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This article focuses on several aspects of the relationship between Qur'an and sirat and highlights the importance of these aspects in relation to tafsir and sirat writing. It is known that sirat and sunna which are the applied tafsir of Qur'an are the main sources of tafsir. On the other hand, Qur'an is both an authentic source and an axis for sirat writing. A methodologically correct sirat writing needs a correct notion of prophethood and a correct notion of prophethood needs the arbitration of Qur'an. This indicates a dialectic and intertwined relationship between sirat/sunna and Qur'an. Qur'an shows that sirat of the Prophet (pbuh) is the materialization of Qur'anic ethics and embodiment of Justice as a way of life in his personality. Yet, the sirat of Prophet (pbuh) which is formed by his words, silence and behaviours is his Sunnah at the same time. There is no dispute regarding that sunna is the applied tafsir of Qur'an. This article talks about the strong relationship between sirat and Qur'an and emphasizes that the whole Quran is part of the reflection of his sirat. It will be shown that from the verses about daily incidents to the ones about the stories of previous prophets, all verses of Qur'an should be understood in relation to his sirat. When viewed from this perspective all tafsir studies are at the same time a study of sirat. From our standpoint, this point shows that a sound tafsir study and understanding of Quran are not possible without taking into consideration the historical background of his sirat and the relationship between Quran and Sirat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kur’ân’ı sîret-nüzûl ilişkisi bağlamında anlamaya çalışmanın, nassın ana hedefinin ve mana inceliklerinin tespitinde yadsınamaz katkısı bulunmaktadır. Sîret-nüzûl ilişkisinin tespiti ise ancak sûre ve âyetlerin tarihlendirilmesiyle mümkündür. Yâsîn sûresinin 12, 45, 47 ve 77. âyetlerinin Medine’de nâzil olduğuna dair rivayetler ve sûrenin tamamının Medenî olduğuna dair zayıf bir görüş bulunsa da sûre ittifakla Mekkî kabul edilir. Birçok Mekkî sûre gibi; nüzûl tertibine ve sebeb-i nüzûle dair rivâyetler gibi metin içeriği de direkt olarak Yâsîn sûresinin tek seferde inip-inmediğine veya hangi tarihte nâzil olduğuna dair kesin bir bilgi vermez. Bu sebeple Yâsîn’in ne zaman indiğine dair yapılan araştırmalarda; nüzûl tertiplerinde kendinden önce ve sonra gelen, nüzûl tarihlendirmesi biraz daha belirgin sûrelere göre tahminler yapılır. Özellikle son dönemde nüzûl sıralamasını esas alan çalışmalarda Yâsîn sûresi; Meryem ve Tâhâ sûreleri esas alınarak Habeşistan’a hicret (615-616) öncesiyle veya Cin sûresine bağlı olarak Hz. Peygamber’in Tâif dönüşü sonrası ve İsrâ mucizesi (620) öncesiyle tarihlendirilir. Yâsîn sûresine dair yapılan bu tarihlendirmeler; 4-5 senelik zaman aralığını ve göz ardı edilemeyecek farklı iki nüzûl ortamını nitelemektedir. Bu durum Yâsîn sûresi özelinde tarihlendirme alanında yapılacak araştırma ihtiyacını daha da artırmaktadır. İslam geleneğinde sûrelerin nüzûl sırasına dair yapılan tertiplerde Yâsîn sûresi 31, 36, 37, 39, 40 ve 41. sûre olmak üzere farklı sıralamalarda gösterilmektedir. Araştırmanın ilk bölümünde bu farklılıklar ve sebepleri ortaya konularak doğru sıra ve kronolojiye ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Aktarılan