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Problem: The problem in this study is that there is no new smash instrument in table tennis. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to develop smash instrument in table tennis. Methods: This research method is Research and Development (R&D). The population and sample in this study were 20 PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes. The data collection methods in this study included questionnaires and measurement tests. Questionnaires were distributed to material and media experts to assess the feasibility of the table tennis smash test instrument. The tests were conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the smash test instrument. Reliability was assessed by correlating the results of the first smash test with those of the second, while validity was established by correlating the results of the first smash test with the criterion test. The criterion test involved field judges' evaluations using a smash assessment matrix. Data analysis was performed using the product-moment correlation formula. Results: The results of the study were obtained from material experts 82% and 85% (appropriate), media experts 88% and 86% (decent). Validity 0.89 and reliability 0.84, indicating valid and reliable based on the Kirkendall category. Conclusion: This study successfully developed a new smash test instrument for table tennis, which was deemed appropriate and feasible by experts. The instrument demonstrated high validity (0.89) and reliability (0.84), making it suitable for assessing smash performance.

Objective: A single layer of tightly spaced cells, known as the endothelium, rests on the posterior side of the cornea. This endothelium regulates the stroma’s relative dehydration, which is essential for corneal clarity. Cell therapy is an innovative method being used to repair various corneal abnormalities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are now one of the most significant types of stem cells scientists have studied. This study aimed to evaluate the role of MSCs for corneal endothelial regeneration. Methods: A systematic review was performed by searching for articles from reputable databases with many study-type references, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, up to January 2024. The resulting data were displayed using the 2020 PRISMA flowchart and evaluated using the PRISMA 2020 checklist. Most of the included studies were in vivo and used topical application and anterior chamber injection as the administration routes. Results: Based on the findings of this review, MSCs increased corneal endothelial cell density, improved the defect area and corneal transparency, facilitated endothelial cell regeneration and wound healing, and decreased neovascularization and corneal pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to controls. Conclusion: Administration of MSCs into the anterior chamber could increase regeneration and proliferation of corneal endothelial tissue.

One of the common problems faced by MSMEs is ineffective and efficient financial management. Many MSME owners experience obstacles in budgeting, monitoring cash flow, and controlling expenses. As a result, the sustainability and growth of MSMEs are hampered and may even fail. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve the understanding and financial management skills of MSMEs to support sustainable business growth. To overcome this problem, literacy on MSME financial management was held which was followed by MSMEs in Mukim Singkir Village, Yan Kedah. This activity is a community service cooperation between Universitas Islam Riau and University Utara Malaysia. The methods used are exposure to literacy materials, simple practice, and case discussion. The results obtained were an increase in participants' understanding and skills related to financial management which included: Financial recording, budgeting, cash flow monitoring, accounts payable and receivable management, financial analysis, and cost and expenditure control.

This research aims to construct a chop meter for table tennis. This research method is research and development (R&D). The population and sample in this study were 20 PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes. The research was carried out by giving a questionnaire to 2 media experts and two material experts to examine the instrument's reliability. The Criteria Test uses the results of the jury's assessment in assessment matrix form to find the validity of the test. This study involved the first and second test samples of 20 Pasir Pengaraian PTM athletes, using data collection methods with questionnaires and tests. The study results were obtained from material experts 87.70% and 94% (very appropriate) and media experts 91% and 89.80% (decent). The result of validity is 0.91, and reliability is 0.87. The number indicates that validity and reliability are proper based on the Kirkendall category.

The problem in this study was the low footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes. This type of research is quasi-experimental using ANOVA 2 x 2 design. The population of this study is 20 people. Sampling used the total sampling technique then carried out a training motivation test with a motivational questionnaire, after the motivational questionnaire data was obtained, it was divided into 5 people per group using the Matching technique so that a sample of 20 athletes was obtained. After the sample was obtained, it was given treatment in 20 meetings. The results of data analysis in this study are 1). There is a significant difference in the footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes who are given shadow play training and athletes who are given ladder drill training significantly with a significance value of 0.048. 2). There is a significant difference in the footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes who have high exercise motivation and athletes who have low exercise motivation significantly with a significance value of 0.000. 3). There was no interaction between training variants and exercise motivation on improving the footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes with a significance value of 0.759. 4). the footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes who were given ladder drill training was better than shadow play in the group of athletes who had high training motivation but not significant with a significance value of 0.268. 5). The footwork ability of PTM Pasir Pengaraian table tennis athletes who were given ladder drill training was better than shadow play in the group of athletes who had low training motivation but not significant with a significance value of 0.113.

