in protected bands for earth observation. In this article, a GNSS and GNSS-R signal simulator is developed as part of a testbed of GNSS receivers and GNSS-R payloads' performance in high dynamics, and to study the effects of RFI in the GNSS-R observables. This article describes the different concepts and key enabling techniques that have been developed to support this project., This work was supported in part by Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and EU ERDF under Project RTI2018-099008-B-C21, in part by the Sensing With Pioneering Opportunistic Techniques under Grant MDM-2016-0600, in part by the Maria de Maeztu Excellence Research Units CommSensLab, and in part by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER).

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research andinnovation programme under grant agreement No 761508 (5GCity project) and theSpanish national project 5GCity (TEC2016-76795-C6-1-R) This document contains the study and development of Service-Level Agreement (SLA) management mechanisms in the context of a 5G neutral host platform. The infrastructure involved in a neutral host platform is evaluated by an SLA Manager that handles the database of agreements for all the users, and verifies if the monitored data complies with the thresholds stated in the Service-Level Objectives (SLO) agreed in the SLAs. Neutral host is a platform that has different levels of virtualization over a 5G infrastructure. It starts from a sliced network infrastructure for logic separation between tenants, which in the next level of virtualization, can host 5G services with Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) techniques. This virtual platform runs on top of a physical infrastructure that not only covers data centres like in cloud platforms, but also includes access networks, edge computing and distributed cloud elements. Evaluating through all this infrastructure adds new levels of complexity for monitoring and obtaining an accurate value for any Key Performance Indicator, or high-level parameters for Quality of Service. This challenge is faced with a software module, called SLA Manager, which identifies the different involved infrastructure elements and creates monitoring jobs according to highlevel requirements described in each SLO to obtain low-level infrastructure data. This data is then computed to obtain a high-level value to compare latter with an SLO threshold and verify if there is a violation. Availability is the main KPI on which this study focuses. A generic SLA template body is presented for being stored in a NoSQL database solution, able to adapt to any new service deployed over new technologies that may be deployed by the neutral host, and to add flexibility and scalability to the solution. Results show that the accuracy and reliability of the high-level objectives stated in the SLOs obey the standards required for 5G applications. The system quickly detects any outage and gives feedback to the platform to recover and avoid any violation. Delay times for detection are observed in order to provide exact measurements for availability levels. The report ends with conclusions and future development lines, as well as ethical and sustainability considerations the study involves.

Since the beginning of digital mobile communications, each generation has been developed to improve efficiency, coverage, spectrum capacity and traffic rate. The 5G system is the immediate future of telecommunications, and will bring a new radio access technology that will provide a wide range of new services and allow various scenarios of use and applications. In the context of the new 5G technology, this project will explore and deepen the possibilities offered by the SystemVue program as a tool to explain the theory of mobile communication systems (4G, 5G), in a practical and didactic way. Through this software simulations of 5G systems will be made, varying different parameters that can influence radio communications. New concepts will be analyzed, such as the different numerologies, the bandwidth by parts and what is its effect on the spectrum and MIMO techniques. Desde el comienzo de las comunicaciones móviles digitales, cada generación se ha desarrollado para mejorar la eficiencia, cobertura, capacidad del espectro y la tasa de tráfico. El sistema 5G es el futuro inmediato de las telecomunicaciones, y aportará una nueva tecnología de acceso de radio que proporcionará una amplia gama de nuevos servicios y permitirá diversos escenarios de uso y aplicaciones. En el contexto de la nueva tecnología del 5G, este proyecto va a explorar y profundizar las posibilidades que ofrece el programa SystemVue como herramienta para poder explicar la teoría de los sistemas de comunicaciones móviles (4G, 5G), de forma práctica y didáctica. Mediante este software se harán simulaciones de sistemas 5G, variando diferentes parámetros que influyen en las radiocomunicaciones. Se analizaran conceptos nuevos como las diferentes numerologías, el ancho de banda por partes y cuál es su efecto en el espectro y las técnicas MIMO Des del començament de les comunicacions mòbils digitals, cada generació s'ha desenvolupat per a millorar l'eficiència, cobertura, capacitat de l'espectre i la taxa de tràfic. El sistema 5G es el futur immediat de les telecomunicacions, i aportarà una nova tecnologia d'accés de ràdio que proporcionarà una amplia gamma de nous serveis i permetrà diversos escenaris d'ús i aplicacions. En el context de la nova tecnologia del 5G, aquest projecte explorarà i aprofundeix en les possibilitats que ofereix el programa SystemVue com a eina per a poder explicar la teoria dels sistemes de comunicacions mòbils (4G, 5G), de forma pràctica i didàctica. Mitjançant aquest software es faran simulacions de sistemes 5G, variant diferents paràmetres que influeixen en les radiocomunicacions. S'analitzaran conceptes nous com les diferents numerologies, l'amplada de banda per parts i quin es el seu efecte en l'espectre i les tècniques MIMO.