tertiplerdeki farklılıkların analizi sonucunda söz konusu ihtilafların; beş farklı sebepten ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Mezkûr eksiklikler ve çakışmaların giderilmesi durumunda; hemen tüm rivâyetlerde ağırlıklı olarak Yâsîn sûresinin 41. sırada yer aldığı/yer alması gerektiği/yer alma imkânının olduğu sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmanın ikinci bölümünde, metin içeriğinden yola çıkılarak sûre tarihlendirmesine katkı sağlayacak argümanlar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonucunda; a- Müşriklere uyarıların artık bir fayda sağlamayacağı ifadesi (36/11), b- Hz. Peygamber’in söylenenlere üzülmemesi söylemi (36/76), c- Rahmân lafza-ı celâlinin kullanımı (36/11, 15, 23, 52), d- Tebliğ karşılığında “ücret istememe” konusu (36/21), e- Kur’ân’a şiir, Hz. Peygamber’e ise şair denilmesi (36/69), f- Yeniden yaratılış imkânı ve çürümüş-ufalanmış kemiklerin ihyası (36/78) gibi a-f maddelerinde ortaya konulan argümanlar genel olarak Mekke ve özelde ise Mekke döneminin ikinci yarısını ve sonlarını gösterse de net bir tarih vermez. g- “el-Fülki’l-meşhûn” (36/41) ibâresinden hareketle Yâsîn sûresinin Habeşistan’a hicret sonrasıyla tarihlendirilmesi gerektiği önerisi, sûrenin Meryem sûresinden sonra nâzil olduğuna dair önemli bir ayrıntı taşısa da net bir tarih ifade etmede yeterli değildir. h- Yâsîn sûresinde yer alan Ashâbü’l-Karye kıssasındaki “şehrin en uzağından gelen adam” (36/20) olgusu için ise sîrette iki isim (Hz. Ebûbekir ve el-Hâris b. Ebî Hâle) için ve iki ayrı tarih (Zü’l-Kaʿde ayı/ 5 Nisan-4 Mayıs 615; 15 Şevvâl /27 Şubat 617’den üç gün sonra) öncesinde veya sonrasında teselli ve motive amaçlı bir değininin olduğu söylenebilir. Araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde; nüzûl tertibinde Yâsîn sûresinin öncesinde ve sonrasında yer alan sûrelerin tarihlendirmelerine dair bilgiler ayrıca Yâsîn sûresiyle söylem ve lafız birliği olan sûreler değerlendirilmiştir. Nüzûl tertiplerinde Yâsîn sûresi gibi Meryem ve Tâhâ sûresi öncesinde yer alan Kamer, Sâd ve Cin sûrelerine dair tarihlendirmeye imkân tanıyan rivâyetlere bakıldığında biʿsetin 7. veya 10. yılını işaret eden olaylarla karşılaşılır. Ayrıca Yâsîn sûresindeki lafız ve söylemlerin Havâmîm sûrelerinin içerikleriyle uyuştuğu görülür. Bu durum sûrelerin tek seferde inip-inmediğine dair muğlaklıktan kaynaklanan ve nüzûl tertiplerine dair rivâyetlere yansıyan, küme halindeki birkaç sûrenin sıralamada yanlış konumlandırılmış olabileceğini akla getirmektedir. İlk üç bölümde elde edilen bulgu ve çıkarımlardan hareketle, yapılan araştırma sonucunda; İslam geleneğinde sûrelerin nüzûl sırasına dair aktarılan tertiplerde Yâsîn sûresinin 41. sûre olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sûrenin tarihlendirilmesinde rivâyet temelli munfasıl nüzûl bütünlüğü olarak tanımladığımız; bir sûrenin (Yâsîn) kendisiyle arasına giren bir veya birden fazla sûrenin varlığına rağmen kendisinden 3-4/4-5 sıra sonraki sûrelere (Meryem ve Tâhâ) göre tarihlendirilmesinin bazı zorluklar ve problemler taşıdığı ortaya konulmuştur. Oysaki muttasıl nüzûl bütünlüğü şeklinde adlandırılabilecek; bütün sûre tertiplerinde iki sûrenin peş peşe gelmesinin öncelenmesi ve bu bağlamda tüm tertiplerde Yâsîn sûresinin bir öncesinde yer alan Cin sûresi esas alınarak hâmîm sûreleriyle birlikte tarihlendirilmesinin daha uygun olduğu görülmüştür.