Introduction: The green cactus Pereskia bleo is thought to have anti-cancer, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-rheumatic properties. Additionally, it treats hypertension and diabetes; However, no scientific evaluation of its antihypertensive activity has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oral administration of P. bleo extract (PBE) on male rats’ blood pressure, urine volume, and sodium and potassium levels. Methods: Sodium chloride (NaCl) solution (4%) was administered orally to induce hypertension. A non-invasive tail method was used to measure blood pressure. The sodium and potassium concentrations as well as the total volume of urine were measured from the collected urine. Results: Hypertensive rats’ blood pressure was reduced by 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of PBE. Similar to the positive control group (captopril dose of 1.25 mg/kg BW), the most significant drop in blood pressure was occurred at the dose of 1000 mg/kg BW (P>0.05). All treatment groups saw an increase in urinary sodium and potassium levels. Conclusion: In NaCl-induced hypertensive rats, oral administration of P. bleo ethanolic extract decreased blood pressure to the standard value by increasing urinary sodium and potassium levels. Hence, it might be used as an anti-hypertensive agent.

Controlling undergraduate students’ tasks and supervising the process via online could decrease the quality of the task, since online feedback could not be well transmitted, which then resulted in unexpected revision. Therefore, this research was aimed at finding out the effectiveness of SHARINGPLUS. This research used the action research method, done to twenty students in even semester 2020/2021. The model contained kinds of tasks with indicators and sub-indicators, list of students, and task options related to their final grades. The model contains eleven stages for every kind of task, but the students who succeed in doing the task until stage 4 do not need to do the following steps. Only the students with difficulty should follow the steps until the end. Findings showed that 45 % participants could follow 4 processes (SHAR). They worked in R stage repeatedly, since there was no limitation of task submission. The remaining students found difficulty in working in the system so that they could not finish their tasks in the system. Thus, conclusion can be stated that the model was not yet effective to make students work as expected so that it needs more development.

Background Advancements in ophthalmic surgery now hinge on intricate interplays among ocular parameters. Angle kappa, measuring deviation between visual and pupillary axes, is crucial, especially in refractive procedures with multifocal intraocular lens implants. The research aimed to correlate angle kappa with biometry and higher-order aberrations (HOA) to enhance surgical outcomes among adult cataract patients at Prof. Ngoerah Hospital Ophthalmology Clinic, Denpasar, Bali. Methods This cross-sectional study included 29 male and female cataract patients aged 18-80 years, without prior treatment. All patients had a basic examination that included testing of visual acuity using Snellen chart, autorefractometer, measurement of ocular pressure using non-contact tonometry, and slit-lamp examination for cataract grading. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were then examined for biometry (axial length, spherical equivalent, white-to-white distance, anterior chamber depth) using Nidek AL Scan and for angle kappa and HOA using OPD scan III. Results Data from 50 eyes of 29 subjects (15 females and 14 males) were analyzed. The mean age of the subjects was 60.6 ± 12.5 years. Age and spherical equivalent had positive correlation with angle kappa (r =0.104, r=0.213), but the correlation was not statistically significant. In this study, interestingly angle kappa was not significantly correlated with HOA, AXL, WTW, and ACD (r = -0.050, r = -0.192, r = -0.104, r = -0.195, p >0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, angle kappa may increase with age and spherical equivalent. Further study with larger sample size is required.

The objectives of this study were obviously to determine the most and least commonly used vocabulary learning strategies by the students. In addition, it was to identify the reasons behind their use of these strategies. An explanatory mixed-method research design was employed, with the population consisting 3 translation classes in English Department Students at Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat in the odd semester, academic year 2019/2020. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, using the Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire which contained 40 statements. Descriptive statistics, such as means and standard deviation, were used for statistical analysis. The findings indicated that determination strategies (M=3.32) were the most frequently used vocabulary learning strategies by students, while social consolidation strategies (M=1.82) were the least used. Furthermore, the study explored the reasons behind the students' most and least used strategies. It was found that the students' preferred strategy of using dictionaries to find the meaning of new words was due to its ease and effectiveness, whereas the least used strategy of interacting with native speakers to find new words was limited by the availability of context and vocabulary knowledge.

Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs, an endemic plant in Indonesia, have enormous potential as raw materials for pharmaceutical products. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen and develop extraction methods that are easy, rapid, and efficient to enrich targeted secondary metabolites. This study aims to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method conditions for polyphenol metabolite from E. bulbosa bulbs. The MAE method (with different conditions) was applied to extract total polyphenol content (TPC) from E. bulbosa bulbs. TPC values were determined using a 96-well microplate reader spectrophotometry method and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The variables of MAE, as an experimental design-independent variable, were involved. The MAE method condition was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design based on the TPC value. The MAE condition was optimized with 60% ethanol, sample–solvent ratio of 1:10 g/mL, and 50% Watts of microwave power for 10 min. The quadratic regression analysis was achieved to predict the TPC value using the equation: TPC value = 28.63–5.545A +2.211B –0.741C +1.995D – 4.045AB +0.856AC –7.541BC +1.961CD –8.342A2–0.071B2 +1.840C2–1.535D2. For the scale-up confirmation test, a 50-g sample was used to prove the validity of the equation to predict the TPC value, yielding 35.33 ± 2.13 mg gallic acid equivalent/g samples. The optimum of the MAE condition recommended based on the results of RSM analysis can be applied directly to the enrichment of polyphenols metabolite constituent of E. bulbosa easily, cheaply, quickly, and efficiently.

Stress can occur due to a person's inability to respond to a stressor, resulting in bodily or mental disorders. Anxiety can be characterized by increased levels of cortisol, which is regulated by the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenaline (HPA-axis). Aromatherapy is a therapy using essential oils that give a distinctive aroma to plant parts such as flowers, roots, leaves, and stems. Aromatherapy can be done through a reed diffuser. The frangipani (Plumeria alba) is one of the plants in Indonesia that has a particular scent in its flowers. This study aims to determine the effect of prolonged exposure to P. alba essential oil reed diffuser on cortisol levels in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control group without exposure to a reed diffuser for 5 and 10 days and the other group with exposure for 5 and 10 days. Each blood was drawn through the retro-orbital, centrifuged to obtain serum, and tested using LC-MS to determine cortisol levels. The group with ten days of essential oil exposure showed lower cortisol levels. It can be concluded that the duration of aromatherapy exposure is connected to cortisol levels and that aromatherapy can be utilized as a stress-reduction therapy.

This research aimed to investigate the relevance between the literature reviews and the research questions of the theses written by the students who graduated in 2019 from seven study programs in STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. The research design was qualitative research which focused on describing, explaining, and exploring the students’ thesis writings, whether the literature reviews described were relevant to their research questions. Purposive sampling was the technique used to select the data that consisted of 13 students’ theses. This research focused on those 13 theses because they were written in a qualitative method, which showed the relevance between research questions and the literature review. Here, content analysis was used to analyze the data to show whether the literature review of each thesis discusses the relevant theories to answer the research questions. The result showed that among 13 students’ theses, 6 theses were relevant, and 7 were irrelevant. It means that more students had written with irrelevant theories. It can be suggested to the thesis advisors to give more attention to the quality of students’ theses because the irrelevance can interfere with the qualities of their theses.

Indonesia is the largest Muslim population country in the world, so the market demand for halal products is enormous. However, in fact, there are not many business actors who submit and have halal certificates, especially in small and medium enterprises. This problem can be due to lack of information and sufficient understanding to apply for a halal certificate. The aim of the research is to give technical guidance for preparing halal certification process. The manual method is used to provide training on the halal guarantee system for the preparation of the halal assurance system (HAS). The workshop began with a pre-test and then the presentation of halal assurance system material, the guidance on how to prepare and discussion. All the activities were done by online (WhatsApp group and zoom meeting). The training ended with the post-test to assess the improvement of knowledge of the. To analyze the difference, we used a paired T-test statistical method. The result of this research shows an increasing understanding of participants (p