Develop of OFDM blind smart beamforming techniques that reduce the overhead that the actual techniques require OFDM is the existing modulation technology used in mobile communications, which has been studied over the years to give new extensions of its principles in order to improve the communication performance to the end-users. Taking into account its knowledge, the thesis is focused on the 3GPP LTE Uplink Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) transmission. The entire blocks within its system are simulated with Matlab in order to generate the signals transmitted by the user to the Base Station. Furthermore, the user needs to send data together with Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) to adapt the beamformer algorithm at the receiver so that the antenna array point to a specific User Equipment cancelling the other interferences coming from other users. A non-blind adaptive algorithm by Wiener solution design is applied for Channel Estimation and minimizing the Minimum Square Error, which performs the smart operation of the system without interfering in the quality between users. OFDM es la tecnología existente en modulación para las comunicaciones móviles, la cual ha sido estudiada a lo largo de los años para dar nuevas extensiones de sus principios para poder mejorar las prestaciones de comunicación a los usuarios finales. Teniendo en cuenta su conocimiento, la tesis se centra en estudiar la transmisión 3GPP LTE SC-FDMA para el canal ascendente donde todos sus bloques han sido simulados con Matlab para generar las señales transmitidas del usuario a la estación base. Por otro lado, el usuario necesita enviar información conjuntamente con señales de referencia (DM-RS) para adaptar el algoritmo de conformador de haz en el receptor para que el sistema de antenas apunte a un usuario específico cancelando las interferencias generadas por otros usuarios. Se ha aplicado un algoritmo adaptativo no ciego basado en la solución de Wiener para estimar el canal y minimizar el error cuadrático medio, el cual implementa la operación inteligente del sistema para no interferir en la calidad entre usuarios. OFDM és la tecnologia existent en modulació per a les comunicacions mòbils, la qual ha sigut estudiada al llarg dels anys per donar noves extensions dels seus principis per tal de millorar les prestacions de comunicació als usuaris finals. Tenint en compte el seu coneixement, la tesis es centra en estudiar la transmissió 3GPP LTE SC-FDMA per al canal ascendent on tots els seus blocs han estat simulats amb Matlab per tal de generar les senyals transmeses de l'usuari a l'estació base. Per una altra banda, l'usuari necessita enviar informació conjuntament amb senyals de referència per adaptar l'algoritme de conformador de feix en el receptor per tal que el sistema d'antenes apunti a un usuari específic cancel·lant les interferències generades per altres usuaris. S'ha aplicat un algoritme adaptatiu no cec basat en la solució de Wiener per estimar el canal i minimitzar l'error quadràtic mig, el qual implementa l'operació intel·ligent del sistema per no interferir en la qualitat entre usuaris.