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our ornithological study presents data on the diversity of bird species recorded during the migration time on the territory of ROSPA0063 Reservoirs Buhuși - Bacău - Berești, starting from May 2011 until May 2020. We identified 172 bird species, part of them being vagrant species with only one or two observations in the area during our study. We also present quantitative data for the observed bird species. The typical forest species are dominant by diversity but the aquatic birds present significant populations. We notice the relevance of this territory for the migration of diurnal raptor bird species, white stork (Ciconia ciconia), terns (Chlidonias sp.) and some waterfowl species in the Eastern Romania. We identified 45 bird species that appear in Annex 1 to the Birds Directive in the perimeter of Natura 2000 site. We mention the presence of 31 bird species included in the Romanian Red Book of Vertebrates, including four critically endangered species: Pelecanus crispus, Haliaeetus albicilla, Milvus migrans and Sternula albifrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prophet's life before the "prophecy" is an important value, because it is a stage of preparation for the Prophet to be qualified to carry the message, and had included the prophetic biography. It gives scientific indications in educational theory in Islam which aims to build a human personality. The problem of the study revolves around a key question ‘What is the significance of the life of the Prophet before "prophecy" in the light of contemporary educational theory "in building the human personality"?’ The research aims to show the significance of the prophet's life as a "model" in the construction of the human personality, and how these events relate to the outlines in educational theory in building the human personality. The research reaches its goal by answering the problem of research through what was edited and written in this field in contemporary time and by studying the periods of the life of the Prophet before prophecy. The research depends on correct and accepted accounts according to the rules of criticism of the scholars of the Hadith and the research concluded that the Prophet's life before the mission constitutes a complete theory in building the human personality in Islam and can be studied and utilized in order to achieve the concept of good example.

Sîret, XV. yüzyılda Muhammed adlı bir müellif tarafından yazılmıştır. İncelenen kaynaklarda Muhammed hakkında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Sîret’in yurt içinde ve yurt dışında çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca 19. yüzyılın sonları ile 20. yüzyılın başlarında taş baskıları da yapılmıştır. Nüshaların pek çoğu, müellifi tespit edilemeyecek kadar eksiktir. Müellifi bilinenlerin de bir kısmı dikkatsizlik nedeniyle kayıtlara farklı adlarla geçirilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda eserin adı yirmi iki, müellifinin adı da yirmi farklı şekilde kayıtlara geçirilmiştir. Bu karışıklık nedeniyle eser üzerinde yapılan kimi çalışmalarda yanlışlar göze çarpmaktadır. Sîret’in zaman içinde istinsahı ve taş baskıları yapılırken esere ekleme ve çıkarmalar yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durum ortaya sağlam bir metnin konulmasını güçleştirmektedir. Makalede Sîret’ten bahseden çalışmalar hakkında bilgi verilecek ve tespit edilen nüshaların kayıtları değerlendirilecektir. Ayrıca kayıtlardaki eksikler ve yanlışlar araştırılarak yanlış kayıtların sebepleri anlatılacaktır.

“Sîret”, daha yaygın adıyla “siyer”, Hz. Peygamber’in hayatını konu alan eserlerin genel adıdır. İlk başta bu tür eserler için kullanılan “sîret” kelimesi daha sonra yaygın olarak “siyer” şeklinde kullanılmıştır. İlk örnekleri Arap edebiyatında olan “sîret” / “siyer”, Türk edebiyatında -XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren görülmeye başlar. Türk edebiyatında bilinen ilk örmek, XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Darîr tarafından manzum-mensur olarak yazılan Sîretü’n-nebî’dir. Bugün bilinen ve tamamı manzum olan ilk örnek ise XV. yüzyılda Muhammed adlı bir müellif tarafından yazılan ve makaleye konu olan- Sîret’tir. Eser 15.500 beyit civarındadır. Eserde çok sayıda arkaik sözün bulunması onu Türk dili ve edebiyatı açısından önemli kılmaktadır. Sîret’in yazıldığı 872 [1467] yılından itibaren pek çok istinsahı ve taş baskısı yapılmıştır. Bu, onun çok sevilip okunduğunu gösterir. Ancak tespit edilen altmış dokuz nüshadan hiçbiri Muhammed’in kaleminden çıkan eseri tam olarak vermemektedir. Sîret’in bazı istinsah ve taş baskılarını yapanların, eser müellifinin adını çıkararak yerine kendi adlarını koydukları görülmektedir. Bu şekildeki bir değişikliğin, eseri sahiplenmek arzusundan kaynaklandığı anlaşılıyor. Makalede Sîret’tin yurt içinde ve yurt dışında tespit edilen nüshaları tanıtılacaktır. Sîret hakında bilgi veren çalışmalar ile nüshaların değerlendirilmesi ise bir sonraki makaleye konu olacaktır.