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kemampuan argumentasi ilmiah siswa pada pembelajaran biologi dengan socio scientific issues. Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua sekolah yaitu SMA N 1 Suranenggala dan SMA N 1 Sliyeg yang terdapat di provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pretest-posttest control group design. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan instrument tes berupa pretes dan postes, tes yang digunakan berupa tes uraian (essay) untuk mendapatkan data kemampuan argumentasi ilmiah siswa pada materi pembelajaran biologi yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu sosial yang marak terjadi di masyarakat. Data diambil dengan sampel menggunakan uji statistik meliputi uji prasyarat dan uji hipotesis menggunakan uji t.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kemampuan argumentasi ilmiah siswa menggunakan strategi pembelajaran socio scientific issues.

The purpose of this study is to describe the improvement in writing description skills using the example non example model in third grade students. The results of this study indicate that the application of learning to write descriptions using non-sample model examples can increase. It was proven that most of the students had finished their study at the first meeting of Cycle 1. At the second meeting most students were complete. Besides that, in Cycle 2 the first meeting most students had finished learning. Finally, at the second meeting, all students had finished learning. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan peningkatan keterampilan menulis deskripsi menggunakan model example non example pada siswa kelas tiga. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pembelajaran menulis deskripsi menggunakan contoh model non contoh dapat meningkat. Itu terbukti sebagian besar siswa sydah tuntas belajar siswa pada pertemuan pertama Siklus 1. Pada pertemuan kedua sebagian besar siswa sudah lengkap. Selain itu, pada Siklus 2 pertemuan pertama sebagian besar siswa sudah tuntas dalam belajar. Akhirnya, pada pertemuan kedua, semua siswa sudah tuntas dalam pembelajaran.

Consciousness is a very important aspect in the teaching and learning of Grammar in EFL Classroom.It makes students become aware not only on the form or the language pattern, but also on the meaning and the way to use it. For this case, this research aims to describe the use of role play as a communicative task for encouraging students’ consciousness in learning grammar. The research was done in grammar class B of 2016-2017 that consisted 35 students as the participants of this research. The researcher did observation and interview to collect the relevant data to give the better supports in finding out what had been stated in the research’s purpose. The finding of this research showed that role play enabled the students to study grammar communicatively. In this case, the students became conscious to create many sentences based on the given topic and context and then use those sentences in their role-play. In other word, the students gained both grammar competence and communicative competence. Also, the researcher found that the students showed positive attitudes during the teaching and learning grammar process by using role play.

Motivation is very essential aspect that can help the students to speak English as the foreign language. As the practitioner, the researcher becomes aware about the important of motivation so that she did the research by applying film as teaching media and this research aims to investigate whether the students’ motivation to speak could be increased by using this media. The type of the research is action research that was done in one cycle for 10 meetings in English course classroom that had 10 participants of senior high school students. All of the empirical data were collected through observation, field note and interview and then those data were described and interpreted by the researcher to find out the result of the research. Findings show that most of the students accept and agree on learning by using film and their high motivation could be seen from their desire and action in the discussion activity which is related to the film. Here, the students became active to give their opinion and point of view about the film and they could speak more fluently than before. It is hoped that the findings of this research create the new spirit of the teachers who teach formal or non-formal schools to apply or use film as teaching media in English classroom.

Apium graveolens (celery) is an edible and traditionally medicinal plant that is used worldwide, among others for the treatment of hypertension. Combining celery with antihypertensive drugs can affect the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the latter drugs. The aim of the study is to assess the effects of administrating the celery extract on captopril pharmacokinetics. Sprague-Dawley strain rats were divided into two groups (n = 6). Group I was given captopril (10 mg/kg Body Weight (BW)) orally, while Group II was pretreated with celery extract orally (40 mg/kg BW) an hour before administration of captopril. The blood samples were withdrawn at various intervals after drug administration. The captopril concentration was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and from the blood data, the values of Ke, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The results showed that oral administration of the celery extract increased Cmax (38.67%), T1/2 (37.84%), and AUC (58.10%) and decreased Ke (27.45%) of captopril in Group II (celery + captopril) compared with Group I (captopril). In conclusion, celery extract can alter the pharmacokinetic of captopril when given in combination. The combination might be beneficial for the treatment of hypertension, as celery causes an increase in the plasma level of captopril, which can enhance its efficacy.