The GRCM research group (http: www.grcm.tsc.upc.edu) is implementing a 4G / 5G mobile communications testbed based in Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networks (SDN) techniques. In this context, a LTE base station, using Software Defined Radio (SDR) techniques based on URSP devices and the OpenAirInterface software, has been set up as part of the testbed. The mobile communications is a sector in constant technological evolution to keep pace with a continuous increasing users demand, especially for data and video services. Currently, the LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology, the fourth generation of mobile communications or commonly known as 4G, constitutes the state-of-the-art technology deployed by commercial operators to offer mobile broadband services with speeds in the tens of Mb/s. The Mobile Communications Research Group at the Signal Theory and Communications Department of the UPC counts with an experimental testbed of a private, small-scale LTE network deployed as a SDR (Software Defined Radio) platform empowered by the OpenAirInterface (OAI) software. In this context, the purpose of this project is to get familiar with the operation and main features of the testbed and study in detail the functionality and performance of the Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms supported by OAI for the management of the data connectivity services. Accordingly, two separated studies have been conducted, the first to evaluate the operation of the OAI and its supporting management and monitoring tools and the other to study different QoS functionalities, namely, support for activation of default and dedicated bearers with different QoS attributes, admission control and scheduling mechanisms. Las comunicaciones móviles son un sector en continua evolución tecnológica para poder mantener el ritmo de la creciente demanda de los usuarios, especialmente para los servicios de datos y video. Actualmente, la tecnología LTE (Long Term Evolution), la cuarta generación de comunicaciones móviles o comúnmente conocida como 4G, la tecnología de última generación desplegada por los operadores comerciales para ofrecer servicios de banda ancha móvil con velocidades de decenas de Mb/s. El grupo de Investigación en Comunicaciones Móviles del Departamento de Teoría del Señal y Comunicaciones de la UPC dispone de un testbed experimental de una red LTE privada a pequeña escala desplegada como plataforma SDR (Software Defined Radio) habilitada con el software OpenAirInterface (OAI). En este contexto, la finalidad del proyecto es familiarizarse con el funcionamiento y principales características del testbed y estudiar con detalle las funcionalidades y rendimiento de los mecanismos de Calidad de Servicio (QoS) respaldados por OAI para la gestión de servicios de conectividad de datos. En consecuencia, se han realizado dos estudios de manera separada, el primero para evaluar el funcionamiento de OAI y sus herramientas de gestión y monitorización, y el otro para estudiar diferentes funcionalidades de QoS, es decir, soporte para la activación de servicios portadores EPS (Evolved Packet System) por defecto y dedicados con diferentes parámetros de Qos, el control de admisión i mecanismos de scheduling. Les comunicacions mòbils són un sector en continua evolució tecnològica per poder mantenir el ritme de la creixent demanda dels usuaris, especialment pels serveis de dades i vídeo. Actualment, la tecnologia LTE (Long Term Evolution), la quarta generació de comunicacions mòbils o comunament coneguda com 4G, la tecnologia d?última generació desplegada pels operadors comercials per oferir serveis de banda ampla mòbil amb velocitats de desenes de Mb/s. El Grup de Recerca en Comunicacions Mòbils (GRCM) del Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions de la UPC disposa d?un testbed experimental d?una xarxa privada LTE a petita escala desplegada com a plataforma SDR (Software Defined Radio) habilitada amb el software OpenAirInterface (OAI). En aquest context, la finalitat del projecte és familiaritzar-se amb el funcionament i les principals característiques del testbed i estudiar amb detall les funcionalitats i el rendiment dels mecanismes de Qualitat de Servei (QoS) suportats per OAI per la gestió dels serveis connectivitat de dades. Conseqüentment, s?han realitzat dos estudis de manera separada, el primer per avaluar el funcionament de OAI i les seves eines de gestió i monitorització, i l?altre per estudiar diferents funcionalitats de QoS, és a dir, suport per l?activació de serveis portadors EPS (Evolved Packet System) per defecte i dedicats amb diferents paràmetres de Qos, el control d?admissió i mecanismes de scheduling.

Connected Vehicle will use 5G networks in Smart Cities. A company in this market developing R&D for big cars manufactures, is interested in this collaborative project with UPC. The final objective is developing 5G networks so that vehicles can be fully autonomous in Smart Cities. After the project, potential vacancies will be open at the company and related industry for developing of the results. Analysis, study and simulations of the proposed modulations for 5G (FBMC, UFMC, GFDM and F-OFDM) Análisis, estudio y simulaciones de las modulaciones propuestas para el 5G(FBMC, UFMC, GFDM i F-OFDM) Analisis, estudi i simulacions de les diverses modulacions proposades per el 5G(FBMC, UFMC, GFDM i F-OFDM)