The religion of Islam was adopted by the Turks in the 10th century during the reign of Satuk Bugra Khan, the ruler of the Karakhanid State. Thus, in order to understand the Qur'an and hadiths better, it has become necessary to learn Arabic. Over time Arabic was accepted as the language of science and Persian as the language of literature. Both languages significantly affected Turkish. The Great Seljuk State accepted Persian as the state language, thus causing Persian and Persian culture to be transferred to Anatolia. Over time, it came under the pressure of Turkish, Arabic and Persian. During the period of the principalities formed with the collapse of the Anatolian Seljuk State, a return to Turkish language began. These centuries poets such as Ahmed Fakih, Yunus Emre grew up in Anatolia and İzzeddin Hasanoğlu in Azerbaijan, causing the use of Turkish to accelerate. İzzeddin Hasanoğlu, uses the pen name Hesenoğlu in his Turkish poems and Puri Hesen in his Persian poems. Only three Turkish and two Persian poems of Hasanoğlu have been found so far. In the 2010s, Hasanoglu's masnavi named Kitâb-ı Sîretü'n-Nebî was purchased from a personal collector in Finland and given to the Turkish Language Association. In this article, information about Hasanoğlu, masnavi, ghazal, siyer, the entrance of the ghazal to the masnavis was given. The ghazals in the masnavi were written with the expressions of the heroes and protagonists. Hasanoğlu wrote his pen name in the last ghazal at the conclusion part of the masnavi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first addressees of the Quran are important to us. Because they lived when the Quran was sent down. These people knew the meaning of the verses. Because they were Arabs. They knew Arab culture and customs. Therefore, they understood God's purpose. For this reason, we must know the meanings they give to the verses. For this, we must read the works that describe them. If we know the life of the Prophet's friends, we can understand the Quran more accurately. In this case, the books telling about the Prophet's friends are important. We must reveal the information written in these books. The names of the books that describe these are Sīret and Siyer. One of the Siyer books is Ibn Hibbān's (d. 354/965) as-Sîretü'n-Nebeviyye ve Aḫbāru'l-Hulefā. Important interpreters were alive at the time when Ibn Hibban lived. So he lived with them (interpreters) at the same time. For this reason, his book is important. For this reason, we examined Ibn Hibbān's book. We searched the commentary information in Ibn Hibbān's book. Although this book is a biography work, some of the information in it is related to the Qur'ān and tafsir. This is very important. In other words, the book is important for the tafsir. Despite the small volume of this book, there is information about the Quran exegesis in it. Because in the book, the life of the prophet is written. There are verses of the Qur'ān in the book. Ibn Hibban's book contains the time and places where some verses were revealed. Some incomprehensible verses are explained in the book. The environment in which the verses were revealed is described in the book. Thus, the reasons of the verses are understood. There are interpretations of the verses in the book. For all these reasons, the book is important for the science of tafsir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi / Cumhuriyet Theology Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Ilahiyat Fakultesi / Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A rare open shallow crucible from the British Museum collection, excavated at the Bronze Age site of El Argar in south‐east Spain by Louis and Henri Siret, was studied using X‐radiography and scanning electron microscopy. The crucible has relatively thick walls, a spout and a non‐refractory fabric. It was used for melting copper alloys for various possible purposes, such as alloying, refining, recycling or before casting, at around 1100°C. Both arsenic and tin were detected in various places and concentrations in the analysed specimens. This crucible could have been used during the period of transition from arsenic‐rich copper to tin bronzes in the El Argar culture, or used for the recycling of arsenic‐rich copper artefacts being alloyed with tin to produce tin bronzes. This melting crucible is a rare example of its kind to have been investigated scientifically, as most crucibles from contemporary sites on the Iberian Peninsula are generally associated with smelting. This study has also crucially shed more light on the types of alloys and variety of activities undertaken during that transitional period between the use of arsenical copper and tin bronzes in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences Cankiri Karatekin University / Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente artículo esboza unas pinceladas de la historia del Museo de Almería apoyándose en algunos cuadros que resuman lo puramente evenemencial pero reivindicando la necesidad de escribir esa historia y explicando el modo en que se ha intentado llevar a cabo. Al mismo tiempo, adelanta unas conclusiones de orden general intentando dilucidar qué es lo auténticamente genuino en el caso del Museo de Almería que pueda diferenciarlo de otro museo cualquiera