In the recent years a wide range of sensors has been developed in the field of human presence detection for user-centered applications. Some of them are not focused on detecting people themselves but the electronic gadgets that they use to carry, which are basically mobile phones. On this basis, and taking into account that almost everyone owns a cellular phone nowadays, the overall goal of this thesis is to explore a new way to passively detect persons by means of their mobile phone emissions. Modern phones make use of several technologies, most of them valid for the realization of sensors. However, this thesis will be exclusively focused on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) that has been used for cellular telephony from the early nineties to the present day. The work relies on the literature as a starting point for a complete understanding of the intricacies of the second-generation digital cellular networks. A method for detecting nearby mobile phones that are not currently being used is proposed. The method is implemented as a proof of concept using a Software Defined Radio (SDR) peripheral together with the proper open-source software to test the feasibility of the whole idea. While the detection of inactive mobile phones could not be shown using the proposed method, the reliable detection of actively used phones has proven to be possible. As the initial approach could not be implemented successfully, the aforementioned sensor will be limited to the detection of active mobile phone users. In the recent years a wide range of sensors has been developed in the field of human presence detection for user-centered applications. Some of them are not focused on detecting people themselves but the electronic gadgets that they use to carry, which are basically mobile phones. On this basis, and taking into account that almost everyone owns a cellular phone nowadays, the overall goal of this thesis is to explore a new way to passively detect persons by means of their mobile phone emissions. Modern phones make use of several technologies, most of them valid for the realization of sensors. However, this thesis will be exclusively focused on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) that has been used for cellular telephony from the early nineties to the present day. The work relies on the literature as a starting point for a complete understanding of the intricacies of the second-generation digital cellular networks. A method for detecting nearby mobile phones that are not currently being used is proposed. The method is implemented as a proof of concept using a Software Defined Radio (SDR) peripheral together with the proper open-source software to test the feasibility of the whole idea. While the detection of inactive mobile phones could not be shown using the proposed method, the reliable detection of actively used phones has proven to be possible. As the initial approach could not be implemented successfully, the aforementioned sensor will be limited to the detection of active mobile phone users. In the recent years a wide range of sensors has been developed in the field of human presence detection for user-centered applications. Some of them are not focused on detecting people themselves but the electronic gadgets that they use to carry, which are basically mobile phones. On this basis, and taking into account that almost everyone owns a cellular phone nowadays, the overall goal of this thesis is to explore a new way to passively detect persons by means of their mobile phone emissions. Modern phones make use of several technologies, most of them valid for the realization of sensors. However, this thesis will be exclusively focused on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) that has been used for cellular telephony from the early nineties to the present day. The work relies on the literature as a starting point for a complete understanding of the intricacies of the second-generation digital cellular networks. A method for detecting nearby mobile phones that are not currently being used is proposed. The method is implemented as a proof of concept using a Software Defined Radio (SDR) peripheral together with the proper open-source software to test the feasibility of the whole idea. While the detection of inactive mobile phones could not be shown using the proposed method, the reliable detection of actively used phones has proven to be possible. As the initial approach could not be implemented successfully, the aforementioned sensor will be limited to the detection of active mobile phone users.

The mobile cellular communications sector has shown great dynamism in the last two decades. First of all with GSM, then with the deployment of UMTS and since the end of 2008 with the first specification by the 3GPP of the LTE (Long Term Evolution) system. This project intends to study the LTE network through the Amari LTE 100 device of the company Amarisoft, in charge of implementing a base station. It is based on SDR technology and is compatible with Release 13 of the 3GPP. The project is based on experimenting with the software component of the system in order to discover, analyse and test the different features offered by the instrument. In terms of hardware nothing has been modified since it came all incorporated with the Amari kit. El sector de las comunicaciones móviles celulares ha mostrado un gran dinamismo en las dos últimas décadas. Primero de la mano de GSM, luego con el despliegue de UMTS y desde finales de 2008 con la primera especificación por la 3GPP del sistema LTE (Long Term Evolution). En este proyecto se pretende estudiar la red LTE mediante el dispositivo Amari LTE 100 de la empresa Amarisoft, encargado de implementar una estación base. Se basa en la tecnología SDR y es compatible con la Release 13 de la 3GPP. El proyecto está basado en experimentar con el componente software del sistema para poder descubrir, analizar y testear las distintas prestaciones que ofrece el instrumento. A nivel hardware no se ha tocado nada ya que venía todo incorporado con el kit Amari. El sector de les comunicacions mòbils cel·lulars ha mostrat un gran dinamisme en les dues últimes dècades. Primer de la mà de GSM, després amb el desplegament d'UMTS i des de finals del 2008 amb la primera especificació per la 3GPP del sistema LTE (Long Term Evolution). En aquest projecte es pretén estudiar la xarxa LTE mitjançant el dispositiu Amari LTE 100 de l'empresa Amarisoft, encarregat de implementar una estació base. Es basa en la tecnologia SDR i és compatible amb la Release 13 de la 3GPP. El projecte està basat en experimentar amb el component software del sistema per poder descobrir, analitzar i testejar les diferents prestacions que ofereix l'instrument. A nivell hardware no s'ha tocat res ja que venia tot incorporat amb el kit Amari.