Our study presents data on the diversity of bird species during the wintering time on the territory of ROSPA0072 Siret Middle Floodplain. We identified 172 bird species, but the wintering bird fauna list includes 68 species. We also present quantitative data for the observed bird species. The typical forest species are dominant by diversity. For the group of the aquatic birds, anseriforms present the highest diversity and populations. We recorded eight diurnal raptor bird species and four nocturnal raptor species. We identified nine bird species that appear in Annex 1 of the Birds Directive as winter visitors in the perimeter of Natura 2000 site. We mention the presence of five bird species included in the Romanian Red Book of Vertebrates: Bucephala clangida, Ardea alba, Falco peregrinus, Tyto alba and Corvus corax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water balance from the largest and most expanded volcanic massif in Romania was calculated using the equation developed by M.I. Lvovici in 1974: Xo = Yo + Zo; Xo = So + Wo = So + (Uo + Z o). The assessment of the balance components was based on data from 12 hydrometric stations, four meteorological stations and eight pluviometric stations. The range of years for which the multilingual average values were calculated was 1961-2010. The correlations between the main balance components and the altitude of the relief allowed the identification of the areas where their spatial distribution has similar peculiarities. The spatial distribution of the main components of the water balance was made on altitude intervals and hydrographic basins. For each element of the balance sheet, maps have been prepared, which allowed valuation of the values corresponding to the main river basins in the studied region (Someş, Mureş and Siret). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The knowledge of Islam, its values, standards and projections and acting with them are bases of the message of Quran. This message can't be completed without having information about the life of Muhammad (pbuh) and how he practices Quranic verses among his companions. Books on the prophet's sayings, his wars, his story have been written to shed light on his life, most of all his prophethood since Allah has made him and his family a mean of salvation for those who believe. On the other hand, Islam is religion of community and every community needs a leader to guide and supervise its members. Humankind has been created for two reasons: 1. Obedience and service to God, 2. Guidance and supervision. This article studies the concept of leadership and the position of the Prophet Muhammad's family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prominent Western scholar of Islamic law Joseph Schacht's The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford 1950), which contains his basic arguments and theses, is also one of the defining texts in Western hadīth studies. In Origins, Schacht did not limit the scope of his conclusions to legal ahadīth, but extended them to sira and maghazi reports when they were used to provide legal doctrines with historical background. He accepted a reciprocal influence between the two genres, i.e., legal and historical traditions, and argued that legal rulings also infiltrated to sīra literature. Although his basic arguments about the development of Islamic law and ahad th soon became prevalent among Western scholars, some of these scholars raised objections to his claims about historical traditions immediately after the publication of Origins. This article discusses the possibility of a definite separation between sunna and sīra, and the position of Western scholars who accept that there is a reliable core of historical traditions exempt from Schacht's skepticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyses the evolution of the peace negotiations between autumn 1811 and spring 1812, based on documents from Russian and Turkish archives. Due to several spectacular tactical operations, the Ottoman army was surrounded by the Russian troops led by Mikhail Koutouzov, and the Grand Vizier was forced to accept peace negotiations, without the Sultan's approval, which led to the boundary being fixed on the river Siret, which would have involved the annexation of the greater part of the principality of Moldavia by Russia. Despite the fact that the peace negotiations that had begun in Giurgiu had been conditioned upon the border on the Siret, the Sultan requested that the border be established on the river Prut, while also keeping Kilia and Akkerman, i.e. the northern mouth of the Danube, within the confines of the Ottoman Empire. The peace negotiations that subsequently continued in Bucharest, the capital of Wallachia, were halted at the beginning of 1812 and fighting resumed. Under the pressure of the French invasion and due to the diplomatic intervention of Great Britain and Sweden, Tsar Alexander I agreed to annex only half of Moldavia, with the future boundary being fixed on the Prut and on the Kilia arm of the Danube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]