Small Cell as a Service (SCaaS) is envisaged as a solution to facilitate the provisioning of shared radio access capacity to mobile operators in areas where dedicated per-operator deployments may be impractical, typically highly densified scenarios such as stadiums, malls, office buildings, etc. In this context, this paper firstly establishes a reference framework for SCaaS provisioning from the Radio Access Network (RAN) perspective, including management architecture and functionalities as well as Service Level Agreement aspects impacting on the way that the shared RAN is deployed and operated. Then, the implications of multi-tenancy on mobility control are analysed in order to delineate the impact on Radio Resource Management (RRM) and Self-Organizing Network (SON) functionalities as a result of the emergence of this novel business model.

Although it has been defined as one of the most promising key enabling technologies for the forthcoming fifth generation cellular networks, wireless virtualization still has several challenges remaining to be addressed. Amongst those, resource allocation, which decides how to embed the different wireless virtual networks on the physical relying infrastructure, is the one receiving maximum attention. This project aims at finding the optimal resource allocation for each virtual network, in terms of channel resources, power levels and radio access technologies so that the data rate requested by each virtual network can be guaranteed and the global throughput efficiency can be maximized. Aunque haya sido definida como una de las tecnologías clave para el desarrollo de la nueva generación de sistemas móviles, la virtualización del acceso radio aún tiene muchos retos a investigar. Entre ellos, la distribución de los recursos, que tiene por objetivo encontrar el mejor encaje de las distintas redes virtuales en la infraestructura física que comparten, es el que está recibiendo la mayor atención. Este proyecto, tiene por objetivo encontrar la repartición óptima de los recursos, tanto a nivel de canal como de potencia y de tecnologías de acceso radio, para que los requisitos de las redes virtuales puedan ser garantizadas y la eficiencia global sea maximizada. Malgrat ha estat definida com una de les tecnologies claus de cara al desenvolupament de la propera cinquena generació de xarxes mòbils, la virtualització de l'accés radio encara té molts reptes oberts a fer front. Entre ells, la distribució de recursos, que té per objectiu buscar el millor encaix de les diferents xarxes virtuals en la infraestructura física que comparteixen, és la que està centrant la màxima atenció. Aquest projecte té per objectiu aconseguir la repartició òptima de recursos, pel que fa al canal, als nivells de potència i a les tecnologies radio disponibles, de manera que els requisits de cada xarxa virtual puguin ser garantits i que l'eficiència global pugui ser maximitzada.

Connectivity is now the must-have service for enhancing passenger experience. To proof and also to show to the customers the quality of the connectivity system an user friendly mock-up has to be designed.

Objectius d?aprenentatge: 1.Coneixement en detall de la tecnologia d?accés LTE 2.Coneixement pràctic i detallat de la eina de drive test Qualipoc i una eina de post-processat de mesures (ROMES o NETQUAL) 3.Adquisició d?experiència en la determinació, recollida i anàlisi de mesures i indicadors (KPIs) per caracteritzar el funcionament d?una xarxa mòbil amb eines de drive tests The mobile companies do a lot of simulations and studies to improve the coverage. Nevertheless, they don’t have the certainty that in indoors the users revive enough quality of service from the mobile network. Users have different levels of quality depending where are situated in a building. There can be a place with a good reception of data and a place without service. This is the reason why this project was born. It rises the curiosity of performing an indoor characterization that we can expose the quality level in a building comparing with the outdoor. In this study we are going to find an answer with empiric results of what is happening inside a big building. We are going to see the differences between different places in the building, the variability of the levels of coverage in different floors and the difference of the network quality between indoor and outdoor. In this work we analyze the performances that users receive from the mobile network inside the buildings. We see the two recent technologies; 3G and 4G. First of all, the document contains some explanations about the technologies and the tools which we are going to use. This part is for understand better the main chapter of the work. We’ll obtain previous knowledges about mobile communications and drive test tools. After that, the document contains explanations and instructions to do the main part. In this part we are going to see the steps to do a generic characterization in an indoor place. Then, we’ll see an specific case. The library BRGF of the campus Nord is the chosen building to do the study in indoors. In this building we are going to analyze all the floors and the outdoor. Finally we’re going to write in this report all the results and the final conclusions. Additionally, in this work also have aims focused on the teaching. it proposes two practical exercises. One of them is for the students of degree telecommunications. It introduces briefly with the tools of drive testing. The second one is for the students of master in telecommunications. It proposes a guide to do a small characterization of the library BRGF. Las operadoras de telefonía móvil simulan estudios de cobertura a pie de calle tratando que en los espacios interiores de los edificios llegue también un cierto nivel de cobertura. No obstante, en espacios interiores nos encontramos con distintos niveles de calidad de la red. Los usuarios según su ubicación pueden tener mejor recepción de datos o hasta el punto de no tener servicio. Por esta razón nace la motivación de realizar este proyecto. Sale la curiosidad de caracterizar un espacio interior donde se pueda presentar la calidad de red en su interior comparándolo con su exterior. En este estudio se buscará una respuesta con resultados empíricos de todo lo que está pasando al interior de un edificio de gran envergadura. Se verán las diferencias entre diferentes ubicaciones del edificio, la variabilidad de los niveles de cobertura entre las diferentes plantas y la comparación de la calidad de la red entre una zona interior y el exterior. En este trabajo se estudian las prestaciones que los usuarios reciben por parte de la red móvil en las tecnologías actuales, como son el 3G y 4G. Para la mayor comprensión, primeramente se exponen las ideas y los conocimientos previos antes de la parte troncal del trabajo. El documento contiene un seguido de instrucciones y explicaciones para realizar la parte principal. En esta se explica de forma detallada cómo se tiene de hacer una caracterización de un espacio interior genérico. A continuación se centra en un caso práctico en concreto. Se escoge la biblioteca BRGF como edificio para realizar el estudio de prestaciones. En éste, se analizan todas las plantas y el exterior para poder presentar un informe de resultados con sus conclusiones. Adicionalmente, éste proyecto también tiene objetivos docentes. En él se proponen un par de prácticas. Una va dirigida para los alumnos de grado de telecomunicaciones dónde se les introducirá brevemente a las herramientas utilizadas durante el proyecto. La segunda va dirigida a los alumnos del master en telecomunicaciones dónde siguiendo un guion propuesto tendrán que realizar un pequeño estudio de prestaciones del interior de la biblioteca. Les operadores de telefonia mòbil simulen estudis de cobertura a peu de carrer intentant que als interiors d’edificis també arribi un cert nivell de cobertura. Malgrat tot, en espais interiors ens trobem amb diferents nivells de qualitat de xarxa. Els usuaris segons la ubicació on es troben poden tenir millor recepció de transmissió de dades o fins al punt de no tenir servei. Per aquesta raó neix la motivació de realitzar aquest projecte. Sorgeix la curiositat de caracteritzar un espai interior on es pugui presentar la qualitat de la xarxa en el seu interior tot comparant-ho amb l’exterior. En aquest estudi es buscarà una resposta amb resultats empírics de tot el què està passant a l’interior d’un edifici de gran envergadura. Es veuran les diferències entre les diferents ubicacions de l’edifici, la variabilitat dels nivells de cobertura entre les diferents plantes i la comparació de la qualitat de la xarxa entre una zona interior en front l’exterior. En aquest treball s’estudien les prestacions que els usuaris reben de la xarxa mòbil a l’interior d’un edifici en les tecnologies més actuals, com són el 3G i el 4G. Per fer una millor comprensió al lector, primerament s’exposen les idees i els coneixements previs abans la part troncal del treball. El document conté un seguit d’instruccions i explicacions per a realitzar la part principal. Allà s’explica de manera detallada com s’ha de fer una caracterització d’un espai interior genèric. A continuació se centra en un cas pràctic i concret. S’escull la biblioteca BRGF com a edifici per a realitzar l’estudi de prestacions. En aquest, s’analitzen totes les plantes i l’exterior per poder presentar un informe de resultats i les seves posteriors conclusions. Addicionalment, aquest projecte també té objectius encarats a la docència. Dins el seu contingut es proposen un parell de pràctiques. Una és pels alumnes de grau on se’ls breument a les eines utilitzades durant l’estudi. La segona pràctica va dirigida als alumnes del màster de telecomunicacions on seguint el guió proposat hauran de realitzar un petit estudi de prestacions a l’interior de la biblioteca.